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Emilio Aguinaldo
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{{Short description|Philippine revolutionary leader who headed several insurgent governments}} {{Redirect|General Emilio Aguinaldo|the municipality|General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite}} {{family name hatnote|Aguinaldo|Famy|lang=Spanish}} {{Lead too short|date=February 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Use Philippine English|date=December 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = <!-- See discussion at "WP:BRD discussion re the honorific-prefix parameter in the infobox" on the talk page --> | name = Emilio Aguinaldo | birth_name = Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy | image = Emilio Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg | caption = Aguinaldo {{circa|1919}} | primeminister = {{unbulleted list|child=yes|[[Apolinario Mabini]]|(January 23 – May 7, 1899)|[[Pedro Paterno]]|(May 7 – November 13, 1899)}} | predecessor = ''Position established''<br />[[Diego de los Ríos]] (as [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]) | successor = ''Position abolished''<br>[[Miguel Malvar]]{{efn|Unofficial. Malvar acted unofficially as head of the Philippine Republic after Aguinaldo was captured. However, Manuel Quezon, elected in 1935, is officially considered to be the next president following Aguinaldo.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/miguel-malvar-a2212-20190909-lfrm|title=Miguel Malvar Was the Forgotten President of the Philippine Republic|date=September 9, 2019|magazine=Esquire}}</ref>}}<br />[[Manuel L. Quezon]]{{efn|As officially recognized by the contemporary Philippine government; President of the [[Philippine Commonwealth]] in 1935}} | title = 1st [[President of the Philippines]]<ref name="iIBcw" /> | term_start = January 23, 1899{{efn|It was the date of Aguinaldo's inauguration as president under the [[First Philippine Republic]] of the [[Malolos Constitution]].<ref name="inaugural1899">{{Cite speech |date=January 23, 1899 |title=Inaugural Address of President Aguinaldo, January 23, 1899 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1899/01/23/inaugural-address-of-president-aguinaldo-january-23-1899/ |access-date=June 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |archive-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624094006/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1899/01/23/inaugural-address-of-president-aguinaldo-january-23-1899/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He had held positions as president of the revolutionary government from March 22, 1897, to November 2, 1897, president of the [[Biak-na-Bato Republic]] from November 2, 1897, to December 20, 1897, head of a dictatorial government from May 24, 1898, to June 23, 1898, and president of another revolutionary government from June 23, 1898, to January 22, 1899.<ref name="when" />}} | term_end = April 19, 1901{{efn|It was the date that Aguinaldo formally swore an oath accepting the authority of the United States over the Philippines and pledging his allegiance to the American government after he was captured in March 23.}} | title1 = [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|President]] of the [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines]] | term_start1 = June 23, 1898 | term_end1 = January 23, 1899 | primeminister1 = {{unbulleted list|child=yes|[[Apolinario Mabini]] |(January 2–23, 1899)}} | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = ''Position abolished'' (Revolutionary government superseded by the {{Flag|First Philippine Republic}}) | title2 = [[Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines|Commanding General of the Philippine Revolutionary Army]] | president2 = ''Himself'' | predecessor2 = [[Antonio Luna]] | term_start2 = June 5, 1899 | term_end2 = April 19, 1901 | title3 = [[Dictator#Modern usage in formal titles|Dictator]]<!---Titular title---> of the [[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|Philippines]] | term_start3 = May 24, 1898 | term_end3 = June 23, 1898 | predecessor3 = ''Position established'' | successor3 = ''Position abolished'' (Dictatorial government replaced by a revolutionary government with Aguinaldo assuming the title ''president'') | title4 = [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|President]] of the [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]] | term_start4 = November 2, 1897 | term_end4 = December 14, 1897 | vicepresident4 = [[Mariano Trías]] | predecessor4 = ''Position established'' | successor4 = ''Position abolished'' | title5 = [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|President]] of the [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros Revolutionary Government]] | term_start5 = March 22, 1897 | term_end5 = November 1, 1897 | predecessor5 = ''Position established'' | successor5 = ''Position abolished'' (Tejeros government superseded by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato) | vicepresident5 = [[Mariano Trías]] | title6 = Member of the [[Council of State (Philippines)|Council of State]] of the [[Second Philippine Republic|Republic of the Philippines]] | term_start6 = June 19, 1943 | term_end6 = August 17, 1945 | predecessor6 = ''Position established'' | successor6 = ''Position abolished'' | signature = Emilio Aguinaldo autograph.svg | party = {{ubl|[[National Socialist Party (Philippines)|National Socialist]] (1935–1936){{refn|Aguinaldo ran for president in [[1935 Philippine presidential election|1935]] under the ticket of the [[National Socialist Party (Philippines)|National Socialist Party]],<ref name="nUHd7" /> but in opening his campaign he disavowed association with any political party.<ref name="CyWID" />|group=infobox}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (until 1935)}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1869|3|22}} | birth_place = [[Kawit|Cavite el Viejo]], [[Cavite]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], [[Spanish Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|2|6|1869|3|23}} | death_place = [[Quezon City]], Philippines | resting_place = [[Aguinaldo Shrine|Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine]], [[Kawit]], Cavite, Philippines | spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Hilaria Aguinaldo|Hilaria del Rosario]]|1896|1921|reason=died}}|{{marriage|María Agoncillo|1930|1963|reason=died}}}} | children = 5 | alma_mater = [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]] | profession = {{hlist|Statesman|Military leader}} | nickname = {{ubl|"Kapitan Miong"|"Heneral Miong"|"Ka Miong"|"El [[Caudillo]]"|"Magdalo"|"Hermano Colon"}} | allegiance = {{ubl |{{flagicon image|Philippine revolution flag magdalo alternate.svg}} 1896 [[Katipunan]] ([[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]]) |[[File:Flag of the Tagalog people.svg|25px]] 1897 [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]] |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg}} 1899 [[First Philippine Republic]] }} | branch = [[File:Seal of the Philippine Army (1897).svg|23px]] [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]] | serviceyears = 1896–1901 | rank = [[File:PR Ministro Mariscal.svg|15px]] [[Generalissimo]] [[Field Marshal of the Philippines|Minister Marshal]] | unit = | commands = | battles = {{tree list}}[[Philippine Revolution]] **[[Kawit revolt]] **[[Battle of Imus]] **[[Battle of Talisay]] **[[Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican|Battle of Binakayan]] **[[Battle of Pateros]] **[[Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)|Battle of Zapote Bridge]] **[[Battle of Naic]] **[[Battle of Mount Puray]] **[[Battle of Aliaga]]<br /> {{tree list/end}} {{tree list}}[[Spanish–American War]] **[[Battle of Alapan]] **[[Battle of Manila (1898)|Battle of Manila]] {{tree list/end}} {{tree list}}[[Philippine–American War]] **[[Battle of Marilao River]] {{tree list/end}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Quezon Service Cross]]|[[Philippine Legion of Honor]]|[[Presidential Medal of Merit (Philippines)|Presidential Medal of Merit]]|[[Order of the Knights of Rizal]]}} <!--Military service-->| image_size = 220px | imagesize = | footnotes = Footnotes:<br /> {{reflist|group=infobox}} }} '''Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Quezon Service Cross|QSC]] [[Philippine Legion of Honor|CCLH]] [[Presidential Medal of Merit (Philippines)|PMM]] [[Knights of Rizal|KGCR]]}}{{efn|name="name"|In the [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Philippine "Declaration of Independence"]] his maternal family name is given as Fami.<ref name="LD04Q" /><ref name="MTEpC" />}} ({{IPA|es|eˈmiljo aɣiˈnaldoj ˈfami|lang}}: March 22, 1869{{spnd}}February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who became the first [[List of presidents of the Philippines|president of the Philippines]] (1899–1901), and the first president of an [[Asia (continent)|Asian]] constitutional republic. He served the 2nd shortest term as president of the Philippines, lasting for only 2 years and 27 days, only behind [[Sergio Osmeña]] by 516 days, of which, he only lasted from August 1, 1944 to May 28, 1946. He led the Philippine forces first against [[Spain]] in the [[Philippine Revolution]] (1896–1898), then in the [[Spanish–American War]] (1898), and finally against the [[United States]] during the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1901). He is regarded in the Philippines as having been the country's first president during the period of the [[First Philippine Republic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museums.gov.ph/gallery-2-presidents-aguinaldo-quezon-laurel/|title=Presidents Aguinaldo, Quezon & Laurel|work=Malacañang Heritage Mansions |publisher=Presidential Museum of the Philippines|date=n.d.|accessdate=August 10, 2024}}</ref> though he was not recognized as such outside of the [[Philippine Revolution|revolutionary Philippines]]. Aguinaldo is known as a [[national hero]] in the Philippines.<ref name="official" /> However, he was also known to be somewhat controversial due to his alleged involvement in the deaths of the revolutionary leader [[Andrés Bonifacio]] and general [[Antonio Luna]], and for his collaboration with the [[Empire of Japan]] during their [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|occupation of the Philippines]] in [[World War II]].<ref name=asa2015p170q>{{harvnb|Ara|2015|p=170}} "Aguinaldo's collaboration with Japan began with his contact with Gen. Masami Maeda, Homma's chief of staff.[...] Aguinaldo (ca. 1942) voluntarily met with Maeda at his residence in Cavite to suggest the creation of a provisional government to terminate American rule and cooperate with the Japanese."</ref> {{anchor|earlylife}} ==Early life and career== Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was born on March 22, 1869{{efn|1=The exact date of Aguinaldo's birthdate was March 22, 1869. It can be seen in National Historical Institute's marker in Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit, Cavite.<ref name="nhibio" /><ref name="dyalp6" /><ref name="ooikg1-129" /><ref name="death" /> Some sources give other dates.<ref name="5dvIb" /><ref name="turoth1" />|group=lower-alpha|name=birthdate-note}} in Cavite el Viejo (present-day [[Kawit]]) in the province of [[Cavite]] to Carlos Aguinaldo y Jamir and [[Trinidad Aguinaldo|Trinidad Famy y Villanueva]],{{efn|name="name"}} a couple that had eight children, the seventh of whom was Emilio. He was baptized and raised in [[Roman Catholicism]].<ref name="religion">{{Cite news |title=Filipinos mourning death of Aguinaldo |work=The New York Times |date=February 7, 1964 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/archives/filipinos-mourning-death-of-aguinaldo.html |access-date=November 8, 2022}}</ref> The Aguinaldo family was quite well-to-do as his father, Carlos Aguinaldo, was the community's appointed ''[[gobernadorcillo]]'' (municipal governor) in the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[Viceregal]] administration.<ref>{{harvnb|Sullivan|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=26SYEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Carlos+Aguinaldo%22&pg=PA96 96]}}</ref> He studied at [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]], but could not finish his studies due to an outbreak of [[cholera]] in 1882. He became a [[Cabeza de Barangay|cabeza de barangay]] in 1895 when the [[Maura Law]] called for the reorganization of local governments. At the age of 25, Aguinaldo became Cavite el Viejo's first ''[[gobernadorcillo#Capitan municipal|gobernadorcillo capitan municipal]]'' (municipal governor-captain) while he was on a business trip in [[Mindoro]]. ==Philippine Revolution== {{more citations needed|section|date=January 2018}}<!--Imus, Binakayan-Dalahican, Zapote Bridge, Spanish Cavite, and Retreat subsections have no citations; see [[WP:Summary style]]--> [[File:Seal of the Magdalo.svg|thumb|left|upright|The seal of Emilio Aguinaldo as War Chief of the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] faction]] [[File:General Emilio Aguinaldo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aguinaldo in military uniform]] [[File:Emilio Aguinaldo riding horse.jpg|thumb|286x286px|President Aguinaldo at [[Malolos, Bulacan|Malolos]], [[Bulacan]] wearing the [[Rayadillo]] uniform and in horseback, with the Aguirre sword, the trophy of [[Battle of Imus]]. Circa 1898.]] On January 1, 1895, Aguinaldo became a [[Freemason]], joining Pilar Lodge No. 203, Imus, Cavite by the codename "Colon".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippinemasonry.org/emilio-aguinaldo.html|title=Masons in Philippine History|publisher=Philippine Center for Masonic Studies|accessdate=May 26, 2022}}</ref> On March 7, 1895, Santiago Alvarez, whose father was a ''Capitan Municipal'' (Mayor) of [[Noveleta]], encouraged Aguinaldo to join the "[[Katipunan]]", a secret organization led by [[Andrés Bonifacio]] that was dedicated to the expulsion of the Spanish and the independence of the Philippines through armed force.{{sfn|Kalaw|1926|p=77}} Aguinaldo joined the organization and used the ''[[nom de guerre]]'' [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] in honor of [[Mary Magdalene]]. The local chapter of Katipunan in Cavite was established and named ''Sangguniang Magdalo'', and Aguinaldo's cousin [[Baldomero Aguinaldo]] was appointed leader.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=79}}{{sfn|Guerrero |Schumacher |1998 |p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} The Katipunan-led [[Philippine Revolution]] against the Spanish began in the last week of August 1896 in [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan del Monte]] (now part of [[Metro Manila]]).{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=176}} However, Aguinaldo and other Cavite rebels initially refused to join in the offensive for lack of arms.{{sfn|Guerrero |Schumacher |1998 |p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} Bonifacio and other rebels were forced to resort to [[guerrilla warfare]], but Aguinaldo and the Cavite rebels won major victories in carefully planned and well-timed [[Pitched battle|set-piece battles]] and temporarily drove the Spanish out of their area.{{sfn|Guerrero |Schumacher |1998 |p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} On August 31, 1896, Aguinaldo started the assault by beginning as a skirmish to the full-blown revolt [[Kawit Revolt]]. He marched with his army of bolomen to the town center of Kawit. Prior to the battle, Aguinaldo strictly ordered his men not to kill anyone in his hometown. Upon his men's arrival at the town center, the guards, armed with Remingtons and unaware of the preceding events, were caught completely by surprise and surrendered immediately. The guns there were captured and armed by the Katipuneros, and the revolt was a major success for Aguinaldo and his men. Later that afternoon, they raised the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] flag at the town hall to a large crowd of people from Kawit that had assembled after it heard of the city's liberation. The Magdalo faction of the Katipunan, which also operated in Cavite under Gen. Aguinaldo, used [[Flags of the Philippine Revolution#Magdalo faction|flags]] similar to those used by the Magdiwang faction and featuring a white sun with a red [[baybayin]] symbol for ''Ka''. The symbol has recently been revived by a breakaway group of army officers to show the end of war with Spain after the peace agreement. The flag became the first official banner of the revolutionary forces and was blessed in a crowd celebrated at Imus. Aguinaldo referred to this flag in his proclamation of October 31, 1896: "Filipino people!! The hour has arrived to shed blood for the conquest of our liberty. Assemble and follow the flag of the Revolution – it stands for Liberty, Equality and Fraternity."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pinoystories.com/president-emilio-aguinaldo/|title=President Emilio Aguinaldo – Pinoy Stories|date=January 8, 2022|website=pinoystories.com}}</ref> ===Battle of Imus=== {{main|Battle of Imus}}In August 1896, as coordinated attacks broke out and sparked the revolution beginning in Manila. Aguinaldo marched from Kawit with 600 men and launched a series of skirmishes at Imus that eventually ended in open hostilities against Spanish troops stationed there. On September 1, with the aid of Captain [[Jose Tagle]] of Imus, they laid siege against Imus to draw the Spanish out. A Spanish relief column commanded by Brigadier-General Ernesto de Aguirre had been dispatched from Manila to aid the beleaguered Spanish defenders of Imus. Supported only by 100 troops and by cavalry, Aguirre gave the impression that he had been sent out to suppress a minor disturbance. Aguinaldo and his men counterattacked but suffered heavy losses that almost cost his own life. Despite the success, Aguirre did not press the attack, felt the inadequacy of his troops, and hastened back to Manila to get reinforcements. During the lull in the fighting, Aguinaldo's troops reorganized and prepared for another Spanish attack. On September 3, Aguirre came back with a much larger force of 3,000 men. When Spanish troops arrived at the [[Bridge of Isabel II|Isabel II Bridge]], they were fired upon by the concealed rebels. The Spanish force was routed, withdrawing in disorder with substantial casualties. Among the abandoned Spanish weapons was Aguirre's sword, which was carried by Aguinaldo in future battles.<ref>{{citation|author=Spencer Tucker|title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-951-1|chapter=Imus River, Battle of; September 4, 1896|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA303}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2022|reason=This narrative bears little resemblance to the narrative in the cited source}} ===Battles of Binakayan–Dalahican=== {{main|Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican}} Alarmed by previous siege, led by General Aguinaldo in Imus, in September 1896, Governor-General [[Ramón Blanco y Erenas]] ordered the 4th Battalion of Cazadores from Spain to aid him in quelling the rebellion in Cavite. On November 3, 1896, the battalion arrived carrying a squadron of 1,328 men and some 55 officers.<ref name="OLEud" /> Also, Blanco ordered about 8,000 men who recently came from [[Spanish Cuba|Cuba]] and Spain to join in suppressing the rebellion. Prior to the land attacks, Spanish naval raids were conducted on the shores of Cavite, where [[cannons]] bombarded the revolutionary fortifications in Bacoor, Noveleta, Binakayan, and Cavite Viejo. The most fortified locations in Noveleta were the Dalahican and Dagatan shores, defended by ''Magdiwang'' soldiers commanded by General [[Santiago Alvarez (general)|Santiago Alvarez]], and the adjacent fishing village of Binakayan in Kawit was fortified by ''Magdalo'' under General Aguinaldo. Spanish naval operations were determined to crush the fortifications in these areas, mainly because the lake around Dalahican was strategic by connecting to the interior of Cavite. Apart from defending Binakayan, the ''Magdalo'' soldiers also kept the lower part of Dagatan up to Cavite's border near [[Manila (province)|Manila province]].<ref name="9fehE" /> Between the barrios of Binakayan and Dalahican, the Spanish forces lost decisively since the Filipino rebels, led by Aguinaldo and Alvarez, routed them back to [[Cavite City|Cavite Nuevo]] in which the remaining Spanish troops would eventually surrender. The successful defenses of Binakayan and Dalahican was considered to be the first major victory of the Filipinos over a colonial power.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} ===Battle of Zapote Bridge=== {{main|Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)}} Newly appointed Governor-General [[Camilo de Polavieja]], was now fully aware that the main weight of the revolution was in Cavite and so decided to launch a two-pronged assault to defeat the revolutionaries, led by Aguinaldo. He ordered General [[José de Lachambre]] with a much bigger force to march against [[Silang, Cavite|Silang]] to take on the ''Katipuneros'' from the rear, and he would engage the Filipinos head on. On February 13, 1897, Aguinaldo ordered soldiers to plant dynamite along the bridge and to place pointed bamboo sticks in the river beds below the bridge. Several hours later, 12,000 Spaniards began to cross the bridge. The trap was sprung, and the dynamite was detonated, which killed several Spanish troops and injured many more. The rebels then emerged from the bushes, fought hand to hand, and repelled consecutive waves of enemy troops charging across the river. [[Edilberto Evangelista]] was shot in the head and died. Cavite Province gradually emerged as the Revolution's hotbed, and the Aguinaldo-led ''Katipuneros'' had a string of victories there. After the battle, the demoralized Spanish soldiers retreated towards Muntinlupa. ===Spanish Cavite offensive and Battle of Perez Dasmariñas=== {{main|Battle of Perez Dasmariñas}} While Polavieja was poised to strike at Zapote, another Spanish contingent is marching towards Aguinaldo's rear. On February 15, 1897, the Spaniards launched the powerful Cavite offensive to drive and crush Filipino revolutionaries under Aguinaldo and his ''Magdalo'' forces that held numerous victories against the Spanish in the early stages of the revolution. Renewed and fully equipped with 100 cannons, 23,000 Spanish ''cazadores'' forces under Major General [[Jose de Lachambre]] saw town after town fall back to the Crown. Starting the offensive at Pamplona, Cavite, and Bayungyungan, Batangas, Lachambre's men later marched deep into the heart of Aguinaldo's home province.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} Having just won the [[Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)|Battle of Zapote Bridge]], Aguinaldo turned his attention at the new Spanish threat and was determined to recapture most of Cavite. Aguinaldo decided to deploy his forces at Pasong Santol, a bottleneck of Perez Dasmariñas on the way to Imus, which rendered the Spanish immobile and served the revolutionaries by its natural defensive positions. On February 19, Silang fell to the Spanish juggernaut despite attempts by Filipino forces to defend and then to recover it. Nine days later, Spanish forces marched into Dasmariñas to reclaim the town. A week later, Spanish troops used artillery pieces well to attack again as they moved towards Aguinaldo's capital, Imus. Meanwhile, on March 22 at the [[Tejeros Convention]], Aguinaldo was voted ''in absentia'' as president of the reorganized revolutionary government. Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios was sent by the assembly to fetch Aguinaldo, who was in Pasong Santol. Aguinaldo refused to come and [[Crispulo Aguinaldo]], his older brother, was sent to talk to him. Crispulo greeted and talked to his brother and explained his purpose, but Aguinaldo was hesitant to leave his post because of the pending attack of the Spanish in Dasmariñas. Crispulo took over Aguinaldo's leadership in the battle, which had been stalemated since March 7, and Aguinaldo traveled to San Francisco de Malabon (now [[General Trias]], Cavite) to take his oath as president.<ref name=alvarez109 /> ===Tejeros Convention=== [[File:Gen Aguinaldo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Aguinaldo as a [[Generalissimo]], Commander-In-Chief of all Philippine Forces.]] {{main|Tejeros Convention}} Conflict within the ranks of the Katipunan factions, specifically between the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] and [[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]], led to the Imus assembly in Cavite Province, presided over by Bonifacio.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|pp=178–182}} The rebels of Cavite were rumored to have made overtures to establish a revolutionary government in place of the Katipunan.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=182}} Though Bonifacio already considered the Katipunan to be a government, he acquiesced and presided over a [[Tejeros Convention|convention]] held on March 22, 1897, in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite. Aguinaldo was elected president, even though he was occupied with military matters in Imus and not in attendance. [[Mariano Trias]] was elected as vice-president, [[Artemio Ricarte]] as captain-general, Emiliano Riego de Dios as the director of war, and [[Andres Bonifacio]] as director of the interior. The results were questioned by [[Daniel Tirona]] for Bonifacio's qualifications for that position. Bonifacio was insulted and declared, "I, as chairman of this assembly, and as President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=178}} Regardless of the nullification, Aguinaldo traveled surreptitiously to San Francisco de Malabon where, on the evening of March 23, he took an oath assuming the office to which he had been elected as [[Generalissimo]] of the Philippine Islands.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obc7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34|magazine=The Philippine Review|volume=III|number=1–2 |year=1918|page=34|title=Andres Bonifacio|author=Epifanio de los Santos|authorlink=Epifanio de los Santos }} (at the quoted statement dated Mat 24, 1897 by [[Artemio Ricarte]] on p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Obc7AQAAMAAJ&dq=aguinaldo+generalissimo&pg=PA46 46])</ref><ref name="alvarez109">{{cite book |last=Alvarez |first=Santiago V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-pwAAAAMAAJ |title=Recalling the revolution: memoirs of a Filipino general |publisher=University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies |year=1992b |isbn=978-1-881261-05-6 |page=}}</ref> ===Biak-na-Bato and exile=== {{main|Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Pact of Biak-na-Bato|Hong Kong Junta}} The [[Spanish Army]] launched an attack that forced the revolutionary forces under Aguinaldo into a retreat. On June 24, 1897, Aguinaldo arrived at Biak-na-Bato, [[San Miguel, Bulacan]], and established a headquarters there in what is now called "Aguinaldo Cave" in [[Biak-na-Bato National Park]]. In late October 1897, Aguinaldo convened an assembly of generals at Biak-na-Bato that decided to establish a constitutional republic. A constitution, patterned closely after the Cuban Constitution, was drawn up by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and provided for the creation of a Supreme Council composed of a president, a vice president, a Secretary of War, and a Secretary of the Treasury. Aguinaldo was named president.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|pp=183–184}} [[File:The Hongkong Junta.jpg|thumb|right|Aguinaldo with the other revolutionaries on the Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] In March 1897, [[Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella]], the Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines]], had been encouraging prominent Filipinos to contact Aguinaldo for a peaceful settlement of the conflict. On August 9, the Manila lawyer [[Pedro Paterno]] met with Aguinaldo at Biak-na-Bato with a proposal for peace based on reforms and amnesty. In succeeding months, Paterno conducted [[shuttle diplomacy]], acting as an intermediary between de Rivera and Aguinaldo. On December 14–15, 1897, Aguinaldo signed the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] under which Aguinaldo effectively agreed to end hostilities and to dissolve his government in exchange for amnesty and "₱800,000 (Mexican)" (Aguinaldo's description of the $MXN800,000{{efn|name=mex-us|1=The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about {{US$|0.50|1897|link=yes}}.<ref name="5tlLq" />{{sfn|Halstead|1898|p=[https://archive.org/details/storyphilippine00halsgoog/page/n191 <!-- quote=cents. --> 177]}} The ''[[Philippine peso fuerte|peso fuerte]]'' and the Mexican dollar were interchangeable at par.}} amount) as an indemnity.{{sfn|Zaide|1999|p=252}}<ref name="Aguinaldo1899ch2" /> The documents were signed on December 14–15, 1897. On December 23, Aguinaldo and other revolutionary officials departed for Hong Kong to enter [[Hong Kong Junta|voluntary exile]]. MXN$400,000,{{efn|name=mex-us}} representing the first installment of the indemnity, was deposited into Hong Kong banks. In exile, Aguinaldo reorganized his revolutionary government into the "Hong Kong Junta" and enlarged it into the "Supreme Council of the Nation".{{sfn|Zaide|1999|p=253}} ===Return to the Philippines=== [[File:Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg|thumb|Flag of the [[First Philippine Republic]] 1898–1901.]] [[File:Philippines Aguinaldo flag (obverse).svg|thumb|Aguinaldo's Revolutionary Flag ([[obverse]]).]] [[File:Philippines Aguinaldo flag (reverse).svg|thumb|Aguinaldo's Revolutionary Flag (reverse).]] On April 25, the [[Spanish–American War]] began. The war mostly focused on Cuba, but the [[US Navy]]'s [[Asiatic Squadron]] was in Hong Kong and, commanded by [[Commodore (USN)|Commodore]] [[George Dewey]], it sailed for the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, in the [[Battle of Manila Bay]], the squadron engaged attacked and destroyed the Spanish Army and Navy's Pacific Squadron and proceeded to blockade Manila.{{sfn|Zaide|1999|pp=255–256}} Several days later, Dewey agreed to transport Aguinaldo from Hong Kong to the Philippines aboard the [[USS McCulloch (1897)|USS ''McCulloch'']], which left Hong Kong with Aguinaldo on May 16 and arrived in Cavite on May 19.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=157}} Aguinaldo promptly resumed the command of revolutionary forces and besieged Manila.{{sfn|Zaide|1999|pp=256–257}} ===Dictatorial government and Battle of Alapan=== {{main|Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|Battle of Alapan}} Aguinaldo had brought with him the draft constitution of [[Mariano Ponce]] for the establishment of federal revolutionary republic upon his return to Manila, but on May 24, 1898, in Cavite, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation upon the advice of his war counselor [[Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista]], and Aguinaldo assumed the command of all Philippine forces and established a dictatorial government with himself as titular dictator and power vested upon him to administer decrees promulgated under his sole responsibility. The dictatorial government was provisional in character until peace was established and unrestrained liberty attained.<ref name="BfSWM" /> [[Dean Worcester]] wrote, "although the title of 'president' was assumed by Aguinaldo, as more likely to be favourably considered in the United States than 'dictator', the tendency of his followers who had not been educated in Europe was to speak of and to regard him not as a president, but as an overlord holding all power in his hands."<ref>{{cite book|last=Worcester|first=Dean|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12077/12077-h/12077-h.htm#ch08|title=The Philippines: Past and Present|publisher=The MacMillan Company|date=1914|page=249}}</ref> On May 28, 1898, Aguinaldo gathered a force of about 18,000 troops and fought against a small garrison of Spanish troops [[Battle of Alapan|in Alapan]], Imus, Cavite. The battle lasted from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. After the victory at Alapan, Aguinaldo unfurled the [[Philippine flag]] for the first time and hoisted it at the Teatro Caviteño in Cavite Nuevo (present-day Cavite City) in front of Filipino revolutionaries and more than 300 captured Spanish troops. A group of American sailors of the US Asiatic Squadron also witnessed the unfurling. [[Flag Day]] is celebrated every May 28 to honor the battle.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} ===Declaration of independence and revolutionary government=== {{main|Philippine Declaration of Independence|Revolutionary Government of the Philippines}} On June 12, Aguinaldo promulgated the [[Philippine Declaration of Independence]] from Spain in his own [[Aguinaldo Shrine|mansion house]] in Cavite El Viejo, believing that declaration would inspire the Filipino people to eagerly rise against the Spaniards. On June 18, he issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government in which he also provided the organization of the local government and the establishment and the composition of the Revolutionary Congress.<ref name="7Iu6Y" /> On June 23, Aguinaldo issued a decree replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary government with himself as president upon the recommendation of his adviser [[Apolinario Mabini]]. The decree defined the organization of the central government and the establishment and the election of delegates to the Revolutionary Congress and to prepare the shift from a revolutionary government to a republic.<ref name="VGm8i" /><ref name="QD8cH" /> {{Clear}} ===Arrival of American troops<span class="anchor" id="Arrival of Americans"></span>=== {{main|Battle of Manila (1898)}} By May 1898, Filipino troops had cleared Cavite of Spanish forces. In late June 1898, Aguinaldo, with the help of American allies, who were now landing in Cavite, was now preparing to drive the Spaniards out of Manila. The first contingent of American troops arrived in Cavite on June 30, the second under General [[Francis V. Greene]] on July 17, and the third under General [[Arthur MacArthur Jr]] on July 30.<ref name="VWiHW" /> By then, 12,000 US troops had landed in the Philippines.<ref name="4YcPs" /> Aguinaldo had presented surrender terms to Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] [[Basilio Augustín]], who refused them initially since he believed that more Spanish troops would be sent to lift the siege.<ref name="7f7mB" />{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=194}} As the combined forces of Filipinos and Americans were closing in, Augustín realized that his position was hopeless, secretly continued to negotiate with Aguinaldo, and even offered ₱1 million, but Aguinaldo refused. When the Spanish [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] learned of Augustín's attempt to negotiate the surrender of his army to Filipinos under Aguinaldo, it was furious and relieved Augustín of his duties effective July 24. He was replaced by [[Fermin Jáudenes]]. On June 16, warships departed Spain to lift the siege, but they altered course for Cuba where a Spanish fleet was imperiled by the US Navy.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=115}} In August 1898, life in [[Intramuros]], the walled center of Manila, had become unbearable, and the normal population of about 10,000 was now 70,000. Realizing that it was only a matter of time before the city fell and fearing vengeance and looting if the city fell to Filipino revolutionaries, Jáudenes, suggested to Dewey, through the Belgian consul, [[Édouard André (consul)|Édouard André]], for the city to be surrendered to the Americans after a short, "mock" battle. Dewey had initially rejected the suggestion because he lacked the troops to block Filipino revolutionary forces, which numbered 40 000, but when Merritt's troops became available, he sent a message to Jáudenes, agreeing to the mock battle. A bloodless mock battle had been planned, but Spanish troops opened fire in a skirmish that left six Americans and forty-nine Spaniards dead after Filipino revolutionaries, thinking that the attack was genuine, joined advancing US troops.<ref name="rDj6r" /> Besides the unplanned casualties, the battle went according to plan. The Spanish surrendered the city to the Americans, and it did not fall to the Filipino revolutionaries, who felt betrayed.<ref name="KZnSj" /> By the end of September, Aguinaldo's forces had captured over 9,000 Spanish prisoners, who were relieved of their weapons. They were generally free to move around but remained within the control of Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo did not know that on December 10, 1898, the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] had been signed; it transferred the Philippines from Spain to the United States for the sum of $20 million.<ref name="TofP" /> ==First Philippine Republic== The [[First Philippine Republic]] was formally established with the proclamation of the [[Malolos Constitution]] on January 21, 1899, in [[Malolos]], [[Bulacan]] and endured until capture of Aguinaldo by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in [[Palanan, Isabela]], which effectively dissolved the First Republic. Aguinaldo wrote in [[Tarlac]] during the First Republic the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] manuscript of his autobiographical work, which would later be translated by [[Felipe Buencamino]] into Spanish and released as ''Reseña Veridica de la Revolucion Filipina'' (in English, ''True Account of the Philippine Revolution'').<ref name="7f9VZ" /> [[File:Emilio Aguinaldo boarding USS Vicksburg.jpg|thumb|right|Aguinaldo boarding {{USS|Vicksburg|PG-11|6}} following his capture in 1901]] On August 13, 1898, American forces had captured Manila during the "mock" [[Battle of Manila (1898)|Battle of Manila]] and on August 14, 1898, established the [[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands]], with Major-General [[Wesley Merritt]] as the first [[Governor-General of the Philippines#United States Military Government (1898–1901)|American Military Governor]].{{sfn|Halstead|1898|pp=[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=110&fk_files=58428 110–112]}} On the night of February 4, 1899, a Filipino was shot by an American sentry. That incident was considered to be the beginning of the [[Philippine–American War]] and culminated in the 1899 [[Battle of Manila (1899)|Battle of Manila]] between American and Filipino forces. Superior American military technology drove Filipino troops away from the city, and Aguinaldo's government had to move from one place to another as defeats mounted.{{sfn|Zaide|1999|pp=268–270, 273–274}} At the [[Battle of Marilao River]], Aguinaldo himself took command in a desperate attempt to prevent American crossings. The Americans gained superiority in the battle only after severe fighting and the use of [[gunboat]]s in the river that "made great execution" of Filipino soldiers.<ref name="V. R. Jose" /> On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo issued an order disbanding the remnants of the Filipino national army; in the same order, he formulated a strategy of [[guerrilla warfare]]. Aguinaldo subsequently fled to Northern [[Luzon]], where he continued to exercise command.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jones | first=G. | title=Honor in the Dust: Theodore Roosevelt, War in the Philippines, and the Rise and Fall of America's Imperial Dream | publisher=Penguin Publishing Group | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-101-57512-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGsWm64b2F8C | chapter=Chapter 10 The Filipino Republic is Destroyed}}</ref> === National cabinet === {{Main|List of cabinets of the Philippines#Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901)}} ===Capture and declaration of allegiance to the U.S.=== On March 23, 1901, with the aid of [[Macabebe Scouts]] forces led by General [[Frederick Funston]], Aguinaldo was captured in his headquarters in [[Palanan, Isabela]].<ref name="83x8y" /> On April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, formally ending the First Republic and recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.{{sfn|Zaide|1999|pp=274–275}} He published a manifesto in which he acknowledged that most of the Filipino people had united around the United States, declaring "unmistakably in favor of peace", said, "a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable, but absolutely essential to the welfare of the Philippine Islands." In this manifesto, he acknowledged and accepted U.S. sovereignty throughout the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/787/today-in-philippine-history-april-19-1901-aguinaldo-issued-peace-manifesto-after-his-capture-and-after-his-oath-of-allegiance-to-the-united-states|title= Today in Filipino history, April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued Peace Manifesto after his capture and after his oath of allegiance to the United States|website=kahimyang.com|date= December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/adt4867.0001.001/1?page=root&size=100&view=text|title=Address to the Filipino People: April 19, 1901 / Emilio Aguinaldo.|publisher=Office of the Military Governor in the Philippine Islands|orig-date=April 19, 1901}}</ref> ==Controversies== === Execution of Bonifacio brothers === Bonifacio refused to recognize the revolutionary government that was elected in the [[Tejeros Convention]] and reasserted his authority via the [[Acta de Tejeros]] and the [[Naic Military Agreement]]. He accused the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo faction]] of treason and issued orders that are contradictory and contravention to the revolutionary government.{{sfn|Agoncillo|1990|p=188}} On April 25, 1897, several complaints were sent to Aguinaldo, notably by Severino de las Alas, a known supporter and loyalist of Bonifacio, along with Jose Coronel, and many others, that Bonifacio and his men ransacked, pillaged and burned the town of [[Indang, Cavite|Indang]], stealing the carabaos and other work animals by force and killed them for food and terrorized the townspeople for being unable to give enough supplies and other provisions due to poor harvest.<ref name="13gii">{{cite web|title=Artemio Ricarte on the arrest and execution of Bonifacio|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/3622-artemio-ricarte-on-the-arrest-and-execution-of-bonifacio/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625164313/http://malacanang.gov.ph/3622-artemio-ricarte-on-the-arrest-and-execution-of-bonifacio/|archive-date=June 25, 2013|website=Gov PH|access-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Revolt of the Masses">{{cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro |author-link=Teodoro Agoncillo |title=The Revolt of the Masses: The story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |location=Quezon City |year=1996 |orig-year=1956 |isbn=971-8711-06-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SV_BAQAACAAJ |pages=259, 275}}</ref><ref name="The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General">{{harvnb|Alvarez|1992a}}.</ref> Aguinaldo was then forced to order the arrest of Bonifacio. After the trials, Andrés and his brother, Procopio, were ordered by the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) to be executed by firing squad under the command of Major [[Lazaro Macapagal]] on May 10, 1897, near Mount Nagpatong, Mount Buntis, Mount Pumutok, and [[Maragondon, Cavite]].<ref name="zds2o" /> Aguinaldo had pardoned the Bonifacio brothers and that they should be exiled in Pico de Loro, but [[Pío del Pilar]] and [[Mariano Noriel]], both former supporters and loyalist of Bonifacio, along with other high-ranking generals of the revolution, forced Aguinaldo to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity.{{sfn|Zaide|1999|p=249}} According to Aguinaldo, in his two books "Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan" and "A Second Look at America", he stated that his withdrawal of the commutation order/exile did not mean immediate implementation of the death verdict, that Noriel had misconstrued this and acted hastily. He says he wanted a little more time for a cooling-off period so that eventually the Bonifacio brothers would be forgiven and pardoned. ===Assassination of Luna=== {{main article|Antonio Luna#Assassination and aftermath}} [[Antonio Luna]] was a highly regarded general in the revolution who was sometimes at odds with Aguinaldo. On June 2, 1899, Luna received one telegram (he failed to receive two others) sent by Aguinaldo himself, According to Ambeth Ocampo, the message that Aguinaldo sent stated "Felipe Buencamino is detained without ordering the formation of the case. I await your reply to my previous telegram where I request the basis for your accusation. Beseech urgency."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/316651/discrepancies-and-more-questions-about-lunas-deadly-p3-2m-telegram/ |title=The Luna telegram: Not so 'deadly' after all|date=December 9, 2018|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquiter}}</ref> Luna wrote to [[Arcadio Maxilom]], military commander of [[Cebu]], to stand firm in the war.{{sfn|Jose|1972|p=377}} Luna set off from [[Bayambang]], first by train, then on horseback, and eventually in three carriages, to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men. <ref name="Dumindin 2006">{{cite web|last=Dumindin|first=Arnaldo|title=June 5, 1899: Assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna|url=http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/lunaassassination.htm|access-date=June 29, 2012|archive-date=June 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620032127/http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/lunaassassination.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="malolos crisis">{{cite book|last=Agoncillo|first=Teodoro|title=Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnxvAAAACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=978-971-542-096-9}}</ref> During the journey, two of the carriages broke down and so he proceeded with just one carriage with [[Paco Roman|Colonel Francisco Román]] and Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} On June 4, Luna sent a telegram to Aguinaldo to confirm his arrival. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna alone proceeded to the headquarters to communicate with the president. As he went up the stairs, he ran into two men: Felipe Buencamino, [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] and a member of the Cabinet; and Captain Pedro Janolino. The commander of the Kawit Battalion, Janolino was an old enemy whom Luna had disarmed for insubordination, and once threatened with arrest for favoring American autonomy. General Luna was told that Aguinaldo had left for [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija|San Isidro]] in [[Nueva Ecija]]. (He had actually gone to [[Bamban]] in Tarlac.) Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been told that the meeting had been canceled.{{sfn|Jose|1972|pp=429–436}} The general and the captain exchanged heated words as Luna was about to depart. In the [[plaza]], a rifle shot rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs and met Janolino, accompanied by some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung his [[Bolo knife|bolo]] at Luna, wounding him in the head. Janolino's men fired at Luna while others started stabbing him even as he tried to fire his revolver at one of his attackers.{{sfn|Jose|1972|pp=429–436}} He staggered out into the plaza where Román and Rusca were rushing to his aid, but as he lay dying, they too were set upon and shot, with Román being killed and Rusca being severely wounded. Luna received more than 30 wounds{{sfn|Jose|1972|p=436}} and uttered "Traitors! Assassins!"{{sfn|Jose|1972|pp=429–436}} He was hurriedly buried in the [[churchyard]], and Aguinaldo [[relief (military)|relieved]] Luna's officers and men from the field, including General [[Venacio Concepción]], whose headquarters in [[Angeles, Pampanga]], Aguinaldo besieged the same day that Luna was assassinated. Immediately after Luna's death, confusion reigned on both sides. The Americans even thought that Luna had taken over to replace Aguinaldo.{{sfn|Jose|1972|p=375}} Luna's death was publicly declared only by June 8, and a circular providing details of the event released by June 13. Investigations were supposedly made concerning Luna's death, but not one person was [[convicted]].{{sfn|Jose|1972|pp=388–392}} Later, General Pantaleon García said in 1921 that he was verbally ordered by Aguinaldo to conduct the assassination of Luna at Cabanatuan. His sickness then prevented his participation in the assassination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/biblio/106315/|title=Declaration of Pantaleon Garcia, 5 June 1921, stating Aguinaldo gave him verbal orders to assassinate Antonio Luna but he was ill and couldn't comply|date=June 5, 1921|publisher=[[Ayala Museum|Filipinas Heritage Library]]}}</ref> Aguinaldo would be firm in his stand that he had nothing to do with the assassination of Luna.<ref name="MjLoO">Aguinaldo, Emilio. (1964). ''Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan''.</ref> ==American era== {{Main|History of the Philippines (1898–1946)}} [[File:Emilio Aguinaldo at a pre-Christmas feast.jpg|thumb|right|Aguinaldo (front row, second from left), at a pre-Christmas feast in Manila in 1904.]] During the American period, Aguinaldo largely retired from public life, though continued to support groups that advocated for immediate independence and helped veterans of the struggle. He organized the ''Asociación de los Veteranos de la Revolución'' ([[Association of Veterans of the Revolution]]) to secure pensions for its members and made arrangements for them to buy land by installments from the government. Displaying the Philippine flag was declared illegal by the Sedition Act of 1907, but it was amended on October 30, 1919.<ref name="hist" /> Then, Aguinaldo transformed his home in Kawit into a monument to the flag, the revolution, and the Declaration of Independence. After Aguinaldo's death, the government declared the mansion as a National Shrine in June 1964.<ref name="Biz">{{cite web |title=Philippine History – Aguinaldo Shrine |url=http://filipino.biz.ph/history/shrine.html |website=filipino.biz.ph |access-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313101155/http://filipino.biz.ph/history/shrine.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Bacoor">Valmero, Anna (April 8, 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074614/http://gobacoor.ph/2011/04/08/revisiting-the-aguinaldo-shrine-in-cavite/] "Revisiting the Aguinaldo Shrine"] . GoBacoor. Retrieved on October 17, 2011.</ref> === 1935 Philippine presidential election === [[File:Aguinaldo and Quezon in 1935.JPG|thumb|left|Aguinaldo and [[Manuel Quezon]] during [[Flag Day]], 1935.]] [[File:Emilio Aguinaldo Speech in Spanish (1929).webm|thumb|Aguinaldo delivers a speech in Spanish (1929)]] In 1935, the Philippines became a [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|commonwealth]], and [[1935 Philippine presidential election|presidential elections]] were held as part of a ten-year transition to complete independence. Aguinaldo returned to public life and ran for the presidency as the candidate of the [[National Socialist Party (Philippines)|National Socialist Party]] (no relation to the German [[Nazi Party]]) against the highly popular [[Nacionalista Party]] candidate [[Manuel L. Quezon]] and Republican Party candidate [[Gregorio Aglipay]]. However, Aguinaldo's capture by the Americans in 1901 as well as his allegations in the deaths of Bonifacio and Luna had since made him an unpopular figure among the Filipino people, and he lost to Quezon in a landslide, gaining only 17.5% of the popular vote. Despite his decisive defeat, however, Aguinaldo refused to accept the results of the election, believing it to be rigged against him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 21, 1935|title=Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935 |url=https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1935/09/21/coalition-ticket-wins-by-landslide-september-21-1935/|access-date=August 28, 2021|website=The Philippines Free Press Online|language=en}}</ref> In Cavite, the only province he had won, Aguinaldo's supporters plotted a rally in Manila to disrupt Quezon's inauguration and even assassinate him. However, this planned event was never actually carried out. Aguinaldo continued to criticize Quezon throughout the latter's presidency, expressing [[Antisemitism|anti-semitic]] views when opposing Quezon's plan to shelter Jews fleeing from [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPTKDwAAQBAJ&q=emilio+aguinaldo+jews&pg=PA133|title=Philippine Sanctuary: A Holocaust Odyssey|first=Bonnie M.|last=Harris|year=2020|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0299324605|via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1939, Aguinaldo vigorously expressed his antisemitism by echoing bigoted notions that Jewish people were "dangerous" and "selfishly materialistic".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Bonnie M. |title=Philippine Sanctuary: A Holocaust Odyssey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPTKDwAAQBAJ&dq=emilio+aguinaldo+jews&pg=PA133 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres |page=113 |language=en |date= 2020|isbn=978-0299324605 }}</ref> The two men formally reconciled in 1941, when Quezon moved Flag Day to June 12 to commemorate the proclamation of Philippine independence.<ref name="hist" /> == World War II == === Collaboration with Japan and Second Republic === On December 8, 1941, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invaded the Philippines]]. The invasion came ten hours after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] that had brought the United States into World War II. Aguinaldo, a longtime admirer of the [[Japanese empire|Japanese Empire]], sided with them, as he had previously supported groups that demanded the immediate independence of the Philippines, and entrusted that Japan would free the islands from American occupation. In January 1942, Aguinaldo met with General Masami Maeda at the former's Cavite residence to discuss the creation of a pro-Japanese provisional government.<ref name=asa2015p170q /> On February 1, Aguinaldo delivered a radio address calling upon General [[Douglas MacArthur]] and all American and Filipino troops fighting in the [[Battle of Bataan]] to surrender to the Japanese army. [[File:Laurel inauguration, 1943.jpg|thumb|right|Aguinaldo (extreme left) with other members of the Japanese puppet government, 1943]] Following the retreat of American forces, Aguinaldo continued his collaboration with the Japanese. He was appointed as a member of both the provisional Council of State as well as the [[Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence]], which was tasked with creating a new constitution for a Japanese [[puppet state]] in the Philippines. Aguinaldo also played a key role in the [[Kempeitai]]'s campaign to suppress [[Philippine resistance against Japan|anti-Japanese resistance]], urging guerrilla fighters to lay down their arms and surrender to Japan.<ref>{{harvnb|Ara|2015|p=173}}</ref> Aguinaldo was present at the inauguration ceremony of the [[Second Philippine Republic]] on October 14, 1943, raising the flag with Artemio Ricarte, who had returned to the Philippines from Japan at the request of Japanese Prime Minister [[Hideki Tojo]]. The Japanese had considered making Aguinaldo president of the republic, a proposal which was supported by Aguinaldo himself, but he was ultimately passed up in favor of former [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]] justice [[Jose P. Laurel]]. === Capture, investigation and acquittal === After US forces [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|returned to the Philippines]] in October 1944, Aguinaldo went into hiding in order to avoid being captured and potentially killed. During the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|Battle of Manila]], however, members of the [[Marking Guerrillas]] resistance force were able to track his whereabouts, and arrested him on February 8, 1945. Aguinaldo was then placed under [[house arrest]] as the US Army's [[Counterintelligence Corps]] investigated his collaboration with the Japanese. Despite his claims that he had secretly remained loyal to the US throughout the war, and that he, as well as other Axis collaborators, had only been forced to collaborate with Japan under great duress and should therefore all be granted amnesty, the People's Court of the Philippines nonetheless charged Aguinaldo with 11 counts of [[treason]] for his "wholehearted" support for and collaboration with the Empire of Japan.<ref>{{harvnb|Ara|2015|p=184}}</ref> Aguinaldo was 77 when the US government recognized [[Republic Day (Philippines)|Philippine independence]] in the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]] on July 4, 1946, in accordance with the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] of 1934. On January 28, 1948, Philippine president [[Manuel Roxas]] granted amnesty to all Filipinos who had collaborated with the Empire of Japan and as a result, Aguinaldo's charges were dropped and his trial was never held.<ref name="ebo" /><ref name="FREDRIKSEN2001p2" /><ref name="VVCr6" /> ==Independence era== {{See also|History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|History of the Philippines (1965–1986)}} [[File:Emilio Aguinaldo and the Philippine Flag in Luneta(1963).jpg|thumb|Aguinaldo holding the Philippine flag in [[Rizal Park|Luneta]], 1963]] On July 4, 1946, after the end of World War II and Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the U.S. [[treaty of Manila (1946)|recognized]] the Philippines as an independent and sovereign nation. In 1950, President [[Elpidio Quirino]] appointed Aguinaldo as a member of the [[Philippine Council of State]], where he served a full term. He returned to retirement soon afterward and dedicated his time and attention to veteran soldiers' "interests and welfare." He was conferred an honorary Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa, by the [[University of the Philippines]] in 1953. In 1958, when asked by the Filipino journalist Guillermo Gómez Rivera if he regretted anything in his life, Emilio Aguinaldo stated:<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2024 |title=La confesión más dura del primer presidente de Filipinas: "Me arrepiento de haberme independizado de España" |url=https://www.abc.es/historia/confesion-dura-primer-presidente-filipinas-arrepiento-haberme-20240610095937-nt.html |access-date=August 12, 2024 |website=Diario ABC |language=es}}</ref>{{blockquote|"Yes. I am regretful in large part for having risen up against Spain and, that is why, when the funerals were held in Manila of King Alfonso of Spain, I appeared at the cathedral for the surprise of the Spaniards. And they asked me why I had come to the funeral of the King of Spain against whom I rose up in rebellion... And, I told them that he is still my King because under Spain we were always Spanish subjects, or citizens, but now, under the United States, we are only a consumer market for their exports, if not pariahs, because they never made us citizens of any state of the United States... And the Spaniards made way for me and treated me as their brother on that significant day..."|President Emilio Aguinaldo|title=Interview to Aguinaldo and his wife.|source=December 16th, 1958. Cavite, Philippines.}}On May 12, 1962, President [[Diosdado Macapagal]] changed the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 to honor Aguinaldo and the Revolution of 1898, rather than the establishment of the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands]] by the United States.<ref name="fVi0V" /><ref name="ezEZw" /> Although in poor health by that point, Aguinaldo attended the 1962 Independence Day observances.<ref name="t7NTz" /> On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 officially proclaimed June 12 to be [[Independence Day (Philippines)|Philippine Independence Day]] and renamed the Fourth of July holiday as "Philippine Republic Day".<ref name="RA4166" /> ==Personal life== [[File:Emilio Aguinaldo with his son Emilio Jr 1906.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Aguinaldo with his son Emilio Jr. in 1906]] On January 1, 1896, he married his first wife, [[Hilaria Aguinaldo|Hilaria del Rosario]] (1877–1921). They had five children: Carmen Aguinaldo-Melencio, Emilio "Jun" R. Aguinaldo Jr., Maria Aguinaldo-Poblete, Cristina Aguinaldo-Suntay, and Miguel Aguinaldo. Hilaria died of pulmonary tuberculosis on March 6, 1921, at the age of 44. Nine years later, on July 14, 1930, Aguinaldo married his second wife, Maria Agoncillo (1879–1963), at [[Barasoain Church]]. She died on May 29, 1963, a year before Aguinaldo himself.<ref name="TPmCK" /> His grandsons Emilio B. Aguinaldo III and [[Reynaldo Aguinaldo]] served three terms as mayor (2007–2016) and vice-mayor of his hometown Kawit, Cavite, respectively. A granddaughter, [[Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera]], was appointed [[Associate Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]], serving from 1979 to 1992. One of his great-grandsons, [[Joseph Emilio Abaya]], served as a member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] and represented Cavite's [[Legislative districts of Cavite|first district]], which contained their hometown, Kawit, from 2004 to 2012, and he was appointed [[Secretary of Transportation and Communications (Philippines)|Secretary of Transportation and Communications]] in 2012, a post he that served in until 2016. Another great-grandson, Emilio "Orange" M. Aguinaldo IV, married [[ABS-CBN]] news reporter [[Bernadette Sembrano]] in 2007. His great-granddaughter, Lizzie Aguinaldo, is a singer under [[Star Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercado |first=Josh |title=Meet music newcomer Lizzie Aguinaldo |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/06/04/23/meet-music-newcomer-lizzie-aguinaldo |date=June 4, 2023 |website=ABS-CBN News |access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref> During the revolt against Spain and subsequent conflicts with American forces, Aguinaldo supported the [[Philippine Independent Church]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Christian Churches: Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippines: A Country Study) |url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/48.htm |last=Dolan |first=Ronald E. |publisher=Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991 |website=Country Studies |access-date=November 5, 2022}}</ref> He became a long-time member, but reverted to Roman Catholicism later in life.<ref name="religion"/> ==Death and legacy== {{Quote box | width = 35% | align = right | quote = "We are confident that his struggle for Philippine independence, his love of freedom and his devotion to country will continue to inspire his people. His monument is the [[Republic of the Philippines]]." | source = —United States President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] quoted in ''[[The New York Times]]'' February 6, 1964 <ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/archives/filipinos-mourning-death-of-aguinaldo.html|title=Aguinaldo, 94, Dies; Led Filipino Revolts (Published 1964)|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 6, 1964}}</ref> }} {{Quote box | width = 35% | align = right | quote = "He was the very incarnation of the Filipino desire for liberty and freedom, and his country owes him much. He was a lifelong friend of mine and his death saddens me." | source = —General [[Douglas MacArthur]], quoted in ''The New York Times'' February 6, 1964 <ref name="auto"/> }} Aguinaldo was rushed to [[Veterans Memorial Medical Center]] (VMMC) in [[Quezon City]] on October 5, 1962, under the care of Dr. Juana Blanco Fernandez, where he stayed for 469 days. He died of [[coronary thrombosis]] on February 6, 1964, at 3:05 am [[Philippine Standard Time|PHT]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://manilastandard.net/opinion/columns/power-point-by-elizabeth-angsioco/346858/the-gift-that-was-aguinaldo.html|title=The gift that was Aguinaldo |first=Elizabeth|last=Angsioco|date=February 13, 2021|accessdate=June 12, 2023|publisher=The Manila Standard}}</ref> one month before his 95th birthday.<ref name="death" /> Although Aguinaldo had renounced his Roman Catholic faith when battling against Spanish rule, he reconciled with the Church and received the [[last rites]] from VMMC's Catholic chaplain.<ref name="religion"/> A year before his death, he had donated his lot and mansion to the government. The property now serves as a shrine to "perpetuate the spirit of the Revolution of 1896."<ref name="nhibio" /> [[File:Emilio Aguinaldo Tomb, Kawit, Cavite.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite]] Philippine President [[Diosdado Macapagal]] declared February 6 to 20, 1964 as "[[National day of mourning|period of national mourning]]" over Aguinaldo's death.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=PP|number=200, s. 1964|date=February 6, 1964|title=Declaring a period of national mourning over the death of General Emilio Aguinaldo|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1964/02/06/proclamation-no-200-s-1964/|accessdate=June 12, 2023|archive-date=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612064735/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1964/02/06/proclamation-no-200-s-1964/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aguinaldo was accorded a [[state funeral]].<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=4087|title=An Act Appropriating Fifty Thousand Pesos to Defray the Expenses Incurred in Connection with the State Funeral for Emilio Aguinaldo and for the Erection of a Mausoleum to Contain His Remains|date=June 18, 1964|url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1964/ra_4087_1964.html|access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref> His remains [[Lying in state|lay in state]] at [[Aguinaldo Shrine|his residence]] in Kawit from February 6 to 11, and then at [[Malacañang Palace]] from February 11 to 14. On February 14, his remains were brought to [[Manila Cathedral]] for a [[Requiem|requiem mass]] in the morning presided over by [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila|Manila Archbishop]], Cardinal [[Rufino Santos]], and then to the [[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|Legislative Building]] for public viewing and necrological service on the next day. From Manila, his remains were returned to Kawit on February 15 for a vigil mass and a final requiem mass in the morning of the next day at [[St. Mary Magdalene Church (Kawit)|Kawit Church]]. His remains were finally interred at the grounds of his residence in Kawit, Cavite.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Week in Review: February 16 – February 22, 1964|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1964/02/24/official-week-in-review-february-16-february-22-1964/|first=Gladys|last=Pino|date=February 24, 1954|accessdate=June 12, 2023|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|archive-date=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612064728/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1964/02/24/official-week-in-review-february-16-february-22-1964/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NHCP leads commemoration of Aguinaldo's 55th death anniv|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1061232|first=Gladys|last=Pino|date=February 7, 2019|accessdate=June 12, 2023|work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Full text of "In Memoriam Emilio Aguinaldo"|year=1964 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in-memoriam-emilio-aguinaldo/In%20Memoriam%20Emilio%20Aguinaldo_djvu.txt|accessdate=June 12, 2023}}</ref> Aguinaldo's book ''Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan'' (''Memoirs of the Revolution'') was published in 1964. A second publication was made in 1998 for the 100th anniversary of Philippine Independence. According to Larry M. Henares of the ''[[Manila Standard]]'', a consensus had formed by the late 20th century that Aguinaldo was the greatest president in Philippine history for his executory role in the [[Philippine Revolution]]'s victory against Spain and his struggle to maintain the nation's independence during the [[Philippine–American War]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Henares|first=Larry M.|title=Who are the greatest Filipino presidents?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19910125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=May 20, 2021|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Kagitingan Publications, Inc.|date=January 25, 1991|page=14|quote=The greatest of all is Emilio Aguinaldo, the first Asian to execute a nationalist revolution and break the shackles of Western Imperialism.}}</ref> == Honors == * [[File:PHL Quezon Service Cross BAR.png|45px]]: [[Quezon Service Cross]] – (June 12, 1956) * [[File:PHI Legion of Honor 2003 Chief Commander BAR.svg|45px]]: [[Philippine Legion of Honor]], Chief Commander – (1957) * [[File:PHL Blue White Red.png|45 px]]: [[Presidential Medal of Merit (Philippines)|Presidential Medal of Merit]] – (July 2, 1955)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/roster-recipients-presidential-awards-ph|title=Roster of Recipients of Presidential Awards|access-date=July 11, 2022 }}</ref> * [[File:Order of the Knights of Rizal Ribbon.png|45px]]: The [[Order of the Knights of Rizal]], Knight Grand Cross of Rizal – KGCR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Story|url=https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/|website=Knights of Rizal|access-date=January 24, 2022|archive-date=June 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615010658/https://www.knights-of-rizal.org/our-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Commemoration== [[File:35th National Reservists Week 10.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|General Headquarters Building of the AFP at Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo, Quezon City.]] * In 1957, [[Emilio Aguinaldo College]] was established as a private, non-sectarian institute of education and named after Aguinaldo. The [[EAC Generals]] are its varsity teams on which the nicknamed ''Generals'' is to honors President-General Emilio Aguinaldo. * In 1965, Camp Murphy, a military general headquarters (GHQ) of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], was legally renamed after Aguinaldo.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=4434|title=An Act Changing the Name of Camp Murphy to Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo |url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1965/ra_4434_1965.html |access-date=June 12, 2023|date=June 19, 1965}}</ref> * In 1965, President [[Diosdado Macapagal]] signed Republic Act No. 4346, which renamed the municipality of Bailen, Cavite as [[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite|General Emilio Aguinaldo]].<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=4346|title=An Act Changing the Name of the Municipality of Bailen in the Province of Cavite to the Municipality of General Emilio Aguinaldo |url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1965/ra_4346_1965.html |access-date=June 12, 2023|date=June 19, 1965}}</ref> * In 1985, [[BRP General Emilio Aguinaldo (PG-140)|BRP ''General Emilio Aguinaldo'']] was launched and became the lead ship of the General Emilio Aguinaldo class patrol vessel of the Philippine Navy. The ship, along with her only sistership [[BRP General Antonio Luna (PG-141)|BRP ''General Antonio Luna'']], was made in the Cavite Naval Ship Yard.<ref name="opus" /> * In 1985, [[Aguinaldo Museum]] was established as history museum in [[Baguio]] by Cristina Suntay. {{multiple image|total_width=400|align=right |image1=Emilio Aguinaldo 2019 stampsheet of Philippines 2.jpg |caption1=Aguinaldo on a 2019 stamp sheet of the Philippines. |image2=2005phil05pisoobv.jpg|thumb |caption2=Aguinaldo on the [[Philippine five-peso coin|5-peso coin]] from the BSP Coin Series (1995–2017). }} * In 1985, [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] issued a new [[Philippine five peso note|5-peso bill]] depicting a portrait of Aguinaldo on the obverse side. The reverse side features the declaration of the Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. Printing was discontinued in 1995, to give way for the release of [[Philippine five peso coin|₱5.00 coin]] on December of that year with an obverse side featuring a profile of Aguinaldo. In 2017, [[Andres Bonifacio]] officially replaced Aguinaldo on the same coin.<ref name="aS1qo" /> * In 1999, [[Aguinaldo International School Manila]] was established as a private school in Ermita, Manila and is named after Aguinaldo. * In 2018, President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] declared March 22, 2019, as "Emilio Aguinaldo Day" to commemorate Aguinaldo's birth anniversary.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=PP|number=621, s. 2018|date=November 8, 2018|accessdate=June 12, 2023|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2018/11/08/proclamation-no-621-s-2018/|title=Declaring 22 March 2019 as "Emilio Aguinaldo Day" in Commemoration of his 150th Birth Anniversary and Directing the National Historical Commission of the Philippines to Lead the Implementation of the Program of Activities|archive-date=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612064727/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2018/11/08/proclamation-no-621-s-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The [[Aguinaldo Highway]] is a highway passing through the busiest towns and cities of Cavite.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} * The Aguinaldo Hill, located at Barangay Asibanglan-Pinukpuk Road at Allaguia junction, was used as a common post by Aguinaldo during the Philippine–American War.<ref name="82O0m" /> ==Written works== * ''Reseña verídica de la revolución filipina'', 1899<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ahz9328.0001.001.umich.edu/page/32/mode/2up|title = Resena veridica de la revolución filipina|year = 1899|publisher = Tarlak, P.I Imprenta nacional}}</ref> * ''Talang Buhay ng Supremo And. Bonifacio sa Kabite,'' 1940's<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/44422704|title = (2020) Forward to 'Supremo Andres Bonifacio in Cavite' by Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo|date = January 2020|last1 = Ileto|first1 = Reynaldo}}</ref> * A Second Look at America, 1957 * ''Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan'', 1964 * My Memoirs, 1967 ==Portrayals== In 1931, an American [[Pre-Code Hollywood|Pre-Code]] documentary film, ''[[Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks]]'', had [[Douglas Fairbanks]] pose and speak for the camera as he talked with Aguinaldo.<ref name="jSfgC" /> Aguinaldo was also portrayed in various films that featured or centered on the Revolution. He was portrayed by the following actors in these films: * 1926 – [[Charles Stevens (actor)|Charles Stevens]] in ''[[Across the Pacific (1926 film)|Across the Pacific]]'' * 1993 – Mike Lloren in ''[[Sakay (film)|Sakay]]'' * 1996 – Raymond Alsona in ''[[Bayani (TV series)|Bayani]]''. * 1997 – [[Joel Torre]] in ''Tirad Pass: The Story of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar''. * 2008 – [[Johnny Solomon]] in ''[[Baler (film)|Baler]]''. * 2010 – Lance Raymundo in ''[[Ang Paglilitis ni Andres Bonifacio]]''. * 2010 – [[Dennis Trillo]] in the official "[[Lupang Hinirang]]" music video produced by GMA Network. * 2011 – Carlos Morales in ''Watawat''. * 2012 – Jericho Ejercito and [[E.R. Ejercito]] in ''[[El Presidente (film)|El Presidente]]'' * 2013 – [[Nico Antonio]] in ''[[Katipunan (TV series)|Katipunan]]''. * 2014 – Jun Nayra in ''[[Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo]]''. * 2015 – [[Mon Confiado]] in ''[[Heneral Luna]]'' and its 2018 sequel ''[[Goyo: The Boy General]]'' * 2018 – Gonzalo Gonzalez in ''[[Quezon's Game]]''. * 2018 – [[Jolo Revilla]] in ''Agosto Uno, Kasaysayang Nakalimutan'' a documentary film. ==See also== * [[Rizal Day]] * [[Tagalog people]] * [[Generalissimo]] * [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="dyalp6">{{cite book | last1 = Dyal | first1 = Donald H | last2 = Carpenter | first2 = Brian B | last3 = Thomas | first3 = Mark A | title = Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC | format = Digital library | year = 1996 | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | isbn = 978-0-313-28852-4 | name-list-style=amp|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CWaCEfeuQXkC&pg=PA6 6]}}</ref> <ref name="FREDRIKSEN2001p2">{{cite book |last = Fredriksen |first = John C |title = America's military adversaries: from colonial times to the present |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJlm7AQK-T4C |year = 2001 |publisher = ABC-CLIO |isbn = 978-1-57607-603-3 |page=2}}</ref> <ref name="ooikg1-129">{{Cite book | editor1-last = OOI | editor1-first = Keat Gin | year = 2004 | title = Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor (3 vols) | url = http://www.ebook3000.com/dictionary/Southeast-Asia--A-Historical-Encyclopedia--From-Angkor-Wat-to-East-Timor--3-Volume-Set-_132751.html | publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] | location = Santa Barbara | oclc = 646857823 | isbn = 978-1576077702 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA129 129] | access-date = April 27, 2015 | archive-date = August 8, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160808051416/http://www.ebook3000.com/dictionary/Southeast-Asia--A-Historical-Encyclopedia--From-Angkor-Wat-to-East-Timor--3-Volume-Set-_132751.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="turoth1">{{Cite book | last1 = Turot | first1 = Henri |trans-title=Emilio Aguinaldo, first Filipino president, 1898–1901 | url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ack8437.0001.001 | language = fr | title = Les hommes de révolution Aguinaldo et les Philippins | others = préface par Jean Jaures; translated by Mitchell Abidor | year = 1900 | publisher = Librairie Léopold Cerf | location = Paris | oclc = 838009722 | isbn = 978-1146599917}}</ref> <ref name="when">{{cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/first-republic/emilio-aguinaldo/ |title=Emilio Aguinaldo|work=Presidential Museum and Library|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144908/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/first-republic/emilio-aguinaldo/|archive-date=November 4, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="iIBcw">{{cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/first-republic/emilio-aguinaldo/ |title=Emilio Aguinaldo|work=Malacaňan Palace Presidential Museum and Library|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144908/http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/first-republic/emilio-aguinaldo/|archive-date=November 4, 2012}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="79khA">{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/302726/first-philippine-president-emilio-f-aguinaldo-47th-death-anniversary#.UP_pMx03uVI |title=First Philippine President Emilio F. Aguinaldo 46th Death Anniversary |newspaper=Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation |date=February 5, 2011}}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> --> <ref name="nUHd7">{{cite web|url=https://history-ph.blogspot.com/2014/11/alternative-parties-in-philippines_12.html |title=Alternative Parties in the Philippines: National Socialist|website=history-ph.blogspot.com}}</ref> <ref name="CyWID">{{cite news|title=Aguinaldo opens campaign, June 8, 1935|date=June 8, 1935|work=The Philippines Free Press|url=https://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1935/06/08/aguinaldo-opens-campaign-june-8-1935/|access-date=March 8, 2014|quote=I do not have any political party behind me, my party is composed of the humble sons of the people, flattered before elections and forgotten after triumph."}}</ref> <ref name="5dvIb">{{cite web |url=http://aboutph.com/2010/05/gen-emilio-aguinaldo-1869-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510103600/http://aboutph.com/2010/05/gen-emilio-aguinaldo-1869-1964/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 10, 2010 |title=Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) |publisher=aboutph.com }}</ref> <ref name="official">{{Cite web|url=http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf |title=Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures |access-date=August 9, 2009 |publisher=Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604034938/http://www.congress.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_1.pdf |archive-date=June 4, 2011 }}.</ref> <ref name="Aguinaldo1899ch2">{{Citation | url = http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-1.html | title = True Version of the Philippine Revolution | last1 = Aguinaldo III y Family | first1 = Don Emilio |via=Authorama Public Domain Books | chapter-url = http://www.authorama.com/true-version-of-the-philippine-revolution-3.html | chapter = Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató | access-date = November 16, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="TofP">{{citation|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898|publisher=[[Yale]]}}</ref> <ref name="V. R. Jose">{{cite book|last=Jose|first=Vicencio|title=Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna|publisher=Solar Publishing Corporation|pages=268}}</ref> <ref name="hist">{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/ph-hist.html#desc |title=History of the Philippines Flag |access-date=June 6, 2007 |last=Quezon |first=Manuel L. III |author-link=Manolo Quezon|date=April 2, 2002 |publisher=Flags of the World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205225309/https://www.fotw.info/flags/ph-hist.html#desc |archive-date=February 5, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="ebo">{{Citation | url = https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9004099/Emilio-Aguinaldo | title = Emilio Aguinaldo | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia BritannicaOnline | access-date = April 25, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="RA4166">{{cite PH act| url = http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4166.html | chamber = RA | number = 4166 | title = An Act Changing the Date of Philippine Independence Day From July Four to June Twelve, and Declaring July Four as Philippine Republic Day, Further Amending for the Purpose Article Twenty-nine of the Revised Administrative Code | date = August 4, 1964 | access-date = November 11, 2009}}</ref> <ref name="death">The year of birth on his death certificate was incorrectly typed as 1809.<br />"Philippines, Civil Registration (Local), 1888–1983," index and images, [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1971-27184-32236-46?cc=1410394&wc=9Z7H-JWG:25272501,114827101,25271303,25290201 FamilySearch] (accessed May 2, 2014), Metropolitan Manila > Quezon City > Death certificates > 1964; citing National Census and Statistics Office, Manila.</ref> <ref name="nhibio">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/fihgov0008.pdf |title=Emilio F. Aguinaldo (1869–1964) |publisher=nhi.gov.ph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104012401/http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/fihgov0008.pdf |archive-date=November 4, 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="opus">''Opus224's Unofficial Philippine Defense Page'' [http://www.timawa.net/pn.htm Philippine Naval Force Recognition Guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611211251/http://timawa.net/pn.htm |date=June 11, 2010}}.</ref> <ref name="LD04Q">{{harvnb|Guevara|1972|p=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aab1246.0001.001/203 185]}} (Appendix A)</ref> <ref name="MTEpC">{{harvnb|Karnow|1989|p=10}}</ref> <ref name="OLEud">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/annualreportofma03unit|title= Annual report of Major General George W. Davis, United States Army commanding Division of the Philippines from October 1, 1771 to July 26, 1903|publisher=U.S. War Department|year=1903|page=[https://archive.org/details/annualreportofma03unit/page/193 193]}}</ref> <ref name="9fehE">{{cite book|last=Alvarez|first=Santiago V.|others=Paula Carolina S. Malay (translator)|title=The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General|publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]]|year= 1992a|isbn= 971-550-077-3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F3q-krDckHwC |page=49}}</ref> <ref name="zds2o">{{cite book|author=Cecilio D. Duka|title=Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC|year=2008|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-5045-0|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA152 152]}}</ref> <ref name="5tlLq">{{Harvnb|Halstead|1898|p=[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=126 126]}}.</ref> <ref name="BfSWM">{{cite book|last=Titherington|first=Richard Handfield|title=A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishamwar00tithrich|year=1900|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|pages=[https://archive.org/stream/spanishamwar00tithrich#page/356/mode/2up 357–358]}} (republished by [https://openlibrary.org/ openlibrary.org])</ref> <ref name="7Iu6Y">{{harvnb|Guevara|1972|p=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aab1246.0001.001/28 10]}}</ref> <ref name="VGm8i">{{harvnb|Guevara|1972|p=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aab1246.0001.001/53 35]}}</ref> <ref name="QD8cH">{{harvnb|Kalaw|1926}} (Appendix C)</ref> <ref name="VWiHW">{{Harvnb|Halstead|1898|p=[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=95&fk_files=58428 95]}}</ref> <ref name="4YcPs">{{Harvnb|Wolff|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA100 100]}}.</ref> <ref name="7f7mB">{{Harvnb|Wolff|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA108 108]}}</ref> <ref name="rDj6r">{{Harvnb|Karnow|1989|p=124}}.</ref> <ref name="KZnSj">{{Harvnb|Wolff|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC&pg=PA129 129]}}.</ref> <ref name="7f9VZ">{{cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|title=Historical research is like a box of chocolates|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/121961/historical-research-is-like-a-box-of-chocolates|access-date=July 5, 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|INQUIRER.net]]|publisher=INQUIRER.net|date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="83x8y">{{cite book|last=(F.R.G.S.)|first=John Foreman|title=The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular Government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2crAAAAYAAJ|year=1906|publisher=C. Scribner's sons|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=W2crAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA509 509]}}</ref> <!-- Not in use <ref name="WbDqu">{{Citation | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/07/04/101957581.pdf | title = General Amnesty for the Filipinos; Proclamation Issued by the President | date = July 4, 1902 | access-date = February 5, 2008 | work = The New York Times}}</ref> Not in use--> <ref name="VVCr6">{{Citation|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf |title=Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, ON 4 JULY 1946 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=December 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="fVi0V">{{Citation |url=http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm |title=Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day |author=Diosdado Macapagal |publisher=Philippine History Group of Los Angeles |access-date=November 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512212522/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm}}</ref> <ref name="ezEZw">{{Cite book| chapter = Chapter 4. June 12 as Independence Day | author = Diosdado Macapagal | pages = 12–15 | title = Kalayan | chapter-url = http://www.pia.gov.ph/pubs/kalayaan2001.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060303125819/http://www.pia.gov.ph/pubs/kalayaan2001.pdf | archive-date = March 3, 2006 | publisher = Philippine Information Agency | year = 2002}}</ref> <ref name="t7NTz">{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/98/0612/sr1.html | title=Emilio Aguinaldo | first=Cesar E.A. | last=Virata | work=Asiaweek | date=June 12, 1998 | access-date=October 31, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="aS1qo">{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/business/189905-bsp-new-5-piso-coin-bonifacio |title=BSP releases new P5 coin to honor Andres Bonifacio|website=Rappler|date=November 29, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="82O0m">{{Cite web |url=http://www.localphilippines.com/attractions/aguinaldo-hill |title=Aguinaldo Hill – Kalinga Attractions |access-date=April 27, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427140112/http://www.localphilippines.com/attractions/aguinaldo-hill |archive-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="TPmCK">{{cite book|title=Who Was Who in American History – the Military|date=1975|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|location=Chicago|isbn=0837932017|page=4}}</ref> <ref name="jSfgC">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJyqxWhQ38o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/QJyqxWhQ38o| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |title=Emilio Aguinaldo Speech in Spanish|date=March 26, 1931|work=Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} (video published October 4, 2012)</ref> }} ==Bibliography==<!-- Note: This section is a work in progress. The intent is to initially populate it with full cites for items cited in the References section with shortened footnotes. --> * {{cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodor A. |title=History of the Filipino people |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod |url-access=registration |year=1990 |publisher=Garotech |location=Quezon City |isbn=978-9718711064 |edition=8th}} * {{cite journal|last=Ara|first=Satoshi|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24672333.pdf|title=Emilio Aguinaldo under American and Japanese Rule Submission for Independence?|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=63|issue=2|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University|year=2015|pages=161–192|doi=10.1353/phs.2015.0019 |jstor=24672333 |s2cid=128515904 }} * {{cite book |last1=Guerrero |first1=Milagros |last2=Schumacher |first2=John |title=Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People |others=Project Director: Teresa Maria Custudio |editor1-last=Dalisay |editor1-first=Jose Y. |editor1-link=Jose Dalisay, Jr. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company, Limited (Reader's Digest) |year=1998 |location=Manila / Pleasantville NY |oclc=39734321 |series=Vol. 5: Reform and Revolution |isbn=9622582281}} Vol 1 The Philippine Archipelago; Vol 2 The earliest Filipinos; Vol 3 The Spanish conquest; Vol 4 Life in the colony; Vol 5 Reform and revolution; Vol 6 Under stars and stripes; Vol 7 The Japanese occupation; Vol 8 Up from the ashes; Vol 9 A nation reborn; Vol 10 A timeline of Philippine history. * {{cite book | isbn = 9715380557 | title = The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899 | editor1-last = Guevara | editor1-first= Sulpicio | others = English translation by Sulpicio Guevara | year = 1972 | orig-year = 1898 | publisher = [[National Historical Commission of the Philippines|National Historical Commission]] | location = Manila | url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aab1246.0001.001 | oclc = 715140 }} * {{cite book|last=Halstead|first=Murat|author-link=Murat Halstead |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12409|title=The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico |year=1898}} * {{cite book|last=Jose|first=Vivencio R.|title=The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna|year=1972|isbn=978-971-17-0700-2 |publisher=University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjFQPgAACAAJ}} * {{cite-Karnow}} * {{cite book | title = The Development of Philippine Politics, 1872–1920 | first = Maximo Manguiat | last = Kalaw | publisher = Oriental Commercial Co | location = Manila | oclc = 723615963 | url = http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001 | year = 1926 }} * {{cite book | last=Sullivan | first=D. | title=Capturing Aguinaldo: The Daring Raid to Seize the Philippine President at the Dawn of the American Century | publisher=Globe Pequot | year=2022 | isbn=978-0-8117-7153-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26SYEAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book|last=Wolff|first=Leon|title=Little Brown Brother|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHzvx94oiUgC|year=2006|publisher=Wolff Productions|isbn=978-1-58288-209-3}} * {{cite book | last = Zaide | first = Sonia M | title = The Philippines: A Unique Nation | year = 1999 | publisher = All-Nations Publishing | isbn = 978-9716420715 | edition = 2nd }} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{Citation | author=Aguinaldo, Emilio| title=Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan| year=1964|oclc=21734097|language=tl}} * Escalante, Rene. "Collapse of the Malolos Republic." ''Philippine Studies'' 46#4 (1998), pp. 452–76. {{JSTOR|42634284}} blames Aguinaldo's incompetence for loss of public support and collapse of his regime. * {{cite book |last1=Zaide |first1=Gregorio F |last2=Zaide |first2=Sonia M |title=Philippine history and government: conceptual – chronological approach |date=1984 |publisher=National Book Store |oclc=989388381}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons and category|Emilio Aguinaldo}} {{Wikisource author}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050125181857/http://pangulo.ph/ The Philippine Presidency Project] * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211045257/http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=BOOK00000022&page=82&epage=83 |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Cautusan: Gobierno Revolucionario nang Filipinas }} [in Tagalog] A decree dated January 2, 1899, signed by Emilio Aguinaldo establishing a council of government. * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213184428/http://www.filipiniana.net/readbook_content.jsp?filename=BOOK00000027&page=5&epage=26 |date=February 13, 2008 |title=Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions}} Book written by American Consul Wildman of Hong Kong regarding Emilio Aguinaldo and the Filipino–American War during the early 1900s. * {{cite web |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527163125/http://www.filipiniana.net/read_content.jsp?filename=PRR004000011 |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |title=General Emilio Aguinaldo's 'Confession'|year=1948|language=tl|author=Emilio Aguinaldo}} * {{Gutenberg author|id=5462|name=Emilio Aguinaldo}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Emilio Famy Aguinaldo}} {{s-start-collapsible|title=Offices and distinctions}} {{s-off}} {{s-new|reason=[[First Philippine Republic|Republic declared]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]|years= 1898–1901}} {{s-vac|reason=Office nullified by the United States by Spain|next=[[Manuel L. Quezon]]}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Antonio Luna]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs (Philippines)|Commanding General of the Philippine Revolutionary Army]]|years= 1899–1901}} {{s-aft|after=Jose de los Reyes|as=Chief of Staff of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]}} {{s-end}} {{Emilio Aguinaldo}} {{Navboxes | title = Articles related to Emilio Aguinaldo | list1 = {{Philippine presidents}} {{Unofficial Philippine Presidents}} {{Presidential election in the Philippines, 1935}} {{Symbols of the Philippines}} {{QSC Recipients}} {{PLH Recipients}} {{Aguinaldo cabinet}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aguinaldo, Emilio}} [[Category:Emilio Aguinaldo| ]] [[Category:1869 births]] [[Category:1964 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Filipino politicians]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Aguinaldo family|Emilio]] [[Category:Candidates in the 1935 Philippine presidential election]] [[Category:Chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]] [[Category:Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni]] [[Category:Deaths from coronary thrombosis]] [[Category:Exiled politicians]] [[Category:Filipino collaborators with Imperial Japan]] [[Category:Filipino exiles]] [[Category:Filipino expatriates in Hong Kong]] [[Category:Filipino Freemasons]] [[Category:Filipino generals]] [[Category:Filipino Resistance activists]] [[Category:Filipino nationalists]] [[Category:Filipino revolutionaries]] [[Category:Flag designers]] [[Category:Katipunan members]] [[Category:Generalissimos]] [[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]] [[Category:Mayors of places in Cavite]] [[Category:People from Kawit, Cavite]] [[Category:People of the Philippine Revolution]] [[Category:People of the Philippine–American War]] [[Category:People of the Spanish–American War]] [[Category:Presidents of the Philippines]] [[Category:Recipients of the Quezon Service Cross]] [[Category:Members of the Philippine Independent Church]] [[Category:Tagalog people]] [[Category:World War II political leaders]] [[Category:Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Merit (Philippines)]] [[Category:People from the Spanish East Indies]]
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