Editing Emotion Engine

{{Short description|Central processing unit by Sony Computer Entertainment and Toshiba}}
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{{more citations needed|date=May 2008}}
{{more footnotes|date=May 2012}}
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[[Image:Sony EmotionEngine CXD9615GB top.jpg|thumb|Sony Emotion Engine CPU]]

The '''Emotion Engine''' is a [[central processing unit]] developed and manufactured by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] and [[Toshiba]] for use in the [[PlayStation 2]] [[video game console]]. It was also used in early [[PlayStation 3]] models sold in Japan and North America (Model Numbers CECHAxx & CECHBxx) to provide PlayStation 2 game support. Mass production of the Emotion Engine began in 1999 and ended in late 2012 with the discontinuation of the PlayStation 2.<ref name=End_of_PS2_production>{{cite web|last=Gilbert|first=Ben|title=Sony confirms production end for PlayStation 2 worldwide|date=7 January 2013 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/01/07/sony-confirms-production-end-for-playstation-2-worldwide/|publisher=Engadget|access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:PS2-SCPH-30001-Motherboard.jpg|thumb|right|The Emotion Engine on the motherboard of the PS2]]
[[File:Playstation 2 architecture.png|thumb|PlayStation 2 architecture]]
The Emotion Engine consists of eight separate "units", each performing a specific task, integrated onto the same [[Die (integrated circuit)|die]]. These units are: a CPU core, two [[Vector processor|Vector Processing Units]] (VPU), a 10-channel [[direct memory access|DMA]] unit, a [[memory controller]], and an [[Image processor|Image Processing Unit]] (IPU). There are three interfaces: an input output interface to the I/O processor, a graphics interface (GIF) to the graphics synthesizer, and a memory interface to the system memory.<ref name="arstechnica">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2000/02/ee/|title=Sound and Vision: A Technical Overview of the Emotion Engine|last=Stokes|first=Jon|date=16 February 2000|website=[[Ars Technica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610154901/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2000/02/ee/|archive-date=10 June 2018|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref>

The CPU core is tightly coupled to the first VPU, VPU<sub>0</sub>. Together, they are responsible for executing game code and high-level modeling computations. The second VPU, VPU<sub>1</sub>, is dedicated to geometry-transformations and lighting and operates independently, parallel to the CPU core, controlled by [[microcode]]. VPU<sub>0</sub>, when not utilized, can also be used for geometry-transformations. [[Display list]]s generated by CPU/VPU0 and VPU1 are sent to the GIF, which prioritizes them before dispatching them to the [[Graphics Synthesizer]] for rendering.

=== CPU core ===
The CPU core is a two-way [[superscalar]] [[Out-of-order execution#In-order processors|in-order]] [[RISC]] processor.<ref>{{Cite newsletter|url=https://docencia.ac.upc.edu/ETSETB/SEGPAR/microprocessors/emotionengine%20(mpr).pdf|title=Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip|last=Diefendorff|first=Keith|date=19 April 1999|magazine=[[Microprocessor Report]]|access-date=1 September 2017|issue=5|volume=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122827/https://docencia.ac.upc.edu/ETSETB/SEGPAR/microprocessors/emotionengine%20(mpr).pdf|archive-date=25 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the MIPS R5900, it implements the [[MIPS architecture|MIPS-III]] [[instruction set architecture]] (ISA) and much of MIPS-IV, in addition to a custom instruction set developed by Sony which operated on 128-bit wide groups of either 32-bit, 16-bit, or 8-bit integers in [[single instruction, multiple data]] (SIMD) fashion (e.g. four 32-bit integers could be added to four others using a single instruction). Instructions defined include: add, subtract, multiply, divide, min/max, shift, logical, leading-zero count, 128-bit load/store and 256-bit to 128-bit funnel shift in addition to some not described by Sony for competitive reasons. Contrary to some misconceptions, these SIMD capabilities did not amount to the processor being "128-bit", as neither the memory addresses nor the integers themselves were 128-bit, only the shared SIMD/integer registers. For comparison, 128-bit wide registers and SIMD instructions had been present in the 32-bit [[x86]] architecture since 1999, with the introduction of [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSE]]. However the internal data paths were 128-bit wide, and its processors were capable of operating on 4x32bit quantities in parallel in single registers.

It has a 6-stage integer [[pipeline (computing)|pipeline]] and a 15-stage [[floating-point]] (FP) pipeline. Its assortment of registers consists of 32 128-bit VLIW SIMD registers (naming/renaming), one 64-bit accumulator and two 64-bit general data registers, 8 16-bit fix function registers, 16 8-bit controller registers. The processor also has two 64-bit integer [[arithmetic logic unit]]s (ALUs), a 128-bit [[load–store unit]] (LSU), a Branch Execution Unit (BXU), and a 32-bit VU1 [[floating-point unit]] (FPU) coprocessor (which acted as a sync controller for the VPU0/VPU1) containing a MIPS base processor core with 32 64-bit FP registers and 15 32-bit integer registers. The ALUs are 64-bit, with a 32-bit FPU that isn't IEEE 754 compliant. The custom instruction set 107 MMI (Multimedia Extensions) was implemented by grouping the two 64-bit integer ALUs. Both the integer and floating-point pipelines are six stages long.

To feed the execution units with instructions and data, there is a 16&nbsp;KB two-way set [[Associative cache|associative]] [[instruction cache]], an 8&nbsp;KB<ref name=prefix1>{{BDprefix|p=b}}</ref> two-way set associative non blocking data cache and a 16&nbsp;KB [[scratchpad RAM]]. Both the instruction and data caches are virtually indexed and physically tagged while the [[scratchpad RAM]] exists in a separate memory space. A combined 48 double entry instruction and data [[translation lookaside buffer]] is provided for translating [[virtual addressing|virtual addresses]]. [[Branch prediction]] is achieved by a 64-entry branch target address cache and a [[branch history table]] that is integrated into the instruction cache. The branch misprediction penalty is three cycles due to the short six stage pipeline.

=== Vector processing units ===
The majority of the Emotion Engine's [[floating point]] performance is provided by two [[Vector processor|vector processing]] units (VPU), designated VPU0 and VPU1. These were essentially [[Digital signal processor|DSP]]s tailored for 3D math, and the forerunner to [[Shader#vertex shader|hardware vertex shader pipelines]]. Each VPU features 32&nbsp;[[128-bit]] vector SIMD [[Processor registers|registers]] (holding [[4D vector]] data), 16&nbsp;16-bit fixed-point registers, four [[floating point multiply-accumulate]] (FMAC) units, a floating point divide (FDIV) unit and a [[scratchpad memory|local data memory]]. The data memory for VPU0 is 4&nbsp;KB in size, while VPU1 features a 16&nbsp;KB data memory.

To achieve high bandwidth, the VPU's data memory is connected directly to the GIF, and both of the data memories can be read directly by the [[Direct memory access|DMA]] unit. A single vector instruction consists of four 32-bit [[single-precision]] floating-point values which are distributed to the four single-precision (32-bit) FMAC units for processing. This scheme is similar to the [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SSEx]] extensions by Intel.

The FMAC units take four cycles to execute one instruction, but as the units have a six-stage [[Pipeline (computing)|pipeline]], they have a throughput of one instruction per cycle. The FDIV unit has a nine-stage pipeline and can execute one instruction every seven cycles.

===Image Processing Unit (IPU)===

The IPU allowed [[MPEG-2]] compressed image decoding, allowing playback of DVDs and game [[Full motion video|FMV]]. It also allowed vector quantization for 2D graphics data.<ref name="linux">{{cite web|title=The Playstation 2 Linux Kit Handbook|last1=Sporny|first1=Many|last2=Carper|first2=Gray|date=2002|publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]|url=http://playstation2-linux.com/download/p2lsd/p2lkit-handbook.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030918131847/http://playstation2-linux.com/download/p2lsd/p2lkit-handbook.html|archive-date=18 September 2003|url-status=dead|access-date=10 June 2015|last3=Turner|first3=Jonathan}}</ref>

===DMA, DRAM and Memory Management Unit (MMU)===

The memory management unit, [[RDRAM]] controller and DMA controller handle memory access within the system.<ref name=linux />

=== Internal data bus ===
Communications between the MIPS core, the two VPUs, GIF, memory controller and other units is handled by a 128-bit wide internal data bus running at half the clock frequency of the Emotion Engine but, to offer greater bandwidth, there is also a 128-bit dedicated path between the CPU and VPU0 and a 128-bit dedicated path between VPU1 and GIF. At 150&nbsp;MHz, the internal data bus provides a maximum theoretical bandwidth of 2.4&nbsp;GB/s.

=== External interface ===
Communication between the Emotion Engine and RAM occurs through two channels of [[DRDRAM]] (Direct Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) and the [[memory controller]], which interfaces to the internal data bus. Each channel is 16&nbsp;bits wide and operates at 400&nbsp;MHz DDR (Double Data Rate). Combined, the two channels of DRDRAM have a maximum theoretical bandwidth of 25.6&nbsp;Gbit/s (3.2&nbsp;GB/s), about 33% more bandwidth than the internal data bus. Because of this, the memory controller buffers data sent from the DRDRAM channels so the extra bandwidth can be utilised by the CPU.

The Emotion Engine interfaces directly to the Graphics Synthesizer via the GIF with a dedicated 64-bit, 150&nbsp;MHz bus that has a maximum theoretical bandwidth of 1.2&nbsp;GB/s.<ref>Diefendorff 1999, p. 5</ref>

To provide communications between the Emotion Engine and the Input Output Processor (IOP), the input output interface interfaces a 32-bit wide, 37.5&nbsp;MHz input output bus with a maximum theoretical bandwidth of 150&nbsp;MB/s to the internal data bus. The interface provides enough bandwidth for the PCMCIA extension connector which was used for the network adapter with built-in P-ATA interface for faster data access and online functionality. An advantage of the high bandwidth was that it could be easily used to introduce hardware extensions like the Network Adapter with built-in IDE HDD support or other extensions to extend functionality and product lifecycle which can be seen as a competitive advantage. In newer variants (like the slim edition), the interface would however, offer vastly more bandwidth than what is required by the PlayStation's input output devices as the HDD support was removed and the PCMCIA connector design was abandoned in favor of a slimmer design.

== Fabrication ==
The Emotion Engine contained 13.5 million [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) transistors,<ref name ="hennessy">{{cite book|last1=Hennessy|first1=John L. |author-link1=John L. Hennessy |last2=Patterson|first2=David A. |author-link2=David Patterson (scientist)|title=Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XX69oNsazH4C&pg=PA491|access-date=9 April 2013|edition=3|date=29 May 2002|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|isbn=978-0-08-050252-6|page=491}}</ref> on an [[integrated circuit]] (IC) die measuring 240&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diefendorff |first1=Keith |s2cid=29649747 |title=Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip: Killer Floating-Point "Emotion Engine" To Power PlayStation 2000 |journal=[[Microprocessor Report]] |date=April 19, 1999 |volume=13 |issue=5 }}</ref> It was fabricated by Sony and Toshiba in a [[250 nanometer|0.25&nbsp;μm]] ([[180 nanometer|0.18&nbsp;μm]] effective [[List of semiconductor scale examples|L<sub>G</sub>]]) [[complementary metal&ndash;oxide&ndash;semiconductor]] (CMOS) process with four levels of interconnect.

== Packaging ==
The Emotion Engine was packaged in a 540-contact plastic [[ball grid array]] (PBGA).

== Uses ==
The primary use of the Emotion Engine was to serve as the [[PlayStation 2]]'s CPU.

The first [[PlayStation 3]] revisions produced also featured an Emotion Engine on the motherboard to achieve backwards compatibility with PlayStation 2 games. However, the second revisions of the [[PlayStation 3]] lacked a physical Emotion Engine in order to lower costs, performing all of its functions using [[software emulation]] performed by the [[Cell microprocessor|Cell Broadband Processor]], coupled with a hardware Graphics Synthesizer still present to achieve PlayStation 2 backwards compatibility. In all subsequent revisions, the Graphics Synthesizer was removed; however, a PlayStation 2 software emulator is available in later system software revisions for use with Sony's PS2 Classics titles available for purchase on the Sony Entertainment Network.

The Emotion Engine was also used in the [[PSX (digital video recorder)]] as well as the HDTV television models Sony WEGA HVX (Model Numbers KDE-xxxHVX/KDL-xxxHVX) and Sony BRAVIA KDL22PX300, all of which used PlayStation 2 hardware.

== Technical specifications==
{{main|PlayStation 2 technical specifications}}
* [[Clock frequency]]: 294.912&nbsp;[[megahertz|MHz]], 299&nbsp;MHz (later versions)
* [[Instruction set]]: MIPS III, MIPS IV subset, 107 vector instructions
* 2-issue, 2&nbsp;64-bit fixed point units, 1 floating point unit, 6 stage pipeline
* [[CPU cache|Instruction cache]]: 16&nbsp;KB, 2-way set associative
* [[CPU cache|Data cache]]: 8&nbsp;KB, 2-way set associative
* [[Scratchpad RAM]]: 16&nbsp;KB
* [[Translation lookaside buffer|Translation look aside buffer]]: 48-entry combined instruction/data
* Vector processing unit: 4 FMAC units, 1 FDIV unit
* Vector processing unit [[Processor register|registers]]: 128-bit wide, 32 entries
* Image processing unit: [[MPEG2]] [[macroblock]] layer [[Codec|decoder]]
* [[Direct memory access]]: 10 channels
* V<sub>DD</sub> [[Voltage]]: 1.8&nbsp;V
* [[Power consumption]]: 15&nbsp;[[Watt|W]] at 1.8&nbsp;V
* Embedded memory: 1{{nbsp}}KB [[Random-access memory|RAM]], 4{{nbsp}}KB [[FeRAM]], 16{{nbsp}}KB [[Read-only memory|ROM]]<ref name="Scott">{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=J.F. |chapter=Nano-Ferroelectrics |editor-last1=Tsakalakos |editor-first1=Thomas |editor-last2=Ovid'ko |editor-first2=Ilya A. |editor-last3=Vasudevan |editor-first3=Asuri K. |title=Nanostructures: Synthesis, Functional Properties and Application |date=2003 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789400710191 |pages=583-600 (584-5, 597) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ryCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA584}}</ref>

== Theoretical performance ==
* [[Floating point|Floating-point]]: 6.2&nbsp;billion [[single precision|single-precision]] (32-bit) [[floating-point operations per second]]
* [[Perspective (graphical)|Perspective]] [[Transformation (mathematics)|transformation]]: 66&nbsp;million polygons per second
* With [[lighting]] and [[fog]]: 36&nbsp;million polygons per second
* [[Bézier curve|Bézier]] surface patches: 16&nbsp;million polygons per second
* Image decompression: 150&nbsp;million [[pixel]]s per second

== See also ==
* [[Graphics card]]
* [[Graphics processing unit]]
* [[Computer graphics]]
* [[List of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics]]
* [[Cell microprocessor]], a design inspired by the Emotion Engine's CPU+VU0/VU1 arrangement, used in the [[PlayStation 3]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book|last1=Hennessy|first1=John L. |author-link1=John L. Hennessy |last2=Patterson|first2=David A. |author-link2=David Patterson (scientist)|title=Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XX69oNsazH4C&pg=PR4|access-date=9 April 2013|edition=3|date=29 May 2002|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|isbn=978-0-08-050252-6}}
* {{cite journal|last=Diefendorff|first=Keith|title=Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip|journal=Microprocessor Report|date=19 April 1999|volume=13|issue=5|author-link=Keith Diefendorff|publisher=Microdesign Resources}}

{{PlayStation 2}}
{{MIPS microprocessors}}

[[Category:MIPS implementations]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2]]
[[Category:Sony semiconductors]]