Editing Elliot Aronson

{{Short description|American psychologist (born 1932)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Elliot Aronson
| image             = Elliot Aronson 1972.jpg
| caption           = Aronson in 1972
| birth_date        = {{birth date and age|1932|01|9}}
| birth_place       = [[Chelsea, Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref name="autobiog"/>
| death_date        =
| death_place       = 
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = 
| alma_mater        = [[Brandeis University]]<br />[[Wesleyan University]]<br />[[Stanford University]]<ref name="bdp">{{citation |last1=Sheehy|first1=Noel |title=Biographical dictionary of psychology|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-09997-4|pages=23–24|first2=Antony J. |last2=Chapman |first3=Wendy A. |last3=Conroy|chapter=Aronson, Elliot}}</ref>
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Leon Festinger]]
| doctoral_students = [[Merrill Carlsmith]], [[John M. Darley|John Darley]], [[Anthony Greenwald]],  [[Alexander Gonzalez (businessman)|Alexander Gonzalez]]
| known_for         = research on [[cognitive dissonance]], high-impact experimentation, [[Jigsaw Classroom]], gain–loss theory of attraction
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| awards            = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research]],<br />[[Association for Psychological Science#Awards and honors|APS William James Award]]
| field             = [[Social psychology]], applied social psychology, [[media psychology]]<ref name=bdp />
| work_institutions = [[Harvard University]]<br/>[[University of Minnesota]]<br />[[University of Texas]]<br/>[[University of California, Santa Cruz]] 
}}

'''Elliot Aronson''' (born January 9, 1932) is an American [[psychologist]] who has carried out experiments on the theory of cognitive dissonance and invented the [[Jigsaw Classroom]], a cooperative teaching technique that facilitates learning while reducing interethnic hostility and prejudice. In his 1972 social psychology textbook, ''The Social Animal'', he stated Aronson's First Law: "People who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy", thus asserting the importance of situational factors in bizarre behavior. He is the only person in the 120-year history of the [[American Psychological Association]] to have won all three of its major awards: for writing, for teaching, and for research.<ref name="f_intro">{{Citation |last1=Gonzales |first1= Marti Hope |last2= Tavris |first2= Carol |last3= Aronson|first3=Joshua |editor1-last=Gonzales |editor1-first= Marti Hope |editor2-last= Tavris |editor2-first= Carol |editor3-last= Aronson |editor3-first=Joshua | year=2010|chapter=Editor's Introduction| title=The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson |location= New York |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn= 978-1-84872-867-7|pages=7–8}}</ref> In 2007, he received the William James Award for Lifetime Achievement from the [[Association for Psychological Science]], in which he was cited as the scientist who "fundamentally changed the way we look at everyday life".<ref>[http://www.psychologicalscience.org/awards/james/citations/aronson.cfm William James Fellow Award – Elliot Aronson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201619/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/awards/james/citations/aronson.cfm |date=2016-03-03 }} (Association for Psychological Science) Accessed 2009-07-19</ref> A ''[[Review of General Psychology]]'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Aronson as the 78th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haggbloom |first1=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L. III |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. |journal=Review of General Psychology |date=2002 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx| display-authors= 8 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913|s2cid=145668721 }}</ref> He officially retired in 1994 but continues to teach and write.<ref>{{Citation |last=Zimbardo |first= Philip |editor1-last=Gonzales |editor1-first= Marti Hope |editor2-last= Tavris |editor2-first= Carol |editor3-last= Aronson |editor3-first=Joshua | year=2010|chapter=Honoring Elliot Aronson| title=The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson |location= New York |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn= 978-1-84872-867-7|pages=15–18}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Aronson grew up in extreme poverty in [[Revere, Massachusetts]], during the [[Great Depression]]. His was the only [[Jewish]] family in the neighborhood, and it was not rare for Aronson to be bullied on the way home from Hebrew school by [[anti-Semitic]] gangs. He believes that every life's progress is based on a combination of luck, opportunity, talent, and intuition.<ref>Chibnall, John T., [https://www.proquest.com/docview/851475808 "Elliot Aronson and the life of becoming."], ''American Psychological Association'', date</ref> Although his high school grades were mediocre, his [[SAT]] scores were high enough to earn him a work-study scholarship at Brandeis University.<ref name=autobiog />

Influenced by his father, he began his college career majoring in economics.  However, he promptly changed his major to psychology after accidentally wandering into an Introductory Psychology lecture taught by [[Abraham Maslow]].<ref name="American Psychologist 1999 pg. 873-875">American Psychologist (November 1999), 54 (11), pg. 873-875</ref> After attending this lecture, he realized that there was an entire science devoted to exploring the kinds of questions that had intrigued him as a child.<ref name="American Psychologist 1999 pg. 873-875"/> His undergraduate years at Brandeis brought him closer to a number of respected psychologists, but Maslow was his primary mentor and had the biggest impact on his early academic career.<ref name="American Psychologist 1999 pg. 873-875"/>
 
Aronson earned his bachelor's degree from Brandeis in 1954. He went on to earn a master's degree from [[Wesleyan University]] in 1956, where he worked with [[David McClelland]], and a Ph.D. in psychology from  [[Stanford University]] in 1959, where his doctoral advisor and mentor was the experimental social psychologist [[Leon Festinger]].<ref name="autobiog">Aronson, E. (2010). ''Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist.'' New York: Basic Books.  {{ISBN|978-0-465-01833-8}}</ref><ref name=bdp />

==Professional history==
Aronson has taught at [[Harvard University]], the [[University of Minnesota]], the [[University of Texas]], and the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He also served as distinguished visiting professor at Stanford University.<ref name="Aronson2002">{{citation|first=Joshua Michael |last=Aronson|title=Improving academic achievement: impact of psychological factors on education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bEOmHiVzDgC&pg=PR15|access-date=11 July 2010|date=15 April 2002|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-0-12-064455-1|page=15}}</ref> He was included in a list of the 100 most influential psychologists of the 20th century published by the ''Review of General Psychology''.<ref name="top100">{{cite journal|last=Haggbloom|first=Steven J.|title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century|journal=Review of General Psychology|year=2002|volume=6|issue=2|pages=139–152|doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139|s2cid=145668721|display-authors=etal}}</ref> He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and won the William James Award from the [[Association for Psychological Science]] for his lifetime achievements.<ref name="mcnulty">{{cite web|last=McNulty|first=Jennifer|title=UCSC Professor Emeritus Elliot Aronson receives lifetime achievement award from the Association for Psychological Science|url=http://www.ucsc.edu/news_events/press_releases/text.asp?pid=973|publisher=UC Santa Cruz|access-date=7 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613053339/http://www.ucsc.edu/news_events/press_releases/text.asp?pid=973|archive-date=13 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His honors include distinguished research awards from the [[American Psychological Association]], the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] and the [[Society of Experimental Social Psychology]]. He also won the Gordon Allport Prize for his work on reducing prejudice.<ref name="f_awards" /> In 1981 he was one of five academics awarded "Professor of the Year" by the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education.<ref name="ljw">{{cite news|title=KU's Bricker recognised for outstanding teaching|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VpkyAAAAIBAJ&pg=4604%2C6439486|access-date=11 July 2010|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|date=28 May 1981|page=6}}</ref>

==Research topics==
===Cognitive dissonance===
Aronson's interests and research have paid particular attention to the theory of [[cognitive dissonance]].<ref>Festinger, L. (1957). ''A theory of cognitive dissonance.'' Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Aronson advanced Festinger's theory by showing that it is most powerful when the self-concept is involved; see Tavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2007), ''Mistakes were made (but not by ME): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</ref> Aronson refined the theory, which posits that when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent (dissonant), psychological discomfort results.  This discomfort motivates the person experiencing it to either change the behavior or the attitude so that consonance is restored.  In a classic experiment, Aronson demonstrated that people who undergo an embarrassing initiation to gain admission to a group develop more favorable evaluations of the group than people who are admitted after a mild or easy initiation.<ref>Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. ''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', 59, 177–181.</ref> In Aronson's ''Theories of Cognitive Consistency'' (1973), he states: "Dissonance theory does not rest upon the assumption that man is a rational animal; rather, it suggests that man is a rationalizing animal – that he attempts to appear rational, both to others and to himself."<ref>
{{cite web
|url= http://theunboundedspirit.com/festingers-cognitive-dissonance-theory-and-research-examples/
|archive-url= https://archive.today/20140305142858/http://theunboundedspirit.com/festingers-cognitive-dissonance-theory-and-research-examples/
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= March 5, 2014
|title=Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Research Examples|access-date=5 Mar 2014
|date=2012-04-22}} The core statement from this quote is often mis-attributed to Leon Festinger. The earliest known expression of this concept appears in [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s 1953 book ''[[Assignment in Eternity]]'', which collected Heinlein stories from the 1930s and 1940s: "Man is not a rational animal, he is a rationalizing animal."
</ref>

===Jigsaw Classroom===
[[File:Elliot Aronson 2001.jpg|thumb|Aronson in 2001, shortly after he began to lose his eyesight to [[macular degeneration]]]]

Aronson led the development of a classroom technique for defusing inter-group tension and promoting self-esteem. It was discovered that it is rare for classrooms of students to cooperate towards a common goal.
In 1971 the newly [[desegregation|desegregated]] schools of [[Austin, Texas]] faced a crisis of violence between ethnic groups.<ref name="averting">{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Susan |title=No One Left to Hate: Averting Columbines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/27/health/27CONV.html |access-date=7 July 2010 |newspaper=New York Times |date=March 27, 2001  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126034819/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/27/health/27CONV.html |archive-date=January 26, 2011 }}</ref>
Aronson, then at the University of Texas, was called in as a consultant by a school administrator who was also a former student.<ref name=bdp /><ref name=averting />
Aronson noticed that the schools' highly competitive atmosphere was exacerbating the already tense ethnic rivalry.<ref name=bdp />
Together with his graduate students, he developed a model of teaching practice to encourage a culture of shared goals and mutual support.<ref name=bdp />
In the [[Jigsaw (teaching technique)|jigsaw classroom]] approach, pupils are divided into small groups, mixed by [[Race (classification of humans)|race]] and by ability, to work co-operatively on a task.<ref name="enc_edu" />
The classroom material—for example a biography of a historical figure—is broken into sections, and one member of each group is responsible for reading each section.<ref name="enc_edu" /> Members with the same role from each group gather in "expert groups" to discuss their sections. They then return to their own groups and take turns to present what they have learned. They are then assessed individually on all sections of the material.<ref name="enc_edu" /><ref name="Brophy">{{citation|first1=Jere |last1=Brophy|title=Motivating Students to Learn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EepiejSCsqUC&pg=PA203|access-date=11 July 2010|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-4106-1021-8|pages=203–204}}</ref><ref>"OVERVIEW." The Jigsaw Classroom. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 June 2016.</ref> This division of responsibilities means that students are motivated to listen to each other and each of them experiences a role in which they are valuable to others.<ref name="enc_edu">{{citation|first1=David |last1=Levinson|first2=Peter W. |last2=Cookson|first3=Alan R. |last3=Sadovnik|title=Education and sociology: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yzi-6VOVcUcC&pg=PA117|access-date=11 July 2010|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-1615-2|page=117}}</ref>

Comparisons with traditional classroom environments showed that the jigsaw classroom has positive effects on academic performance, self-esteem and attitudes towards other ethnic groups.<ref>{{citation |last1=Aronson|first1=Elliot|last2=Bridgeman|first2=Diane|title=Jigsaw Groups and the Desegregated Classroom: In Pursuit of Common Goals|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|volume=5|issue=4|year=1979|pages=438–446|issn=0146-1672|doi=10.1177/014616727900500405|s2cid=143393196}}</ref>
The technique has since been applied in hundreds of schools across North America.<ref name=bdp /> From its initial application at third- to fifth-grade school level, it has been expanded to other educational levels. This success encouraged Aronson to apply his research to other policy issues including energy conservation and the treatment of the elderly.<ref name=bdp />
In the aftermath of the [[Columbine High School massacre]], Aronson advocated for jigsaw classrooms as part of an approach to defusing the social divisions underlying school violence.<ref name=averting />

===Gain–loss theory of attraction===
In 1965, Aronson proposed that interpersonal attraction and liking could be understood in terms of the balance of reward and cost. This implied that contrast—a gain or loss of positive feedback from the other person—has more effect on liking than the absolute level of feedback.  An example is how compliments are more meaningful when they come from someone who is usually critical, rather than from a reliable supporter. Another example is that a couple may feel more dedicated to their relationship if they initially disliked each other.<ref name="Reisman1979">{{cite book|last=Reisman|first=John M.|title=Anatomy of friendship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G63aTaSNeNAC&pg=PA79|access-date=2 January 2011|date=September 1979|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-0-89197-646-2|pages=79–80}}</ref>

===Pratfall effect===
Aronson published a paper in 1966,<ref name="Aronson, E. 1966">Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966). The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness. Psychonomic Science.</ref> where he described an experiment testing the effects of a simple blunder on perceived attraction. The so-called  [[pratfall effect]] is the tendency for attractiveness to increase or decrease after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived competence, or ability to perform well in a general sense.

==Awards and professional recognition==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Awarding body
!Year
!Source
|-
|Award for Distinguished Research in Social Psychology
|[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
|1970
|<ref name=bdp />
|-
|Fellowship
|Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
|1970–1971, 1977–1978
|<ref name=bdp />
|-
|National Media Award
|[[American Psychological Association]]
|1973
|<ref name=bdp />
|-
|Teaching Award
|[[University of Texas]]
|1973
|<ref name=bdp />
|-
|Teaching Award in Psychology
|[[American Psychological Association]]
|1980
|<ref name=bdp />
|-
|Donald T. Campbell Award for distinguished contributions in social psychology
|[[American Psychological Association]]
|1980
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Donald T. Campbell Award|url=http://www.apa.org/about/awards/div-8-campbell.aspx|work=APA.org|publisher=American Psychological Association|access-date=11 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
|Professor of the Year
|Council for the Advancement and Support of Education
|1981
|<ref name=ljw />
|-
|Gordon Allport Prize for Inter-Group Relations
|Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
|1981
|<ref name="f_awards" />
|-
|[[Guggenheim Fellowship]]
|[[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]]
|1981–1982
|<ref name=bdp />
|-
|Fellowship
|[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
|1992
|<ref name=bdp /><ref>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010, chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|work=amacad.org|publisher=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
|Award for Distinguished Research in the Social Sciences
|[[University of California, Santa Cruz]]
|1992
|<ref name="f_awards" />
|-
|Distinguished Scientific Career Award
|[[Society of Experimental Social Psychology]]
|1994
|<ref name=bdp />
|-
|Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award
|[[American Psychological Association]]
|1999
|<ref name="f_awards" />
|-
|Master Lecturer
|[[American Psychological Association]]
|2001
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Master Lecturers Program|url=http://www.apa.org/about/awards/bsa-masters.aspx|work=APA.org|publisher=American Psychological Association|access-date=11 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
|William James Fellow Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Scientific Psychology
|[[Association for Psychological Science]]
|2007
|<ref name="f_awards">{{Citation |last1=Gonzales |first1= Marti Hope |last2= Tavris |first2= Carol |last3= Aronson|first3=Joshua|editor1-last=Gonzales |editor1-first= Marti Hope |editor2-last= Tavris |editor2-first= Carol |editor3-last= Aronson |editor3-first=Joshua | year=2010|chapter=Elliot Aronson's Awards, Books, and Publications| title=The scientist and the humanist: A Festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson |location= New York |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn= 978-1-84872-867-7|pages=345–346}}</ref>
|}

==Personal life==
[[File:Elliot Aronson and guide dog 2011.jpg|thumb|Aronson with his Labrador Retriever [[guide dog]] Desi-Lu in 2011]]
Elliot is married to Vera Aronson, whom he met while they were both undergraduate research assistants under [[Abraham Maslow]].<ref name=f_intro /> Together they have had four children: Hal, Neal, Julie and Joshua, who is himself a social psychologist.<ref name=f_intro /><ref>{{Citation |work=Monitor on Psychology|volume=30|issue=6|publisher=American Psychological Association |first=Zak |last=Stambor|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun06/expectations.aspx |title=Lowered expectations|access-date=11 July 2010|year=2006}}</ref> In 2000, Aronson was diagnosed with [[macular degeneration]] and, by 2003, had lost all of his central vision.<ref name=mcnulty /> To cope with his blindness, Aronson decided to get a guide dog, and applied at [[Guide Dogs for the Blind]] in 2010. In January 2011 he began a three-week training session with his new guide dog, Desilu, nicknamed Desi. He graduated from the program on February 12, 2011. He said, "They worked us 14 hours a day, until we were almost as smart as our dogs."<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://news.ucsc.edu/2011/03/aronson-nominations.html | title=Elliot Aronson nominated for book, emeriti awards|website=news.ucsc.edu|first=Guy|last=Lasiner|date=March 30, 2011|access-date=January 31, 2022}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Aronson has written more than twenty books, including textbooks, popularizations and one book of children's fiction with his granddaughter Ruth Aronson. In 2010, Psychology Press published a book of essays and scholarly articles by his friends, colleagues, and former students celebrating his influence on their work: ''The Scientist and the Humanist: A Festschrift in Honor of Elliot Aronson.''

===Academic books===
* Lindzey, G., & Aronson, E. (1968 & 1985). ''The handbook of social psychology'' (2nd & 3rd eds.). New York: Random House.
* Stern, P. C., & Aronson, E. (1984). ''Energy use: The human dimension.'' New York: W. H. Freeman.
* Pines, A. & Aronson, E. (1988). ''Career burnout.'' New York: Free Press.
* Aronson, E., Ellsworth, P., Carlsmith, J. M., & Gonzales, M. (1990). ''Methods of research in social psychology'' (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
* Aronson, E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1993). ''Social psychology: The most outstanding research'' (Vol. 1, 2, & 3). London: Elgar Ltd.
* Aronson, E. (2000). ''Nobody left to hate: Teaching compassion after Columbine.'' New York: Henry Holt.
* Pratkanis, A. R., & Aronson, E. (2001). ''Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion.'' New York: Henry Holt.
* [[Carol Tavris|Tavris, C.]], & Aronson, E. (2015). ''[[Mistakes were made (but not by me)|Mistakes were made (but not by Me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts]]'' (Rev. ed) New York: Harcourt. {{ISBN|978-0-54-457478-6}}
* Aronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (2011). ''Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method'' (3rd ed.). New York: Pinter & Martin Ltd. {{ISBN|1-9051-7722-4}}
* Aronson, E. (2011). ''[[The Social Animal (Elliot Aronson book)|The Social Animal]]'' (11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman. {{ISBN|1-4292-3341-9}}
* Aronson, J., & Aronson, E. (Ed.). (2011). ''Readings about the social animal'' (11th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman. {{ISBN|1-4292-3342-7}}
* Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., Akert, R. M., & Sommers S. R. (2015). ''Social psychology'' (9th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|0-1339-3654-6}}

===Autobiography===
* Aronson, E. (2002). "Drifting my own way: Following my nose and my heart." In R. Sternberg (Ed.) (2003) ''Psychologists defying the crowd: Stories of those who battled the establishment and won.'' Washington, DC: APA Books. {{ISBN|978-1-55798-919-2}}
* {{Citation|editor1-first=Gardner |editor1-last=Lindzey|editor2-first=William |editor2-last=McKinley Runyan|title=A History of psychology in autobiography, volume 9|year=2007|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-59147-796-9|chapter=Elliot Aronson|first=Elliot |last=Aronson|pages=3–42}}
* Aronson, E. (2010). ''Not by chance alone: My life as a social psychologist.'' New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0-465-01833-8}}

===Fiction===
* Aronson, E., & Aronson, R. (2005). ''The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa'' (a children's book). iUniverse.

==See also==
*{{section link|Insufficient justification|The forbidden toy experiment}}
* [[List of social psychologists]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite news|last=Vils|first=Ursula|title= 'Jigsaw Method' Cuts Desegregation Strife|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=August 10, 1978}}
* {{Cite news|last=Gilbert|first=Susan|title= School violence target of method|newspaper=San Diego Union - Tribune|date=April 1, 2001}}
* {{Cite news|last=Carey|first=Benedict|title=Storm and Crisis: Coping; Storm Will Have a Long-Term Emotional Effect on Some, Experts Say |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9506EED71431F937A3575AC0A9639C8B63|access-date=7 July 2010|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 4, 2005}}
* {{Cite news|title=Page May Have Falsely Confessed, Psychologist Says|newspaper=San Jose Mercury News|date=March 31, 1988}}
* {{Cite news|last=Vedantam|first=Shankar|title=Bush: Naturally, Never Wrong|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/08/AR2007070800742.html|access-date=7 July 2010|newspaper=Washington Post|date=July 9, 2007}}
* {{Cite news|last=Foote|first=Carol|title=Motivating People To Save Energy|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C10F93D5D12718DDDA80A94D0405B8084F1D3|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 21, 1980}}
* {{Cite news|last=Gilbert|first=Susan|title=Jigsaw Classrooms to Avert Future Columbines|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fiwhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3271%2C5119136|access-date=7 July 2010|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=March 29, 2001}}
* {{Citation|editor1-first=Gardner |editor1-last=Lindzey|editor2-first=William |editor2-last=McKinley Runyan|title=A History of psychology in autobiography, volume 9|year=2007|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-59147-796-9|chapter=Elliot Aronson|first=Elliot |last=Aronson|pages=3–42}}
* {{Cite news|last=Lasnier|first=Guy|title=Elliot Aronson nominated for book, emeriti awards|url=http://news.ucsc.edu/2011/03/aronson-nominations.html|access-date=30 March 2011|newspaper=University of California Santa Cruz|date= March 30, 2011}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040402032447/http://www.jigsaw.org/about.htm Aronson's home page]
* [http://aronson.socialpsychology.org/ Profile of Aronson on Social Psychology Network]
* [http://www.jigsaw.org/ The Jigsaw Classroom]: site created by Elliot Aronson and hosted by the Social Psychology Network
* [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0108/14/nr.00.html Aronson interviewed by CNN's ''Newsroom''] about the Jigsaw Classroom, August 14, 2001 (transcript)
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12125926 Why It's Hard to Admit to Being Wrong]: Interview with Aronson on National Public Radio, 20 July 2007 (audio and transcript)
* [http://vimeo.com/5016064 The Scientist and The Humanist]: Elliot Aronson in conversation with Carol Tavris and Joshua Aronson, 2008 (video)

{{Psychology|state=uncollapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aronson, Elliot}}
[[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:21st-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:American educational psychologists]]
[[Category:American social psychologists]]
[[Category:Jewish American psychologists]]
[[Category:APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty]]
[[Category:Brandeis University alumni]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Blind scholars and academics]]
[[Category:American scientists with disabilities]]
[[Category:American blind people]]
[[Category:People from Revere, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]