Editing Elephant shrew

{{short description|Family of insectivorous mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Elephant shrew<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Macroscelidea|id=11200002}}</ref>
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|48|0|ref=<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Martin Pickford |author2=[[Brigitte Senut]]|author3=Helke Mocke|author4=Cécile Mourer-Chauviré|author5=Jean-Claude Rage|author6=Pierre Mein|year=2014|title=Eocene aridity in southwestern Africa: timing of onset and biological consequences|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|volume=69|issue=3|pages=139–144|doi=10.1080/0035919X.2014.933452 |bibcode=2014TRSSA..69..139P |s2cid=128423895}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin Pickford|year=2015|title=Chrysochloridae (Mammalia) from the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) of Black Crow, Namibia|journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia|volume=16|pages=105–113|url=http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/8f1_Comms%20GSN%2016,%202015%20Pickford%20Chrysochloridae%20BC,105-113.pdf}}</ref>}}
| image = Rhynchocyon_petersi_from_side.jpg
| image_caption = [[Black and rufous elephant shrew]], ''Rhynchocyon petersi'', [[Philadelphia Zoo]]
| display_parents = 5
| parent_authority = [[Percy M. Butler|Butler]], 1956
| taxon = Macroscelididae
| authority = [[Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1838
| type_genus = ''[[Macroscelides]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]], 1829
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = ''[[Elephantulus]]''<br />
''[[Galegeeska]]'' <br />
''[[Macroscelides]]''<br />
''[[Petrodromus]]''<br />
''[[Petrosaltator]]''<br />
''[[Rhynchocyon]]''
| range_map = Elephant shrew range.jpg
| range_map2 = Elephant shrew range genus.jpg
| range_map2_caption = Range map of elephant shrew by genus
}}

'''Elephant shrews''', also called '''jumping shrews''' or '''sengis''', are small [[insectivore|insectivorous]] [[mammal]]s native to [[Africa]], belonging to the family '''Macroscelididae''', in the [[order (biology)|order]] '''Macroscelidea'''. Their traditional common English name "elephant shrew" comes from a perceived resemblance between their long noses and the trunk of an [[elephant]], and their superficial similarity with [[shrew]]s (family Soricidae) in the order [[Eulipotyphla]]. However, [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis has revealed that elephant shrews are not properly classified with true shrews, but are in fact more closely related to elephants than to shrews.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/molbev/msi179 | title=A Retroposon Analysis of Afrotherian Phylogeny | year=2005 | last1=Nishihara | first1=Hidenori | last2=Satta | first2=Yoko | last3=Nikaido | first3=Masato | last4=Thewissen | first4=J. G. M. | last5=Stanhope | first5=Michael J. | last6=Okada | first6=Norihiro | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=22 | issue=9 | pages=1823–1833 | pmid=15930154 | doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1997, the biologist [[Jonathan Kingdon]] proposed that they instead be called "sengis" (singular ''sengi''),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kingdon|first=J.|year=1997|title=The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona|url-access=registration|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-691-11692-1}}</ref> a term derived from the [[Bantu languages]] of Africa, and in 1998, they were classified into the new clade [[Afrotheria]].<ref name="Stanhope">{{cite journal|last=Stanhope|first=M. J.|author2=Waddell, V. G.|author3=Madsen, O.|author4=de Jong, W.|author5=Hedges, S. B.|author6=Cleven, G. C.|author7=Kao, D.|author8=Springer, M. S.|year=1998|title=Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=95|issue=17|pages=9967–9972|bibcode=1998PNAS...95.9967S|doi=10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967|pmc=21445|pmid=9707584|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew skeleton.jpg|thumb|''R. petersi'' skeleton, [[Museum of Osteology]]]]
[[File:Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew.jpg|thumb|[[Eastern rock elephant shrew]], ''Elephantulus myurus'', South Africa]]
[[File:Bushveld-elephant-shrew.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bushveld elephant shrew]], ''E. intufi'', Namibia]]

They are widely distributed across the southern part of Africa, and although common nowhere, can be found in almost any type of habitat, from the [[Namib Desert]] to boulder-strewn outcrops in South Africa to thick forest. One species, the [[North African elephant shrew]], remains in the semi-arid, mountainous country in the far northwest of Africa. The [[Somali elephant shrew]] went unobserved from 1968 to 2020 but was rediscovered by a group of scientists in [[Djibouti]].<ref name="Briggs">{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Helen |title=Elephant shrew rediscovered in Africa after 50 years |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-53820395 |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=BBC News |date=18 August 2020}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Macroscelidid skeleton.png|thumb|left|Skeleton of [[North African elephant shrew]].]]
Elephant shrews are small, quadrupedal, insectivorous mammals. They have scaly tails, long snouts, and bear a superficial resemblance to shrews or rodents. They have long legs relative to their size, which are used to move from one place to another like rabbits. 
Elephant shrews use their flexible [[proboscis]]es to search for food, with the length of the snout varying between species.  

They are one of the fastest small mammals, having been recorded to reach speeds of {{convert|28.8|kph|mph}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/25729116 |date=16 January 2014 |title=Secrets of the sengi: the world's fastest small mammal |first=Ella|last=Davies |work=BBC Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116164525/https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/25729116 |archive-date=2014-01-16}}</ref> They vary in size from about {{convert|10|to|30|cm|in}}, from {{convert|50|to|500|g}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} One species of [[giant sengi]], the [[grey-faced sengi]], weighs about 700 g. Compared to other mammalian insectivores, sengis have [[encephalization quotient|relatively large brains]].<ref name="Iwaniuk2013">{{cite journal|last1= Iwaniuk|first1=A.|last2= Kaufman|first2=J.A.|last3= Turner|first3=G.H.|last4= Holroyd|first4=P.A.|last5= Rovero|first5=F.|last6= Grossman|first6=A.|title= Brain Volume of the Newly-Discovered Species ''Rhynchocyon udzungwensis'' (Mammalia: Afrotheria: Macroscelidea): Implications for Encephalization in Sengis |journal=PLOS ONE|volume= 8|issue= 3|year= 2013|pages= e58667|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0058667|pmid=23516530|pmc=3596274|bibcode=2013PLoSO...858667K|doi-access= free}}</ref> Their lifespans are about two and a half to four years in the wild.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Elephant shrew |journal=Encyclopedia of Animals |date=2017 |page=1 |url=https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=0af0c440-a984-3ec3-a066-6bf462fc6590 }}</ref> They have large canine teeth, and also high-crowned [[Molar (tooth)|cheek teeth]] similar to those of [[ungulate]]s.<ref name=EoM>{{Cite book|editor=Macdonald, D.|author=[[Galen Rathbun|Rathbun, Galen]] B.|year=1984|title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/730 730–733]|isbn=978-0-87196-871-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/730}}</ref> Their [[dentition|dental formula]] is {{DentalFormula|upper=1-3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2-3}}G{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Behavior and ecology==
Although mostly diurnal<ref>Conniff, Richard. ''Shrewd Configuration'', [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]], June 2005. pp. 26-28.</ref> and very active, they are difficult to trap and very seldom seen; elephant shrews are wary, well camouflaged, and adept at dashing away from threats. Several species make a series of cleared pathways through the undergrowth and spend their day patrolling them for insect life. If the animal is disturbed, the pathway provides an obstacle-free escape route.

Elephant shrews are solitary animals, despite many species living in [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]] pairs. They share and defend their home territory, which is marked using their [[scent gland]]s.<ref name=EoM/> Scent markings are also used for mate attraction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rathbun |first1=Galen B. |last2=Woodall |first2=Peter F. |date=March 2002 |title=A bibliography of elephant-shrews or sengis (Macroscelidea) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00092.x |journal=Mammal Review |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=66–70 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00092.x |bibcode=2002MamRv..32...66R |issn=0305-1838|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Short-eared elephant shrews inhabit the dry steppes and stone deserts of southwestern Africa. They can even be found in the [[Namib Desert]], one of the driest regions of the earth. Females drive away other females, while males try to ward off other males. Although they live in pairs, the partners do not care much for each other and their sole purpose of even associating with the opposite sex is for reproduction. Social behaviors are not very common and they even have separate nests. The one or two young are well developed at birth; they are able to run within a few hours.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Short-eared elephant-shrew (Macroscelides proboscideus) - A "living fossil" from the Namib-desert|url=http://magazine.naturspot.de/text/elephant-shrew.html|publisher=Natur Spot|access-date=1 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719065315/http://magazine.naturspot.de/text/elephant-shrew.html|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Female elephant shrews undergo a [[menstrual cycle]] similar to that of human females, making it one of the few nonprimate mammals to do so.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van der Horst|first1=Cornelius|last2=Gillman|first2=Joseph|year=1941|title=The menstrual cycle in Elephantulus|journal=The South African Journal of Medical Sciences|volume=6|pages=27–47}}</ref> Elephant shrews were used in the 1940s to study the human menstruation cycle.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.010|pmid=29941170|title=Classics revisited: C. J. Van der Horst on pregnancy and menstruation in elephant shrews|journal=Placenta|volume=67|pages=24–30|year=2018|last1=Carter|first1=A.M.|s2cid=49414099 |url=https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/da/publications/f010ba28-068b-40da-b267-0406fc19c784}}</ref> The elephant shrew mating period lasts for several days. After mating, the pair will return to their solitary habits. After a [[gestation]] period varying from 45 to 60 days, the female will bear litters of one to three young several times a year. The young are born relatively well developed, but remain in the nest for several days before venturing outside.<ref name=EoM/>

After five days, the young's milk diet is supplemented with mashed insects, which are collected and transported in the cheek pouches of the female. The young then slowly start to explore their environment and hunt for insects. After about 15 days, the young will begin the migratory phase of their lives, which lessens their dependency on their mother. The young will then establish their own home ranges (about {{convert|1|sqkm|abbr=on}}) and will become sexually active within 41–46 days.<ref name="Rathbun-1992">{{Cite journal|last=Rathbun|first=Galen B.|date=September 1992|title=The Fairly True Elephant-Shrew|journal=Natural History|location=New York|volume=101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://members.aon.at/ruesselspringer/indexe.html|title=Short-eared Elephant-Shrews|first=Regina|last=Unger|access-date=1 February 2010}}</ref>

The thermal characteristics of elephant shrews with similar body size, habitat and distribution are very close in most of the classifications.  They can maintain homeothermy in different ambient temperatures where most of the species regulate their body temperature at 35&nbsp;°C and neither become hyperthermic but they balance the heat offload by increasing the EWL (evaporative water loss).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/0306-4565(95)00003-F| title=The thermal biology of three southern African elephant-shrews| journal=Journal of Thermal Biology| volume=20| issue=6| pages=445–450| year=1995| last1=Downs| first1=Colleen T.| last2=Perrin| first2=M.R.| bibcode=1995JTBio..20..445D}}</ref>

===Feeding habits===
Elephant shrews mainly eat [[insects]], [[spiders]], [[centipedes]], [[millipedes]], and [[earthworms]]. While awake, as much as 80% of their time may be spent foraging.<ref name="y287">{{cite book | last1=Cooke | first1=F. | last2=Bruce | first2=J. | title=The Encyclopedia of Animals: A Complete Visual Guide | publisher=University of California Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-520-24406-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2V1tHqi4hLEC&pg=PA243 | access-date=2 August 2024 | page=243}}</ref> An elephant shrew uses its nose to find prey and uses its tongue to flick small food into its mouth, much like an [[anteater]]. Eating large prey can pose a challenge; an elephant shrew struggling with an earthworm must first pin its prey to the ground with a forefoot. Then, turning its head to one side, it chews pieces off with its cheek teeth, much like a dog chewing a bone. This is a sloppy process, and many small pieces of worm drop to the ground; these are simply flicked up with the tongue. Some elephant shrews also feed on small amounts of plant matter, especially new leaves, seeds, and small fruits.<ref name="Rathbun-1992"/>

==Evolution==
A number of fossil species are known, all from Africa. They were separate from the similar-appearing order [[Leptictida]]. A considerable diversification of macroscelids occurred in the [[Paleogene]] period. The earliest definitive member was ''[[Chambia]]'' from the early-middle [[Eocene]] of [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabuce |first=Rodolphe |date=2017-03-23 |title=New remains of Chambius kasserinensis from the Eocene of Tunisia and evaluation of proposed affinities for Macroscelidea (Mammalia, Afrotheria) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1297433 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=e1 |doi=10.18563/m3.3.2.e1 |issn=2274-0422|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some early macroscelids, such as ''[[Myohyrax]]'', were so similar to [[hyrax]]es that they were initially included with that group, while others, such as ''[[Mylomygale]]'', were relatively [[rodent]]-like. These unusual forms all died out by the [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Savage, RJG|author2=Long, MR|name-list-style=amp|year=1986|title=Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/54 54]|isbn=978-0-8160-1194-0|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/54}}</ref> Although macroscelids were classified in the past with many groups, often on the basis of superficial characteristics, considerable morphological and molecular evidence places them within [[Afrotheria]], at the base of [[Afroinsectivora]].<ref name="Tabuce2008">{{cite journal|url= http://phylodiversity.net/azanne/csfar/images/d/d9/Afrotherian_mammals.pdf|first1= R.|last1= Tabuce|first2= R. J.|last2= Asher|first3= T.|last3= Lehmann|year= 2008|title= Afrotherian mammals: a review of current data|journal= Mammalia|volume= 72|pages= 2–14|doi= 10.1515/MAMM.2008.004|s2cid= 46133294|access-date= 2020-08-15|archive-date= 2021-02-24|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122358/http://phylodiversity.net/azanne/csfar/images/d/d9/Afrotherian_mammals.pdf|url-status= usurped}}</ref>

In terms of timing, the divergence between macroscelids and afrosoricidans is thought to have occurred roughly 57.5 million years ([[megaannum|Ma]]) ago, in the late [[Paleocene]], while the diversification of extant macroscelids apparently began when the ''Rhynchocyon'' lineage split off about 33 Ma ago, in the early [[Oligocene]].<ref name="Heritage2020" /> ''Elephantulus'' is considered to have separated from Macroscelidini later in the Oligocene, about 28.5 Ma ago.<ref name="Heritage2020" />

==Phylogeny==
{{cladogram|style=font-size:100%;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px|align=left|caption=A cladogram of [[Afrotheria]] based on molecular evidence<ref name="Tabuce2008" />|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:100%;width:648px;
|label1=[[Afrotheria]]
|1={{Clade
   |label1=[[Paenungulata]]
   |1={{Clade
      |label1=[[Hyrax|Hyracoidea]]
      |1=[[Hyrax|Procaviidae]][[File:DendrohyraxEminiSmit white background.jpg|50 px]]
      |label2=[[Tethytheria]]
      |2={{Clade
         |label1=[[Sirenia]]
         |1={{Clade
            |1=[[Trichechidae]][[File:Manatee white background.jpg|60 px]]
            |2=[[Dugongidae]][[File:Dugong dugon Hardwicke white background.jpg|60 px]]
         }}
         |label2=[[Proboscidea]]
         |2=[[Elephantidae]][[File:Elephas africanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - (white background).jpg|70 px]]
         }}
      }}
   |label2=[[Afroinsectiphilia]]
   |2={{Clade
      |label1=[[Tubulidentata]]
      |1=[[Orycteropodidae]][[File:Aardvark2 (PSF) colourised.png|60 px]]
      |label2=[[Afroinsectivora]]
      |2={{Clade
         |label1='''Macroscelidea'''
         |1='''Macroscelididae'''[[File:Rhynchocyon petersi - StylizedPhylo.png|50 px]]
         |label2=[[Afrosoricida]]
         |2={{Clade
            |1=[[Chrysochloridae]][[File:The animal kingdom, arranged according to its organization, serving as a foundation for the natural history of animals (Pl. 18) (Chrysochloris asiatica).jpg|50 px]]
            |label2=[[Tenrecomorpha]]
            |2={{Clade
               |1=[[Tenrecidae]][[File:Brehms Thierleben - Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs (1876) (Tenrec ecaudatus).jpg|50 px]]
               |2=[[Potamogalidae]][[File:Potamogale velox illustration.jpg|50 px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
}}

{{cladogram
|title=Cladogram of living elephant shrews<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |date=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation |journal=PLOS Biol |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=e3000494 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Heritage2020" />
|{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:590px;
|label1='''Macroscelididae'''
|1={{clade
  |label1=Rhynchocyoninae
  |1={{clade
    |label1=''[[Rhynchocyon]]''
    |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Rhynchocyon chrysopygus|R. chrysopygus]]''
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
          |1=''[[Rhynchocyon cirnei|R. cirnei]]''
          |2=''[[Rhynchocyon stuhlmanni|R. stuhlmanni]]''
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Rhynchocyon petersi|R. petersi]]''
          |2=''[[Rhynchocyon udzungwensis|R. udzungwensis]]''
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=Macroscelidinae
  |2={{clade
    |1={{clade
      |label1=Macroscelidini
      |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |label1=''[[Galegeeska]]''
          |1 = {{clade
             |1= ''[[Galegeeska revoilii|G. revoilii]]''
|2=''[[Galegeeska rufescens|G. rufescens]]''
       }}
          |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Petrosaltator rozeti]]''
             |2=''[[Petrodromus tetradactylus]]''
           }}
         }}
        |label2=''[[Macroscelides]]''
        |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
            |1=''[[Macroscelides flavicaudatus|M. flavicaudatus]]''
            |2=''[[Macroscelides proboscideus|M. proboscideus]]''
              }}
          |2=''[[Macroscelides micus|M. micus]]''
           }}
         }}
      |label2=''[[Elephantulus]]''
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
            |1= ''[[Elephantulus rupestris|E. rupestris]]''
          |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Elephantulus intufi|E. intufi]]''
            |2=''[[Elephantulus brachyrhynchus|E. brachyrhynchus]]''
             }}
           }}
       |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Elephantulus edwardii|E. edwardii]]''
           |2=''[[Elephantulus pilicaudus|E. pilicaudus]]''
           }}
        |2=''[[Elephantulus myurus|E. myurus]]''
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
    }}
  }}
}}
{{clear}}

==Classification==
{{main|List of macroscelids}}
[[File:Macroscelides proboscideus Basel Zoo 28102013.jpg|thumb|right|[[Round-eared elephant shrew]], ''Macroscelides proboscideus'', [[Basel Zoo]]]]
[[File:Petrodromus tetradactylus-Zootaxa.jpg|thumb|[[Four-toed sengi]], ''Petrodromus tetradactylus'', Mozambique]]
[[File:Petrosaltator rozeti-Zootaxa.jpg|thumb|[[North African elephant shrew]], ''Petrosaltator rozeti'', Morocco]]
The 20 species of elephant shrew are placed in six [[genera]], three of which are [[monotypic]]:
* '''ORDER MACROSCELIDEA'''<ref name=msw3/>
**'''Family Macroscelididae'''
*** Genus ''[[Elephantulus]]''
****[[Short-snouted elephant shrew]], ''E. brachyrhynchus''
**** [[Cape elephant shrew]], ''E. edwardii''
**** [[Dusky-footed elephant shrew]], ''E. fuscipes''
**** [[Dusky elephant shrew]], ''E. fuscus''
**** [[Bushveld elephant shrew]], ''E. intufi''
**** [[Eastern rock elephant shrew]], ''E. myurus''
**** [[Karoo rock elephant shrew]], ''E. pilicaudus''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smit|first1=H.A.|last2=Robinson|first2=T.J.|last3=Watson|first3=J.|last4=Jansen Van Vuuren|first4=B.|title=A new species of elephant-shrew (Afrotheria:Macroselidea: Elephantulus) from South Africa|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=89|issue=5|pages=1257–1269|date=October 2008|doi=10.1644/07-MAMM-A-254.1|doi-access=free}}</ref>
****[[Western rock elephant shrew]], ''E. rupestris''
*** Genus ''[[Galegeeska]]''
**** [[Somali elephant shrew]], ''G. revoilii''<ref name="Heritage2020">{{cite journal|last1= Heritage|first1=S.|last2= Rayaleh|first2=H.|last3= Awaleh|first3=D.G.|last4= Rathbun|first4=G.B.|title= New records of a lost species and a geographic range expansion for sengis in the Horn of Africa |journal= PeerJ|volume= 8|year= 2020|pages= e9652|doi= 10.7717/peerj.9652|pmid=32879790|pmc=7441985|doi-access= free}}</ref>
****[[Rufous elephant shrew]], ''G. rufescens<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krásová|first1=Jarmila|last2=Mikula|first2=Ondřej|last3=Šumbera|first3=Radim|last4=Horáková|first4=Sylvie|last5=Robovský|first5=Jan|last6=Kostin|first6=Danila S.|last7=Martynov|first7=Aleksey A.|last8=Lavrenchenko|first8=Leonid A.|last9=Bryja|first9=Josef|date=2021|title=The Rufous Sengi is not Elephantulus—Multilocus reconstruction of evolutionary history of sengis from the subfamily Macroscelidinae|journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=918–932|doi=10.1111/jzs.12460|s2cid=233667864|issn=1439-0469|doi-access=free}}</ref>''
*** Genus ''[[Macroscelides]]''
**** Namib round-eared sengi, ''[[Macroscelides flavicaudatus|M. flavicaudatus]]''
**** Etendeka round-eared sengi, ''[[Macroscelides micus|M. micus]]''
**** Round-eared elephant shrew, ''[[Macroscelides proboscideus|M. proboscideus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Petrodromus]]''
**** [[Four-toed elephant shrew]], ''P. tetradactylus''
*** Genus ''[[Petrosaltator]]''
**** [[North African elephant shrew]], ''P. rozeti''
*** Genus ''[[Rhynchocyon]]''
**** [[Golden-rumped sengi]], ''R. chrysopygus''
*****''Rhynchocyon chrysopygus mandelai''<ref name="Agwanda2021">{{Citation|title=A new subspecies of giant sengi (Macroscelidea: Rhynchocyon) from coastal Kenya |author=Agwanda B. R., Rovero F., Lawson L. P., Vernesi C., & Amin R. |journal=Zootaxa |year=2021 |volume=4948 |issue=2 |pages=zootaxa.4948.2.5 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4948.2.5 |pmid=33757027 }}</ref>
**** [[Chequered sengi]], ''R. cirnei''
***** ''Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei''
***** ''Rhynchocyon cirnei shirensis''
***** ''Rhynchocyon cirnei reichardi''
***** ''Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni''
***** ''Rhynchocyon cirnei macrurus''
**** [[Black and rufous sengi]], ''R. petersi''
***** ''Rhynchocyon petersi petersi''
***** ''Rhynchocyon petersi adersi''
**** [[Stuhlmann's sengi]], ''R. stuhlmanni''<ref name="Carlen2017">{{cite journal|last1= Carlen|first1=E.J.|last2= Rathbun|first2=G.B.|last3= Olson|first3=L.E.|last4= Sabuni|first4=C.A.|last5= Stanley|first5=W.T.|last6= Dumbacher|first6=J.P.|title= Reconstructing the molecular phylogeny of giant sengis (Macroscelidea; Macroscelididae; ''Rhynchocyon'') |journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume= 113|year= 2017|pages= 150–160|doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.012|pmid=28552433|doi-access= free|bibcode=2017MolPE.113..150C }}</ref>
**** [[Grey-faced sengi]], ''R. udzungwensis''
{{clear left}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1= Murata|first1=Y.|last2= Nikaido|first2=M.|last3= Sasaki|first3=T.|last4= Cao|first4=Y.|last5= Fukumoto|first5=Y.|last6= Hasegawa|first6=M.|last7= Okada|first7=N.|title= Afrotherian phylogeny as inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes |journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume= 28|issue= 2|year= 2003|pages= 253–260|doi= 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00035-6|pmid=12878462|bibcode=2003MolPE..28..253M }}
* {{cite journal|last1= Murphy|first1= W.J.|last2= Eizirik|first2=E.|last3= Johnson|first3=W.E.|last4= Zhang|first4=Y.P.|last5= Ryder|first5=O.A.|last6= O'Brien|first6=S.J.|title= Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals |journal= Nature|volume= 409|issue= 6820|year= 2001|pages= 614–618|doi= 10.1038/35054550|pmid= 11214319|bibcode= 2001Natur.409..614M|s2cid= 4373847}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tabuce|first=R.|author2=Marivaux, L. |author3=Adaci, M. |author4=Bensalah, M. |author5=Hartenberger, J.-L. |author6=Mahboubi, M. |author7=Mebrouk, F. |author8=Tafforeau, P. |author9= Jaeger, J.-J. |title=Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=2007|volume=274|issue=1614|pages=1159–1166|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.0229|pmid=17329227 |pmc=2189562}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.awf.org/wildlives/72|title=Elephant Shrew|publisher=African Wildlife Foundation|access-date=1 February 2010}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://sengis.calacademy.org/|publisher=California Academy of Sciences|title=Sengis (Elephant-Shrews)|access-date=1 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510112524/http://sengis.calacademy.org/|archive-date=10 May 2013}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080201085759.htm|title=New Species Of Giant Elephant-shrew Discovered|publisher=Science Daily|date=February 2008|access-date=1 February 2010}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-elephant-shrew-mouse-sengi-africa-cute-20140627-story.html|title=New sengi species is related to an elephant, but small as a mouse|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 2014|access-date=1 June 2014}}

{{Mammals}}
{{Macroscelidea}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q129513|from2=Q9324400}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:shrew, elephant}}
[[Category:Elephant shrews| ]]
[[Category:Afroinsectivora]]
[[Category:Extant Lutetian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte]]