Editing End-of-Transmission character

{{Short description|Transmission control character}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}}

In [[telecommunications]], an '''End-of-Transmission character''' ('''EOT''') is a [[transmission (telecommunications)|transmission]] [[control character]]. Its intended use is to indicate the conclusion of a transmission that may have included one or more texts and any associated [[message]] headings.<ref name=1037c1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-014/_2015.htm |title=end-of-transmission character (EOT) |work=[[Federal Standard 1037C]] |year=1996 |access-date=2009-03-15 |archive-date=2020-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123192539/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-014/_2015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

An EOT is often used to initiate other functions, such as releasing circuits, disconnecting terminals, or placing receive terminals in a [[standby (electricity)|standby]] condition.<ref name=1037c1996/> Its most common use today is to cause a Unix [[computer terminal|terminal]] driver to signal [[end of file]] and thus exit programs that are awaiting input.

In [[ASCII]] and [[Unicode]], the character is encoded at {{unichar|0004|END OF TRANSMISSION}}. It can be referred to as {{keypress|Ctrl|D}}, {{mono|^D}} in [[caret notation]]. Unicode provides the character {{unichar|2404|SYMBOL FOR END OF TRANSMISSION|html=}} for when EOT needs to be displayed graphically.<ref>{{cite web| title = Control Pictures| url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2400.pdf| access-date = 2013-04-06| archive-date = 2019-01-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190118072841/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2400.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> In addition, {{unichar|2301|ELECTRIC ARROW}} can also be used as a graphic representation of EOT; it is defined in Unicode as "symbol for End of Transmission".<ref>{{cite web
| title = Miscellaneous Technical
| url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf
| access-date = 2013-04-07
| archive-date = 2019-12-30
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191230040331/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

== Meaning in Unix ==

The EOT character in Unix is different from the [[Control-Z]] in DOS. The DOS Control-Z byte is actually sent and/or placed in files to indicate where the text ends. In contrast, the Control-D causes the Unix terminal driver to signal the [[end-of-file|EOF]] condition, which is not a character, while the byte has no special meaning if actually read or written from a file or terminal.

In Unix, the end-of-file character (by default EOT) causes the terminal driver to make available all characters in its input buffer immediately; normally the driver would collect characters until it sees an end-of-line character. If the input buffer is empty (because no characters have been typed since the last end-of-line or end-of-file), a program reading from the terminal reads a count of zero bytes. In Unix, such a condition is understood as having reached the end of the file.

This can be demonstrated with the {{mono|[[cat (Unix)|cat]]}} program on [[Unix]]-like operating systems such as [[Linux]]: Run the {{mono|cat}} command with no arguments, so it accepts its input from the keyboard and prints output to the screen. Type a few characters without pressing {{keypress|Enter}}, then type {{keypress|Ctrl|D}}. The characters typed to that point are sent to cat, which then writes them to the screen. If {{keypress|Ctrl|D}} is typed without typing any characters first, the input stream is terminated and the program ends. An actual EOT is obtained by typing {{keypress|Ctrl|V}} then {{keypress|Ctrl|D}}.

If the terminal driver is in "raw" mode, it no longer interprets control characters, and the EOT character is sent unchanged to the program, which is free to interpret it any way it likes. A program may then decide to handle the EOT byte as an indication that it should end the text; this would then be similar to how {{keypress|Ctrl|Z}} is handled by DOS programs.

== Usage in mainframe computer system communications protocols ==

The EOT character is used in legacy communications protocols by [[mainframe computer]] manufacturers such as [[IBM]], [[Burroughs Corporation]], and the [[BUNCH]]. Terminal transmission control protocols such as [[IBM 3270]] Poll/Select, or Burroughs TD830 Contention Mode protocol use the EOT character to terminate a communications sequence between two cooperating stations (such as a host multiplexer or Input/Output terminal).

A single Poll (ask the station for data) or Select (send data to the station) operation will include two round-trip send-reply operations between the polling station and the station being polled, the final operation being transmission of a single EOT character to the initiating station.

==See also==
*[[C0 and C1 control codes]]
*[[ASCII]]
*[[Keyboard shortcut]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{FS1037C}}

[[Category:Control characters]]