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{{Short description|Italian actress (1858–1924)}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} {{Infobox person | name = Eleonora Duse | image = Portrait of Eleonora Duse.jpg | image_size = | caption = Duse in 1901 | birth_name = Eleonora Giulia Amalia Duse | birth_date = {{Birth date|1858|10|3|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Vigevano]], Pavia, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|1924|4|21|1858|10|3|df=y}} | death_place = [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, U.S. | years_active = | spouse = {{marriage|Tebaldo Checchi|1881|1885|end=divorce}} | partner = [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] (1898–1901)<br/>[[Lina Poletti]] (1910s) | children = 1 | relatives = | website = }} '''Eleonora Giulia Amalia Duse''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dj|uː|z|eɪ}} {{respell|DEW|zay}}, {{IPA|it|eleoˈnɔːra ˈduːze|lang}}; 3 October 1858{{snd}}21 April 1924),<!--full dates in infobox, per MOS--> often known simply as '''Duse''', was an Italian actress, rated by many as the greatest of her time. She performed in many countries, notably in the plays of [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] and [[Henrik Ibsen]]. Duse achieved a unique power of conviction and verity on the stage through intense absorption in the character, "eliminating the self" as she put it, and letting the qualities emerge from within, not imposed through artifice. ==Life and career== === Early life === Duse was born in [[Vigevano]], [[Lombardy]], Austrian Empire, in 1858 to Alessandro Vincenzo Duse (1820–1892) and Angelica Cappelletto (1833–1906).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woodhouse |first=John Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kN4-4FRNNfIC&pg=PA141 |title=Gabriele D'Annunzio: Defiant Archangel |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-818763-9 |pages=141 |language=en |quote=Eleonora had been born into poverty on 3 October 1858 in Vigevano, a small town in Lombardy , the daughter of strolling players , Vincenzo Duse and Angelica Cappelletto .}}</ref> Lombardy would be taken from Austrian control the year after her birth by forces under the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], and would form part of the new [[Kingdom of Italy]] when she was about 3. Venice and some surrounding areas would remain part of the Austrian Empire until she was about 8. Both her father and her grandfather, Luigi, were actors from [[Chioggia]], near [[Venice]], and she joined the troupe at age four.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Due to poverty, she initially worked continually, traveling from city to city with whichever troupe her family was currently engaged. She came to fame in Italian versions of roles made famous by [[Sarah Bernhardt]], such as ''[[The Lady of the Camellias|La Dame aux camélias]]''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3051521 "Signora Duse at the Lyric Theatre"], ''[[The West Australian]]'', 14 August 1893, pg. 6</ref> === Career === She gained her first major success in Europe, then toured South America, Russia and the United States in 1893; beginning the tours as a virtual unknown but leaving in her wake a general recognition of her genius. While she made her career and fame performing in the theatrical "[[:wikt:warhorse|warhorses]]" of her day, she is remembered for her association with the plays of [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]]<ref name="EB1911"/> and [[Henrik Ibsen]]. In 1879, while in [[Naples]], she met journalist Martino Cafiero, and became involved in a love affair with him. However, less than a year later, while she was in mid-pregnancy, he left her. The baby did not survive birth, and shortly thereafter Cafiero died as well. Duse then joined Cesare Rossi's theater company, and met actor Tebaldo Checchi (pseudonym of Tebaldo Marchetti). The two married in 1881. By 1882, the couple had one daughter, Enrichetta Angelica, but separated after Duse became involved with another actor, Flavio Andò. [[File:Eleonora Duse von Lenbach.jpg|thumb|left|Eleonora Duse portrayed by [[Franz von Lenbach]]]] By this time, her career was in full swing and her popularity was high in 1885.<ref name="EB1911"/> She travelled on tour to South America, and upon her return a year later she formed her own company, meaning that she would assume the additional responsibilities of both manager and director. Between 1887 and 1894, she had an affair with the Italian poet [[Arrigo Boito]], perhaps best remembered as [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]'s librettist. Their relationship was carried out in a highly clandestine manner, presumably because of Boito's many aristocratic friends and acquaintances. (Despite this, their voluminous correspondence over the years survives.) In later years the two remained on good terms until his death in 1918. In 1895 she met Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863–1938), who was five years her junior, and the two became involved romantically as well as collaborating professionally. Gabriele d'Annunzio wrote four plays for her. In contrast to her relations with Boito, her association with d'Annunzio was widely recognized. When d'Annunzio gave the lead for the premiere of the play {{ill|La città morta|it|italic=yes}} to Sarah Bernhardt instead of Duse, there was a furious fight, and Duse ended her affair with him. In contrast to Bernhardt's outgoing personality, which thrived on publicity, Duse was introverted and private, rarely giving interviews. She found public appearances to be a distraction, and once remarked to a journalist that away from the stage, "I do not exist". Bernhardt and Duse were unspoken rivals for many years. Comparisons of Duse to Bernhardt with regard to their acting talent were common, with warring factions arguing over their relative merits. Those who thought Duse the greater artist included [[George Bernard Shaw]], who saw both actresses in London within the span of a few days, in the same play. Shaw gave his nod to Duse and defended his choice in an adamant oratory quoted by biographer [[Frances Winwar]]. Dame [[Ellen Terry]], who knew them both, observed, "How futile it is to make comparisons! Better far to thank heaven for both these women." In 1896, Duse completed a triumphant tour of the United States; in Washington President [[Grover Cleveland]] and his wife attended every performance. Mrs. Cleveland shocked Washington society by giving, in Duse's honor, the first-ever White House tea held for an actress. In 1909, Duse retired from acting. === Other relationships === Around the time of Duse's retirement, she met and became involved in an affair with Italian [[Feminism|feminist]] [[Lina Poletti]], a former lover of writer [[Sibilla Aleramo]]. The two lived together in [[Florence]], Italy, for two years before ending the relationship. She is reported to have had a relationship with Russian count and painter Alexander Wolkoff and lived in his palace in [[Venice]], now known as [[Palazzo Barbaro Wolkoff]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheehy |first1=Helen |title=Eleonora Duse: A Biography |date=2009 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-48422-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbkZykQDUsgC&pg=PT136 |access-date=19 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> === Later life === [[File:TIMEMagazine30Jul1923.jpg|thumb|''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' cover, 30 July 1923]] Duse suffered from ill health (largely [[Lung|pulmonary]]) throughout most of her adult life, and the many years of touring had taken their toll. She retired from acting in 1909, but returned to the stage in 1921 in a series of engagements in both Europe and America.<ref>{{cite glbtq.com | article-url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/duse_e.html | article=Duse, Eleonora (1859–1924) | last=Spitsberg | first=Tija | date=3 June 2008 | orig-year=2002 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205061918/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/duse_e.html | archive-date=2014-12-05}}</ref> During this interval, in 1916, she made one film, ''[[Cenere]]'' ("Ashes"), prints of which still survive. She was very disappointed in her work in the film, and later wrote to the French singer [[Yvette Guilbert]] with the request not to see "that stupid thing, because you'll find nothing, or almost nothing, of me in that film". There was also a certain amount of professional correspondence between Duse and [[D. W. Griffith]], though ultimately nothing came of this. On 30 July 1923, Duse became the first woman (and Italian) to be featured on the cover of the nascent magazine ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. ===Death=== Duse died of [[pneumonia]] at the age of 65 in Pittsburgh in Suite 524 of the Hotel Schenley while on the eastward return leg of a tour of the United States (the Hotel Schenley is now the [[William Pitt Union]] at the University of Pittsburgh). A bronze plaque in the lobby commemorates her death. After being moved to New York City, where she [[Lying in state|lay in state]] for four days before her funeral service, her body was returned to Italy (where another service was performed). She is buried in [[Asolo]] – where she had made her home for the last four years of her life – at the cemetery of Sant' Anna.<ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 13458). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref> Her daughter Enrichetta donated some of her mother's items to the state in 1933. These items are preserved in Asolo in the Museo Civico. In 1968 her granddaughter Eleonora Ilaria Bullough (aka Mary of St Mark as a Dominican nun) donated the last items to the [[Cini Foundation|Giorgio Cini Foundation]] in Venice. == Acting philosophy == [[File:Eleanora Duse.jpg|thumb|left|Eleonora Duse, early in her acting career]] Duse was cryptic regarding her acting style. She claimed not to have a technique of any sort, and scorned at efforts to put her art into a science. What is known is that she had a highly heterodox, almost religious philosophy of acting, seeking to "eliminate the self" and become the characters she portrayed. It is a common misconception that her acting was purely intuitive and spontaneous, in reality she labored over her craft. Duse wore little makeup<ref name="EB1911"/> but "made herself up morally. In other words, she allowed the inner compulsions, grief and joys of her characters to use her body as their medium for expression, often to the detriment of her health." According to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'']], "her art depended on intense naturalness rather than stage effect, sympathetic force and poignant intellectuality rather than the theatrical emotionalism of the French tradition."<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Duse, Eleanora|volume=8|page=712}}</ref> Over the course of her career, Duse became well-known and respected for her assistance to young actors and actresses during the early stages of their careers. Among diverse artistic geniuses who acknowledged being inspired by Duse are [[modern dance]] pioneer [[Martha Graham]] and [[Imagism|Imagist]] poetry pioneer [[Amy Lowell]]. She was great friends with actress [[Eva Le Gallienne]], who wrote her biography. ==Recognition== Duse was the subject of the 1947 biographical film ''[[Eleonora Duse (film)|Eleonora Duse]]''. The [[Teatro Duse]] in Bologna is named for her. On the occasion of the celebrations in [[Asolo]] for the 100th anniversary of Duse's death, an entire theatrical season was dedicated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rainews.it/tgr/veneto/video/2024/04/treviso-asolo-100-anni-morte-eleonora-duse-celebrazioni-735d29d4-dd76-4c55-b2a2-d6d8e8efffc8.html|title=Il 21 aprile di 100 anni fa moriva Eleonora Duse|editor=RAI News|language=it|accessdate=21 April 2024}}</ref> The upcoming film ''[[Duse (film)|Duse]]'', directed by [[Pietro Marcello]], stars [[Valeria Bruni Tedeschi]] as Duse and [[Noémie Merlant]] as Enrichetta Checchi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vivarelli |first1=Nick |last2=Keslassy |first2=Elsa |title=Pietro Marcello Shooting ‘Duse’ With Valeria Bruni Tedeschi and Noémie Merlant, the Match Factory Handling Sales |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/festivals/pietro-marcello-duse-valeria-bruni-tedeschi-noemie-merlant-match-factory-1236002069/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |agency=Variety}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed"> Image:Eleonora Duse in La Locandiera 1891.jpg|{{center|In ''[[Goldoni]]'s [[The Mistress of the Inn]]'', 1891}} Image:Eleanora Duse (1859-1924) by Sargent, John Singer ca. 1893.jpg|{{center|A portrait by [[John Singer Sargent]], {{circa|1893}}}} Image:Eleonora Duse.jpg|{{center|A photograph by [[Aimé Dupont]], 1896}} Image:Eleonora Duse, by Vittorio Matteo Corcos (1859-1933).jpg|Eleonora Duse by [[Vittorio Matteo Corcos]] Image:Dupont, Aimé (1842-1900) - Eleonora Duse ì -- New York, 1896.jpg|{{center|A photograph by [[Aimé Dupont]], [[New York (state)|New York]], 1896}} Image:Stamp of USSR 2269.jpg|{{center|Eleonora Duse on a 1958 postage stamp of the [[Soviet Union]]}} Image:Eleonora Duse in Francesa da Rimini.png|{{center|Eleonora Duse in ''[[Francesca da Rimini (play)|Francesca da Rimini]]''}} Image:Portrait photograph of Eleonora Duse.jpg|{{center|Eleonora Duse, by [[Arnold Genthe]], 1923}} </gallery> ==References== '''Notes''' {{reflist}} '''Bibliography''' {{refbegin}}<!-- "Eleonora Duse" "Gabriele d'Annunzio" Eleonora Duse books Eleonora Duse site:gutenberg.ca/ebooks --> * {{cite book |last1=Duse |first1=Eleonora |last2=D'Annunzio |first2=Gabriele |author1-link=Eleonora Duse |author2-link=Gabriele D'Annunzio |editor1-last=Minucci |editor1-first=Franca |editor2-last=Andreoli |editor2-first=Annamaria |title=Come il mare io ti parlo : lettere 1894-1923 (Like the sea I speak to you: letters 1894-1923) |date=2014 |publisher=Bompiani |location=Milano |isbn=9788845269905 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893328719 |language=it |oclc=893328719}} *{{cite book |title= Eleonora Duse: the story of her life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEpAAAAAIAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |last1=Bordeux |first1=Jeanne (pseud.) |year= 1925|orig-year= 1924|publisher= [[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson & Co]]|location= London|oclc= 7912238}} ** Marquise Sofia McQuaide de Bonis (1885-?) as "Jeanne Bordeux": Also {{OCLC|213823532}}, {{OCLC|59787344}} ** {{cite book |title= Eleonora Duse: the story of her life |last1=Bordeux |first1=Jeanne (pseud.) |year= 1925|orig-year= 1924|publisher= G.H. Doran|location=New York City|oclc= 77302304}} ** {{cite book |last1=Bordeux |first1=Jeanne (pseud.) |title=Eleonora Duse: The Story of Her Life |date=1924 |publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson & Company]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEpAAAAAIAAJ |language=en}} <!-- https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2005029945/ New York, U.S., Naturalization Records, 1882-1944 : Marquise Sofia McQuaide de Bonis 1885- Spouse : Geodosio de Bonis Eleonora Duse: the story of her life, by Jeanne Bordeux [pseud.] with 26 illustrations. De Bonis, Sofia (McQuaide) 1885- New York, G. H. Doran 1925 https://catalog.library.vanderbilt.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991030968999703276/01VAN_INST:vanui --> ** {{cite book |last1=Bonis |first1=Sofia McQuaide De |title=Eleonora Duse: The Story of Her Life |date=1925 |publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson & Company]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VloWAAAAMAAJ |language=en}} *{{cite book |title= The mystic in the theatre: Eleonora Duse|last= Le Gallienne|first= Eva|author-link= Eva Le Gallienne|year= 1966|publisher= [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|location= New York City|oclc= 331204}} * {{Gutenberg |bullet= |ref= |no=57611 |name=Heroines of the Modern Stage |first=Forrest |last=Izard |origdate= |pages=p.171 |quote=[[Sarah Bernhardt]]; [[Helena Modjeska]]; [[Ellen Terry]]; [[Gabrielle Réjane]]; Eleonora Duse; [[Ada Rehan]]; [[Mary Anderson (actress, born 1859)|Mary Anderson]]; [[Mrs. Fiske]]; [[Julia Marlowe]]; [[Maude Adams]]; }} * {{Gutenberg |bullet= |no=1205 |name=The Colour of Life |year=1897 |first=Alice |last=Meynell |authorlink=Alice Meynell |origdate= |chapter=Eleonora Duse |publisher=John Lane |quote=Nature is the only authentic art of the stage, and the Italian woman is natural: none other so natural and so justified by her nature as Eleonora Duse; but all, as far as their nature goes, natural. }} * {{cite book |last1=Rader |first1=Peter |title=Playing to the Gods: Sarah Bernhardt, Eleonora Duse, and the Rivalry That Changed Acting Forever |date=2018-08-21 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1-4767-3839-0 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1098244919 <!-- |access-date=10 June 2021 --> |language=en |oclc=1098244919 <!-- Peter Rader is a writer, director, producer, cinematographer, and editor who has worked for Hollywood's leading film and television studios over a career spanning three decades. The author of Playing to the Gods and Mike Wallace: A Life, he has mentored writers and taught classes and workshops at the Los Angeles Film School, the California State University system, and Harvard University. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife and two sons. -->}} * {{cite book |last1=Rasi |first1=Luigi |title=La Duse |date=1901 |publisher=R. Bemporad |location=Firenze |url=https://archive.org/details/ladusecon00rasiuoft |via=[[archive.org]]<!-- |access-date=11 June 2021 -->}} *{{cite book |last= Sheehy |first= Helen |title= Eleonora Duse: A Biography |edition= 1st.|year= 2003|publisher= [[Alfred A. Knopf]]|location= New York City|isbn= 978-0-375-40017-9|oclc= 50495500}} * Stokes, John, Michael R. Booth & Susan Bassnett. ''Bernhardt, Terry, Duse: The Actress in Her Time''. Cambridge University Press, 1988. *{{cite book |title= Duse: a biography|last= Weaver|first= William|author-link= William Weaver|year= 1984|publisher= [[Thames & Hudson]]|location= London|isbn= 978-0-500-01341-0|oclc= 11063020}} :: Published in America as {{cite book|title= Duse: a biography|last= Weaver|first= William|author-link= William Weaver|edition= 1st. American|year= 1984|publisher= [[Harcourt Trade Publishers|Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]|location= [[San Diego]]|isbn= 978-0-15-126690-6|oclc= 10558161|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/dusebiography0000weav}} *{{cite book |title=Wingless Victory – A Biography of Gabriele D'Annunzio and Eleonora Duse |last= Winwar|first= Frances|year= 1956|publisher= [[HarperCollins|Harper]]|location= New York City |oclc= 11057365}} * {{cite journal |last1=Collmer |first1=Robert G. |title=Three Women of Asolo: Caterina Cornaro, Katharine de Kay Bronson, and Eleonora Duse |journal=Mediterranean Studies |date=2003 |volume=12 |pages=155–167 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41166956 |access-date=11 June 2021 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |location=Pennsylvania |jstor=41166956 |issn=1074-164X}} * {{cite journal |title=The Art of Duse |journal=[[The Outlook (New York City)]] |date=1924 |volume=136 |page=725 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3XPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA725&dq=%22The+Art+of+Duse%22&hl=en <!-- |access-date=11 June 2021 --> |publisher=Outlook Company |language=en |via=[[Google Books]] }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{wikiquote}} {{commons category|Eleonora Duse}} {{Library resources box |lcheading= |viaf= 39421089}} *{{IMDb name|0244598}} *{{IBDB name}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/004388}} *[http://gutenberg.org/files/57611/57611-h/57611-h.htm Heroines of the Modern Stage] p. 171 by Forrest Izard c.1915 * {{YouTube|id=k7dhyl_IN30|title=Le scandalose: Eleonora Duse <!-- |date=31 July 2018 -->}} * {{cite web |title=Eleonora Duse |url=https://www.europeana.eu/en/search?query=Eleonora%20Duse |website=[[Europeana]] <!-- |access-date=11 June 2021 -->}} * https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eleonora-Duse * https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/Duse,+Eleon%C3%B2ra.html <!-- from it.wikipedia.org --> * https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/eleonora-duse_(Dizionario-Biografico) <!-- from it.wikipedia.org --> * http://www.enciclopediadelledonne.it/biografie/eleonora-duse/ <!-- from it.wikipedia.org --> *{{cite book|title= The Last Masquerade: a novel|last= Rodriguez|first= Antonio Orlando|others= Mestre-Reed, Ernesto (trans)|edition= 1st.|year= 2005|publisher= [[HarperCollins|Rayo]]|isbn= 978-0-06-058632-4|oclc= 55208203|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/lastmasqueradeno0000rodr}} * {{cite web |last1=Simoncini |first1=Francesca |title=Eleonora Duse |url=http://memoria-attori.amati.fupress.net/S100?idattore=1&idmenu=8 |website=Memoria del teatro italiano |publisher=Firenze University Press |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005859/http://memoria-attori.amati.fupress.net/S100?idattore=1&idmenu=8 |archive-date=2018-12-04 |date=2011-11-30}} <!-- from it.wikipedia.org --> * {{cite web |title=Divina Eleonora: Eleonora Duse nella vita e nell'arte (1858-1924) |url=http://www.fondazionecini.it/italiano/attivita/mostre/mostra.php?idmostre=14 |website=Mostre |publisher=Fondazione Giorgio Cini onlus <!-- |access-date=11 June 2021 --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404190745/http://www.fondazionecini.it/italiano/attivita/mostre/mostra.php?idmostre=14 |archive-date=2005-04-04 |language=it |date=2001-09-30}} {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[Roy Asa Haynes]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|Cover of ''Time'' magazine]] | years = 30 July 1923}} {{s-aft|after=[[Benito Mussolini]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duse, Eleonora}} [[Category:1858 births]] [[Category:1924 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Italian actresses]] [[Category:20th-century Italian actresses]] [[Category:19th-century Italian LGBTQ people]] [[Category:20th-century Italian LGBTQ people]] [[Category:People from Vigevano]] [[Category:Actresses from Lombardy]] [[Category:Bisexual actresses]] [[Category:Italian bisexual actors]] [[Category:Italian bisexual women]] [[Category:Italian stage actresses]] [[Category:Italian silent film actresses]] [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania]]
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