Editing Els Segadors

{{Short description|National anthem of Catalonia, Spain}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title         = {{lang|ca|italic=no|Els Segadors}}
| english_title = The Reapers
| image         = Senyera (Pl. Octavià, S. Cugat del Vallès) 01.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = 
| country       = [[Catalonia]]
| author        = Emili Guanyavents
| lyrics_date   = 1899
| composer      = [[Francesc Alió]]
| music_date    = 1892
| adopted       = 1899 (''de facto'')<br /> 25 February 1993 (''de jure'')
| until         = 
| sound         = Els Segadors.ogg
| sound_title   = Official orchestral and choral vocal recording
}}
"'''Els Segadors'''" ({{IPA|ca|əls səɣəˈðos|label=Eastern Catalan:}}, {{IPA|ca|els seɣaˈðos|label=Western Catalan:}}; "The Reapers") is the official [[national anthem]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dogc.vlex.es/vid/llei-febrer-himne-nacional-catalunya-36313054 |title=Law 1/1993, 25 February, of the national anthem |publisher=dogc.vlex.es|access-date=14 September 2019 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> of [[Catalonia]], [[Nationalities and regions of Spain|nationality]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.gencat.cat/ca/generalitat/estatut/estatut2006/titol_preliminar/ |title=First article of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. 'Catalonia, as a nationality, exercises its self-government constituted as an autonomous community...' |publisher=gencat.cat |access-date=30 June 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Spain]].

==History==
[[File:Els segadors.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Reapers' War]] "Corpus de Sang" (1640). Painted in 1910]]
{{multiple image
| total_width = 270
| align = right
| image1 = Francesc Alió i Brea.jpg
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Emili Guanyavents Jané.jpg
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = Left: [[Francesc Alió]], composer of the music.  Right: Emili Guanyavents, author of the modern lyrics
}}
The original song dates in the oral tradition to 1640, based on the events of June 1640 known as ''[[Corpus de Sang]]'' ("Corpus of Blood") during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618&ndash;1648) between Spain, England, France and Austria, the event that started the [[Reapers' War]] or {{lang|ca|Guerra dels Segadors}}, also known as the Catalan Revolt or Catalan Revolution,<ref name="oficial">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gencat.cat/catalunya/eng/coneixer-simbolsnacionals.htm|title=Generalitat de Catalunya: National symbols|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016151727/http://www.gencat.cat/catalunya/eng/coneixer-simbolsnacionals.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16}}</ref> where Catalans fought against the [[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares|Count-Duke of Olivares]], the chief minister of King [[Philip IV of Spain]], and eventually led to an open war and the establishment of a [[Catalan Republic (1640–1641)|Catalan Republic under French protection]]. 

The song describes the events, an uprising of peasants due to the large and burdensome presence of the Spanish Royal army in the [[Principality of Catalonia]], as they were required to lodge and provision the troops, thus leading to a large tension and discomfort and the outbreak of episodes such as religious sacrileges, destruction of personal properties, and rape of women by the soldiers. The second part of the song tells the arrival of the rebel reapers in Barcelona, who kill various guards, the royal officers and the [[viceroy of Catalonia]], [[Dalmau de Queralt, Count of Santa Coloma|Dalmau de Queralt]], ending with the exhortation to Catalans to take the arms, as they are at war.

In the 19th century, the text was compiled in the ''Romancillero Catalán'', a book of folk traditions written by [[Manuel Milà i Fontanals]]. The music was standardized by [[Francesc Alió]] in 1892.<ref name="oficial" /> Its modern lyrics were written by [[Emili Guanyavents]], who won a competition convened by the political party [[Unió Catalanista]] in 1899, simplifying the text to three verses. At the time, the change of lyrics caused some controversy among conservative elements, as Guanyavents, coming from sectors close to [[anarchism]], gave them a revolutionary tone.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, "Els Segadors" became one of the most relevant symbols of [[Catalanism]] and Catalonia itself, increasing its popularity during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] and the [[Spanish Civil War|Civil War]]. Despite an early attempt of the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] (Catalan autonomous government) in 1931 to replace it with another song, "[[El Cant del Poble]]", "Els Segadors" remained highly popular, often treated by Catalan government and population as the national anthem. The [[Franco dictatorship|dictatorship of Francisco Franco]] (1939&ndash;1975) banned the public use of Catalan national symbolism as part of the broad [[Anti-Catalan sentiment|anti-Catalanist]] policies, among them "Els Segadors". Tolerated songs, such as the "[[Virolai]]" or "[[La Santa Espina]]", were often played in its place to express Catalan identity.

After decades being use de facto, often alongside the "[[Cant de la Senyera]]", the Catalan government officially adopted "Els Segadors" as the national anthem of Catalonia on 25 February 1993, by law of the [[Parliament of Catalonia|Catalan parliament]]. The official version was made in 1994. The new [[Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia|Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006]] confirms this decision by its article 8.4, in which is explicitly defined as a national symbol of Catalonia, alongside the [[National Day of Catalonia|National Day]] and the [[Senyera|flag]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parlament.cat/document/cataleg/150259.pdf |title=Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, Article 8.1: "The flag, the holiday and the anthem are the national symbols of Catalonia, defined as a nationality by Article 1" |publisher=parlament.cat|access-date=14 September 2019 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Lyrics==
=== Modern lyrics ===
{| class="wikitable"
![[Catalan language|Catalan]] original (official)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elplural.com/autonomias/cataluna/todo-sobre-els-segadors-la-letra-y-su-significado_109855102_amp|title=Todo sobre 'Els Segadors': la letra y su significado|website=El Plural|date=2017-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.gencat.cat/en/actualitat/reportatges/diada-nacional-de-catalunya/himne-nacional-/index.html|title=National anthem|website=Gencat.cat}}</ref>
![[Central Catalan]] ([[Eastern Catalan|Eastern]]) [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]{{efn|name=IPA|See [[Help:IPA/Catalan]] and [[Catalan phonology]].}}
![[North-Western Catalan]] ([[Western Catalan|Western]]) [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]{{efn|name=IPA}}
!Poetic English translation
![[Occitan language|Occitan]] translation
!Spanish translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|ca|italic=no|'''I'''
Catalunya triomfant,
tornarà a ser rica i plena.
Endarrere aquesta gent
tan ufana i tan superba.

{{small|'''Tornada:'''}}
Bon cop de falç!
Bon cop de falç, defensors de la terra!
Bon cop de falç!

'''II'''
Ara és hora, segadors.
Ara és hora d'estar alerta.
Per quan vingui un altre juny,
esmolem ben bé les eines.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Tornada'''}}}}

'''III'''
Que tremoli l'enemic,
en veient la nostra ensenya.
Com fem caure espigues d'or,
quan convé seguem cadenes.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Tornada'''}}}}}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|'''1'''
[kə.t̪ə.ˈɫu.ɲə tɾi.uɱ.ˈfän]
[t̪uɾ.nə.ˈrä‿(ə) se ˈri.kə‿i ˈpɫɛ.nə]
[ən̪.də.ˈre.ɾ‿ə.ˈkɛs.t̪ə ˈʒen]
[t̪än u.ˈfä.nə‿i t̪an su.ˈpɛɾ.β̞ə]

{{small|'''[t̪uɾ.ˈna.ð̞ə]'''}}
[bɔŋ‿kɔp də faɫs]
[bɔŋ‿kɔp də faɫs‿ð̞ə.fən.'soz‿ð̞ə ɫə ˈt̪ɛ.rə]
[bɔŋ‿kɔp də faɫs]

'''2'''
[ˈä.ɾ(ə)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾə sə.ɣ̞ə.ˈð̞os]
[ˈä.ɾ(ə)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾə ð̞əs.ˈt̪ä‿(ə).ˈɫɛɾ.t̪ə]
[pəɾ kwäm‿ˈbiŋ.ɡi‿un ˈäɫ̪.t̪ɾə ʒuɲ]
[əz.mu.ˈɫɛm‿bem‿be ɫəz‿ˈɛi̯.nəs]

{{small|'''[t̪uɾ.ˈna.ð̞ə]'''}}

'''3'''
[kə t̪ɾə.ˈmɔ.ɫi ɫə.nə.ˈmik]
[əm‿bə.ˈjen ɫə ˈnɔs.t̪ɾə‿n.ˈsɛ.ɲə]
[kɔɱ‿fem ˈkäw.ɾə‿s.ˈpi.ɣ̞əz‿ð̞ɔr]
[kwäŋ‿kum.ˈbe sə.ˈɣ̞ɛm kə.ˈð̞ɛ.nəs]

{{small|'''[tuɾ.ˈna.ð̞ə]'''}}}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|'''1'''
[ka.t̪a.ˈɫu.ɲa tɾi.uɱ.ˈfän]
[t̪oɾ.na.ˈrä‿(a) se ˈri.ka‿i ˈpɫe.na, -ne]
[an̪.da.ˈre.ɾ‿a.ˈkes.t̪a ˈʒen]
[t̪än u.ˈfä.na‿i t̪an su.ˈpɛɾ.β̞a]

{{small|'''[t̪oɾ.ˈna.ð̞a]'''}}
[bɔŋ‿kɔp de faɫs]
[bɔŋ‿kɔp de faɫs‿ð̞e.fen.'soz‿ð̞e ɫa ˈt̪ε.ra, -rɛ]
[bɔŋ‿kɔp de faɫs]

'''2'''
[ˈä.ɾ(a)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾa se.ɣ̞a.ˈð̞os]
[ˈä.ɾ(a)‿ez‿ˈɔ.ɾa ð̞es.ˈt̪ä‿(a).ˈɫɛɾ.t̪a, -t̪ɛ]
[peɾ kwäm‿ˈbiŋ.ɡi‿un ˈäɫ̪.t̪ɾe ʒuɲ]
[ez.mo.ˈɫem‿bem‿be ɫez‿ˈei̯.nes]

{{small|'''[t̪oɾ.ˈna.ð̞a]'''}}

'''3'''
[ke t̪ɾe.ˈmɔ.ɫi ɫe.ne.ˈmik]
[em‿be.ˈjen ɫa ˈnɔs.t̪ɾe‿n.ˈse.ɲa, -ɲe]
[kɔɱ‿fem ˈkäw.ɾe‿s.ˈpi.ɣ̞ez‿ð̞ɔr]
[kwäŋ‿kom.ˈbe se.ˈɣ̞em ka.ˈð̞e.nes]

{{small|'''[t̪oɾ.ˈna.ð̞a]'''}}}}</poem>
|<poem>'''I'''
Catalonia triumphant
Shall again be rich and abundant.
Drive away these folks
Who are so proud and arrogant.

{{small|'''Chorus:'''}}
Strike with Thy sickle!
Strike with Thy sickle, Defenders of the Land!
Strike with Thy sickle!

'''II'''
Now is the time, Reapers.
Now is the time to stand wise.
Let us sharpen well our means,
For when another June cometh.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}

'''III'''
May the enemy tremble
Upon seeing our symbol.
Just as we cut the wheat’s golden ears,
When time calleth, we sever chains.

{{small|'''''Chorus'''''}}</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|oc|italic=no|'''I'''
Catalonha triomfant,
tornarà èsser rica e plena.
Endarrièra aquelas gents
amb tan d'ufan e supèrba.

{{small|'''Arrepic:'''}}
Bon còp de fauç!
Bon còp de fauç, Defensors de la tèrra!
Bon còp de fauç!

'''II'''
Ara es l'ora, segadors.
Ara es l'ora sètz a l'espèra.
Per quand vendrà un autre junh
amolam plan ben las asinas.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Arrepic'''}}}}

'''III'''
Que tremòle l'enemic
en vesent la nòstra ensenha.
Coma dalham espigas d'aur,
quand nos cal segam cadenas.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Arrepic'''}}}}}}</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|'''I'''
Cataluña, triunfante,
¡volverá a ser rica y plena!
¡Atrás esta gente
tan ufana y tan soberbia!

{{small|'''Estribillo:'''}}
¡Buen golpe de hoz!
¡Buen golpe de hoz, defensores de la tierra!
¡Buen golpe de hoz!

'''II'''
¡Ahora es hora, segadores!
¡Ahora es hora de estar alerta!
Para cuando venga otro junio
¡afilemos bien las herramientas!

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Estribillo'''}}}}

'''III'''
Que tiemble el enemigo
al ver nuestra enseña:
como hacemos caer espigas de oro,
cuando conviene segamos cadenas.

{{yesitalic|{{small|'''Estribillo'''}}}}}}</poem>
|}

=== Original lyrics: pre-1899 ===
{{Listen
| type         = music
| filename     = Segadors original version.oga
| title        = c. 1900 choral a capella vocal recording (original lyrics) (verses one and fifteen)
| description  = Arranged by [[Lluís Millet]] and performed by the [[Orfeó Català]]
}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Catalan original<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Muntaner|first1=Josep Massot i|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cwZVweeoDBQC&pg=PA13|title=Els segadors: himne nacional de Catalunya|last2=Pueyo|first2=Salvador|last3=Martorell|first3=Oriol|date=1993|publisher=L'Abadia de Montserrat|isbn=978-84-7826-464-3|language=ca}}</ref>
!English translation
!Spanish translation<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliver y Castañer|first=Jaime|title=Los Segadors: Estudio histórico-político de literatura popular catalana|publisher=La España Moderna|date=May 1900|issue=137|page=108|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0002364215&page=109|language=es}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>{{lang|ca|italic=no|'''I'''
Ai ditxosa Catalunya{{efn|Sometimes written {{lang|ca|Catalunya, comtat gran}} ({{IPA|ca|kətəˈluɲə kumˈtat ɡɾan|}}; {{langx|en|Catalonia, large county}}; {{langx|es|Cataluña, condado grande}}).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vergés|first1=Oriol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxgvAAAAYAAJ|title=La Generalitat en la història de Catalunya|last2=Cruañas|first2=Josep|date=1982|publisher=Departament de Cultura de la Generalitat de Catalunya|isbn=978-84-500-8153-4|language=ca|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schädel|first=Bernhard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhwrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80|title=Manual de fonètica catalana|date=1908|publisher=O. Schulze Verlag|language=ca|page=80}}</ref>}}
qui t'ha vista rica i plena!
Ara el rei nostre senyor
declarada ens té la guerra.

'''II'''
Lo gran comte d'Olivar
sempre li burxa l'aurella:
“Ara és hora, nostre rei,
ara és hora que fem guerra”.

'''III'''
Contra de los catalans
ja ho vegeu quina n'han feta:
seguiren viles i llocs
fins al lloc de Riudarenes,

'''IV'''
n'han cremada una església
que Santa Coloma es deia,
cremen albes i casulles
los calzes i les patenes.

'''V'''
I el Santíssim Sagrament
alabat sigui per sempre.
Mataren un sacerdot
mentres que la missa deia.

'''VI'''
Mataren un cavaller
a la porta de l'iglésia,
Don Lluís de Furrià
i els àngels li fan gran festa.

'''VII'''
El pa que no era blanc
deien que era massa negre,
lo daven an els cavalls
sols per assolar la terra.

'''VIII'''
Lo vi que no era bo
etgegaven les aixetes,
lo tiraven pels carrers
sols per a regar la terra.

'''IX'''
A presència dels seus pares
deshonraven les donzelles.
En daven part al virrei
del mal que aquells soldats feien:

'''X'''
“Llicència els he donat io
molta més se'n poden pendre”.

'''XI'''
A vista de tot això
s'és esvalotat la terra.
Entraren a Barcelona
mil persones forasteres,

'''XII'''
entren com a segadors
com érem a temps de sega.
De tres guàrdies que n'hi ha
ja n'han morta la primera.

'''XIII'''
En mataren el virrei
a l'entrant de la galera.
Mataren els diputats
i els jutges de l'Audiència.

'''XIV'''
Anaren a la presó
donen llibertat als presos.
Lo bisbe els va beneir
amb la mà dreta i esquerra:

'''XV'''
“Ont és vostre capità,
a ont és la vostra bandera?”
Varen treure el bon Jesús
tot cobert amb un vel negre:

'''XVI'''
“Aquí és nostre capità
aquí és nostra bandera.
A les armes, catalans,
que us han declarat la guerra”.}}</poem>
|<poem>'''I'''
Ah, happy Catalonia
who has seen you rich and plentiful!
Now the king our lord
has declared war on us.

'''II'''
The great count of Olivar
is always pestering his ear:
"Now is the time, our king.
now is the time to make war."

'''III'''
Against the Catalans
see what they have done already:
villages and places followed
up to the place of [[Riudarenes]],

'''IV'''
they have burned a church
that was called Santa Coloma,
they are burning white [[religious habit|habits]] and [[chasuble]]s
the [[chalice]]s and the [[paten]]s.

'''V'''
And the [[Blessed Sacrament]]
praise be to you forever.
They killed a priest
while [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] was being held.

'''VI'''
They killed a knight
at the door of the church,
Don Lluís de Furrià
and the angels are making him a big feast.

'''VII'''
The bread that was not white
they said was too black,
they gave it to the horses
only to ravage the earth.

'''VIII'''
The wine that was not good
they turned on the taps,
they threw it in the streets
only to irrigate the land.

'''IX'''
In the presence of their parents
they dishonoured the maidens.
They gave part to the viceroy
of the harm that those soldiers were doing:

'''X'''
"I gave them a license
many more can be taken.”

'''XI'''
In view of all this
the earth has shaken.
They entered Barcelona
a thousand strangers,

'''XII'''
they come in as reapers
as we were in harvest time.
Of three guards there
the first has already died.

'''XIII'''
The viceroy was killed
at the entrance to the galley.
They killed the deputies
and the judges of the Court.

'''XIV'''
They went to prison
they are releasing the prisoners.
The bishop blessed them
with the right and left hand:

'''XV'''
"Where is your captain,
where is your flag?"
They took out the good Jesus
all covered with a black veil:

'''XVI'''
"Here is our captain
here is our flag.
To arms, Catalans,
they have declared war on you."</poem>
|<poem>{{lang|es|italic=no|'''I'''
Ay, dichosa Cataluña
quién te ha visto rica y llena.
Ahora el rey nuestro señor
declarada nos tiene la guerra.

'''II'''
El gran Conde de Olivares
siempre le hurga la oreja:
"Ahora es la hora, rey nuestro
ahora es hora que hagamos guerra".

'''III'''
Contra de los catalanes
ya véis la que han hecho:
Siguieron villas y lugares
hasta el lugar del Riu d'Arenas,

'''IV'''
han quemado una iglesia
que Santa Coloma se llamaba,
queman albas y casullas
los cálices y las patenas.

'''V'''
Y el Santísimo Sacramento
alabado sea por siempre.
Mataron a un sacerdote
mientras decía la misa.

'''VI'''
Mataron a un caballero
a la puerta de la iglesia,
Don Luis de Furrià
y los ángeles le hacen gran fiesta.

'''VII'''
El pan que no era blanco
decían que era demasiado negro,
se lo daban a los caballos
solo por asolar la tierra.

'''VIII'''
El vino que no era bueno
abrían los grifos [o espitas],
lo tiraban por las calles
solo por regar la tierra.

'''IX'''
En presencia de sus padres
deshonraban a las doncellas.
De ello daban parte al Virrey,
del mal que esos soldados hacían:

'''X'''
"Licencia les he dado yo
mucha más se pueden tomar".

'''XI'''
A la vista de todo esto
se ha alborotado la tierra.
Entraron en Barcelona
mil personas forasteras,

'''XII'''
entran como segadores
ya que estaban en tiempos de siega.
De tres guardias que hay
ya han matado a la primera.

'''XIII'''
Mataron al Virrey
a la entrada de la galera.
Mataron a los diputados
y a los jueces de la Audiencia.

'''XIV'''
Fueron a la prisión
dan libertad a los presos.
El obispo los bendijo
con la mano derecha e izquierda:

'''XV'''
"¿dónde está vuestro capitán?
¿dónde está vuestra bandera?"
Sacaron al buen Jesús
todo cubierto con un velo negro:

'''XVI'''
"Aquí está nuestro capitán
aquí está nuestra bandera.
A las armas, catalanes,
que os han declarado la guerra".}}</poem>
|}

== Recordings and variations ==
An arrangement of "Els Segadors" appears on "Ballad of the Fallen" by Charlie Haden (1983).
Contemporary Catalan composer [[Jordi Savall]] made a version of the folk song,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CANÇONS DE LA CATALUNYA MIL·LENÀRIA. Planys & Llegendes – Alia Vox|url=https://www.alia-vox.com/en/catalogue/cancons-de-la-catalunya-millenaria-planys-llegendes/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.alia-vox.com|archive-date=2022-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109021807/https://www.alia-vox.com/en/catalogue/cancons-de-la-catalunya-millenaria-planys-llegendes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> using the original narrative (which dates back to the 17th century) combined with the modern lyrics and refrain, which were added later. The song has also been recorded and interpreted by major artists, included on albums such as ''[[Traditional Catalan Songs]]'' (Victoria de los Ángeles).

In October 2017, in the [[2017-2018 Spanish constitutional crisis|aftermath]] of the Catalan [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|independence referendum]], the American band [[A Sound of Thunder (band)|A Sound of Thunder]] released a [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] variation of the anthem, using a mix of English and Catalan lyrics.<ref>https://www.asoundofthunderband.com/single-post/2017/10/05/Hola-Catalunya {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Catalan nationalism]]
* [[Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain]]
* [[Gernikako Arbola (anthem)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Els Segadors}}
* [http://web.gencat.cat/ca/temes/catalunya/coneixer/cultura-llengua/ Generalitat of Catalonia: National symbols]

{{Nationalanthemsofeurope}}
{{Catalonia topics}}
{{authority control}}

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[[Category:Reapers' War]]
[[Category:Compositions in A minor]]
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