Editing Encaustic tile

{{Short description|Ceramic tile of different colours of clay}}
{{For|the painting method|Encaustic painting}}
[[Image:CleeveAbbeyTilesC.jpg|thumb|Medieval encaustic tiles at [[Cleeve Abbey]], England]]

'''Encaustic''' or '''inlaid tiles''' are [[ceramic]] [[tile]]s in which the pattern or figure on the surface is not a product of the [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] but of different colors of [[clay]].  They are usually of two colours but a tile may be composed of as many as six. The pattern appears inlaid into the body of the tile, so that the design remains as the tile is worn down. Encaustic tiles may be glazed or unglazed and the inlay may be as shallow as {{convert|1/8|in|mm|0}}, as is often the case with "printed" encaustic tile from the later [[medieval period]], or as deep as {{cvt|1/4|in|mm}}.

==History==
[[Image:MintonTile3.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Mintons Ltd|Minton]] encaustic tiles awaiting installation at the [[United States Capitol]].]]
[[File:St James Boroughbridge (148).JPG|thumb|[[Victorian era|Victorian]] English [[Gothic Revival]] tiles]]

The tiles known as 'encaustic tiles' in the [[Victorian period]] were, in the [[medieval period]], known as 'inlaid tiles'. The use of the word ''encaustic'' to describe an inlaid tile of two or more colors is linguistically incorrect. The word ''encaustic'', from the {{langx|grc|ἐγκαυστικός}}, means 'burning in', from {{langx|grc|ἐν|en|in|label=none}}, and {{langx|grc|καίειν|kaiein|to burn|label=none}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encaustic |title=Encaustic – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |work=merriam-webster.com |year=2013 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>

The term ''encaustic'' originally described a process of painting with a [[beeswax]]-based paint that was then fixed with heat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encaustic.co/ |title=what is encaustic ? encaustic.co – home page |work=encaustic.co |year=2012 |access-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812081942/http://www.encaustic.co/ |archive-date=12 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also applied to a process of medieval enameling. The term did not come into use when describing tile until the 19th century; supposedly, Victorians thought that the two colour tiles strongly resembled enamel work and so called them encaustic. Despite the error, the term has now been in common use for so long that it is an accepted name for inlaid tile work.

Encaustic or inlaid tiles enjoyed two periods of great popularity. The first came in the 13th century and lasted until the [[English Reformation]] under [[Henry VIII of England]] in the 16th century, which eschewed and removed much medieval church decoration along with the policy of the [[dissolution of the monasteries]].

The second period of popularity came when the tiles caught the attention of craftsmen during the [[Gothic Revival]] era, who, after much trial and error, mass-produced encaustic tiles, and made them available to the general public. During both periods, tiles were made across Western Europe, though the centre of tile production was in [[England]]. Companies in the [[United States of America|United States]] also made encaustic tile during the [[Gothic Revival architecture]] style's period. The [[American Encaustic Tiling Company]] of [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], Ohio, was active until 1935.<ref name=tileheritage>{{cite web |url= http://www.tileheritage.org/THF-TileoftheMonth-Apr-04.html |title=tileheritage.org |year=2009 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> However, in the 1930s, encaustic tiling began to lose ground to more affordable [[Glass tile|glass]] and vitreous glass tiles.

== Manufacture ==
Modern encaustic tiles use a two-shot moulding process. The 'inlay' colour is moulded first. For multiple colours, a mould with cavities for each colour is used and the individual colours are filled carefully. This coloured clay is then placed face-down in a mould that is backfilled with the body colour. The tiles are then fired.

The manufacture of encaustic clay tiles may be seen today at the [[Jackfield Tile Museum]], one of the [[Ironbridge Gorge]] museums.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackfield Tile Museum |url=http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/our-attractions/jackfield-tile-museum/ |publisher=[[Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust]]}}</ref>

==Use==
In both the Middle Ages and in the 19th and 20th century [[Gothic Revival]], tiles were most often made for and laid in churches. Even tiles that were laid in private homes were often copies of those found in religious settings.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/informguide-ceramicfloor.pdf |title=Inform Guide – Ceramic Tiled Flooring – informguide-ceramicfloor.pdf |work=pdf.js |year=2009 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> Encaustic tile floors exist all over Europe and North America, but are most prevalent in England where the greatest numbers of inlaid tiles were made.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==See also==
* [[American Encaustic Tiling Company]]
* [[Cement tile]]
* {{annotated link|Jackfield Tile Museum}}
* ''[[Panot]]''

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
* [[Loyd Haberly|Haberly, Loyd]] (1037). ''Mediaeval English Pavingtiles''.

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Encaustic tiles}}

[[Category:Ceramic art]]
[[Category:Ceramics of medieval Europe]]
[[Category:Decorative arts]]
[[Category:English art]]
[[Category:Floors]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture]]
[[Category:Gothic architecture]]
[[Category:Medieval art]]
[[Category:Tiling]]
[[Category:Types of pottery decoration]]