Editing Endonym and exonym

{{short description|Name variations of ethnic groups, languages, persons, and places}}
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[[File:Germany Name European Languages.png|thumb|upright=1.2|A map demonstrating the wide diversity of exonyms for [[Germany]], compared to blue for names related to the modern [[German language]] endonym of ''[[Names of Germany|Deutschland]]'' [country of the people]. Yellow descend from Latin ''Alemanni'', a tribal confederation around the Danube meaning 'everyone'; dark green from Latin ''Germāni'', a tribe living around the Rhine; red is [[Saxon]]; light green of uncertain origin; and purple is a Slavic term meaning 'mutterer'.]]
{{linguistics}}
An '''endonym''' {{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|n|d|ə|n|ɪ|m}} (also known as '''autonym''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɔː|t|ə|n|ɪ|m}}) is a common, {{em|native}} [[name]] for a group of people, individual person, [[Location|geographical place]], [[language]], or [[dialect]], meaning that it is used inside a particular group or [[speech community|linguistic community]] to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.<ref name=":0" />

An '''exonym''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|ɡ|z|ə|n|ɪ|m}} (also known as '''xenonym''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|ɛ|n|ə|n|ɪ|m}}) is an established, ''non-native'' name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Exonym and Endonym |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/exonym-and-endonym-names-1690691 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref> language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for [[historical geography|historico-geographical]] reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words,<ref name=":0" /> or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system.<ref name="Ormeling">{{cite web |last1=Ormeling |first1=Ferjan |title=Exonyms in Cartography |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_ICAcourses/_HtmlModules/_Documents/D13/Documents/D13-01_Ormeling.pdf |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref>

For instance, {{wikt-lang|de|Deutschland}} is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms ''[[Germany]]'' and {{wikt-lang|it|Germania}} in [[English language|English]] and [[Italian language|Italian]], respectively, {{wikt-lang|es|Alemania}} and {{wikt-lang|fr|Allemagne}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[French language|French]], respectively, {{wikt-lang|pl|Niemcy}} in [[Polish language|Polish]], and {{wikt-lang|fi|Saksa}} and {{wikt-lang|et|Saksamaa}} in [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Estonian language|Estonian]], respectively.

==Naming and etymology ==
The terms ''autonym'', ''endonym'', ''exonym'' and ''xenonym'' are formed by adding specific [[prefix]]es to the [[list of Greek and Latin roots in English/H–O|Greek root word]] {{lang|grc|ὄνομα}} ({{transliteration|grc|ónoma}}) {{gloss|name}}, from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''{{PIE|{{wikt-lang|en|Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁nómn̥|*h₃nómn̥}}}}''.

The prefixes added to these terms are also derived from Greek:
*'''endonym''': {{lang|grc|ἔνδον}} ({{transliteration|grc|éndon}}) {{gloss|within}};
*'''exonym''': {{lang|grc|ἔξω}} ({{transliteration|grc|éxō}}) {{gloss|outside}};
*'''autonym''': {{lang|grc|αὐτός}} ({{transliteration|grc|autós}}) {{gloss|self}}; and
*'''xenonym''': {{lang|grc|ξένος}} ({{transliteration|grc|xénos}}) {{gloss|foreign}}.

The terms ''autonym'' and ''xenonym'' also have different applications,{{sfn|Room|1996|p=14}} thus leaving ''endonym'' and ''exonym'' as the preferred forms.

[[Marcel Aurousseau]], an Australian [[geographer]], first<ref name="Harder1996">{{Cite book |last=Harder |first=Kelsey B. |title=Namenforschung/Name Studies/Les noms propres |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=1996 |isbn=9783110148794 |editor-last=Eichler |editor-first=Ernst |series=2/11 in the series Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK) |volume=2. Halbband+Registerband |location=Berlin |pages=1012 |language=de |chapter=156. Names in Language Contact: Exonyms (Namen im Sprachaustausch: Exonyme I Les noms dans des echanges de /angues: exonymes) |doi=10.1515/9783110203431}} ([https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110203431-toc/pdf TOC])</ref> used the term ''exonym'' in his work ''The Rendering of Geographical Names'' (1957).<ref name="Aurousseau1957">{{Cite book |last=Aurousseau |first=Marcel |url=https://archive.org/details/renderingofgeogr0000auro/page/17/mode/1up |title=The Rendering of Geographical Names |publisher=Hutchinson university library |year=1957 |location=London |pages=17 |language=en |url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Typology ==
[[wikt:endonym|Endonym]]s and [[wikt:exonym|exonym]]s can be divided in three main categories:{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNESCO |title=African ethnonyms and toponyms |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-92-3-101944-9 |location=France |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref>

* endonyms and exonyms of place names ([[toponymy|toponym]]s),
* endonyms and exonyms of human names ([[anthroponymy|anthroponym]]s), including names of [[ethnic group]]s ([[ethnonym]]s), localised populations ([[demonym]]s), and individuals ([[personal name]]s),
* endonyms and exonyms of language names ([[list of language names|glossonym]]s).<ref>Edelman, Loulou. 2009. "What's in a Name? Classification of proper names by language". Pp. 141–53 in ''Linguistic landscape: expanding the scenery'', edited by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter. London: [[Routledge]]. Goh, CL.:

"The names of monarchs, popes, and non-contemporary authors as well as place names are commonly translated. Foreign names for geographic [[proper names]] are called exonyms. Fourment-Berni Canani (1994) discusses the (im)possibility of translating proper names. He gives examples of the place names [[Venice]] and London. The Italian city {{lang|it|Venezia|italic=no}} has been renamed Venice in English and {{lang|fr|Venise|italic=no}} in French. A city in the American state [[California]] is also called Venice, but this name is not changed into {{lang|fr|Venezia|italic=no}} in Italian and {{lang|fr|Venise|italic=no}} in French. Similarly, the English city [[London]] has been renamed {{lang|fr|Londres|italic=no}} in French and {{lang|it|Londra|italic=no}} in Italian. However, the Canadian city called London is not translated into French and Italian in this way. Thus, as Fourment-Berni Canani concludes, a place name can be translated if the place, as a unique referent, has already been renamed in the target language."</ref>

=== Endonyms and exonyms of toponyms ===
As it pertains to [[geographical feature]]s, the [[United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names]] defines:<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |editor-last=Geršič |editor-first=M. |title=Introduction |url=http://ungegn.zrc-sazu.si/ |website=UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |location=Slovenia |issn=2536-1732}}.</ref>

*'''Endonym''': "Name of a geographical feature in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is located."
* '''Exonym''': "Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located."

For example, ''India'', ''China'', ''[[Egypt]]'', and ''Germany'' are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms {{lang|hi-latn|Bhārat}} ({{langx|hi|[[names for India|भारत]]|label=none}}), {{lang|zh-latn|Zhōngguó}} ({{lang|zh|[[names of China|中国]]}}), {{lang|ar-latn|Masr}} ({{langx|ar|[[names of Egypt|مَصر]]|label=none}}), and ''{{lang|de|[[names of Germany|Deutschland]]}}'', respectively. There are also typonyms of specific features, for example [[hydronym]]s for bodies of water.

=== Endonyms and exonyms of glossonyms ===
In the case of endonyms and exonyms of [[linguonym|language name]]s (glossonyms), ''[[Chinese language|Chinese]],'' ''[[German language|German]]'', and ''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]'', for example, are English-language exonyms for the languages that are endonymously known as {{lang|zh-latn|Zhōngwén}} ({{lang|zh|中文}}), {{lang|de|Deutsch}}, and ''Nederlands'', respectively.

== Exonyms in relation to endonyms ==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2023}}
By their relation to endonyms, all exonyms can be divided into three main categories:

* those that are [[cognate]] words, diverged only in [[pronunciation]] or [[orthography]];
* those that are fully or partially translated (a [[calque]]) from the native language;
* those derived from different roots, as in the case of Germany for {{lang|de|Deutschland}}.

Sometimes, a place name may be unable to use many of the letters when [[transliterated]] into an exonym because of the corresponding language's lack of common sounds. [[Māori language|Māori]], having only one [[liquid consonant]], is an example of this here.

=== Cognate exonyms ===
[[London]] (originally {{langx|la|Londinium}}), for example, is known by the cognate exonyms:

* {{lang|es|Londres}} in [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[French language|French]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]];
* {{lang|el|Λονδίνο}} (pronounced /{{transliteration|el|Lon'ðino}}/) in [[Greek language|Greek]];
* {{lang|nl|Londen}} in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Afrikaans]];
* {{lang|it|Londra}} in [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Maltese language|Maltese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]];
* {{lang|sq|Londër}} in [[Albanian language|Albanian]];
* {{lang|cs|Londýn}} in [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]];
* {{lang|pl|Londyn}} in [[Polish language|Polish]];
* {{lang|mi|Rānana}} in [[Māori language|Māori]];
* {{lang|is|Lundúnir}} in [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]];
* {{lang|ga|Londain}} in [[Irish language|Irish]];
* {{lang|gd|Lunnainn}} in [[Scottish Gaelic]];
* {{lang|cy|Llundain}} in [[Welsh language|Welsh]];
* {{lang|fi|Lontoo}} in [[Finnish language|Finnish]];
* {{lang|vi|Luân Đôn}} in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]];
* {{lang|fa|لندن}} ({{transliteration|fa|Landan}}) in [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]];
* {{lang|zh|伦敦}} {{transliteration|zh|Lúndūn}} in [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]].

=== Translated exonyms ===
An example of a translated exonym is the name for the [[Netherlands]] ({{lang|nl|Nederland}} in Dutch) used, respectively, in [[German language|German]] ({{Lang|de|Niederlande}}), [[French language|French]] ({{lang|fr|Pays-Bas}}), [[Italian language|Italian]] ({{lang|it|Paesi Bassi}}), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ({{lang|es|Países Bajos}}), [[Irish language|Irish]] ({{lang|ga|An Ísiltír}}), [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ({{lang|pt|Países Baixos}}) and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] ({{lang|ro|Țările de Jos}}), all of which mean "[[terminology of the Low Countries|Low Countries]]". However, the endonym {{lang|nl|Nederland}} is singular, while all the aforementioned translations except Irish are plural.

=== Native and borrowed exonyms ===
Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed, e.g., from a third language. For example, the [[Slovene language|Slovene]] exonyms {{lang|sl|Dunaj}} ([[Vienna]]) and {{lang|sl|Benetke}} ([[Venice]]) are native, but the [[Avar language|Avar]] name of Paris, {{lang|av|Париж}} (''Parizh'') is borrowed from [[Russian language|Russian]] {{lang|ru|Париж}} (''Parizh''), which comes from Polish {{lang|pl|Paryż}}, which comes from Italian {{lang|it|Parigi}}.

A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in [[continental Europe]] are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example:

* [[Belgrade]] ({{langx|sr|Београд|translit=Beograd}});
* [[Bucharest]] ({{langx|ro|București}});
* [[Cologne]] ({{langx|de|Köln}} / {{langx|ksh|Kölle}});
* [[Florence]] ({{langx|it|Firenze}});
* [[Milan]] ({{langx|it|Milano}});
* [[Munich]] ({{langx|de|München}} / {{langx|bar|Minga}});
* [[Naples]] ({{langx|it|Napoli}} / {{langx|nap|Napule}});
* [[Navarre]] ({{langx|es|Navarra}} / {{langx|eu|Nafarroa}});
* [[Prague]] ({{langx|cs|Praha}});
* [[Rome]] ({{langx|it|Roma}}); and
* [[Seville]] ({{langx|es|Sevilla}}).

== Typical development of exonyms ==
Many exonyms result from adaptations of an endonym into another language, mediated by differences in phonetics, while others may result from translation of the endonym, or as a reflection of the specific relationship an outsider group has with a local place or geographical feature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=Peter |title=Exonyms as part of the cultural heritage |date=3–7 May 2021 |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Second session |location=New York |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/2nd_session_2021/documents/GEGN.2_2021_73_CRP73_13_Exonyms_cultural_heritage.pdf |format=Provisional agenda item 13 – submission by Austria}}</ref>

According to [[James A. Matisoff|James Matisoff]], who introduced the term ''autonym'' into [[linguistics]], exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to identify themselves with "mankind in general", producing an endonym that out groups would not use, while another source is the human tendency towards neighbours to "be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between [[in-group and out-group|the ingroup and the outgroup]]." For example, Matisoff notes, {{lang|zh-latn|Khang}} "an opprobrious term indicating mixed race or parentage" is the [[Palaung language|Palaung]] name for [[Jingpo people]] and the [[Jingpo language|Jingpo]] name for [[Chin peoples|Chin people]]; both the Jingpo and [[Burmese language|Burmese]] use the Chinese word {{lang|zh-latn|yeren}} (''{{lang-zh|c=野人|s=|t=|p=|l=wild men, savage, rustic people|labels=no}}'') as the name for [[Lisu people]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Matisoff |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15093829 |title=Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies |date=1986 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=90-04-07850-9 |editor-last=McCoy |editor-first=John |location=Leiden |page=6 |chapter=The languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman: an alphabetic/genetic listing, with some prefatory remarks on ethnonymic and glossonymic complications |oclc=15093829 |editor-last2=Light |editor-first2=Timothy}}</ref>

As exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym, consequently, many European capitals have English exonyms, for example:

* [[Athens]] ({{langx|el|Αθήνα|translit=Athína}});
* [[Belgrade]] ({{langx|sr|Београд|translit=Beograd}});
* [[Bucharest]] ({{langx|ro|București}});
* [[Brussels]] ({{langx|fr|Bruxelles}}, {{langx|nl|Brussel}});
* [[Copenhagen]] ({{langx|da|København}});
* [[Lisbon]] ({{langx|pt|Lisboa}});
* [[Moscow]] ({{langx|ru|Москва|translit=Moskva}});
* [[Prague]] ({{langx|cs|Praha}});
* [[Rome]] ({{langx|it|Roma}});
* [[Vienna]] ({{langx|de|Wien}}); and
* [[Warsaw]] ({{langx|pl|Warszawa}}).

In contrast, historically less-prominent capitals such as [[Ljubljana]] and [[Zagreb]] do not have English exonyms, but do have exonyms in languages spoken nearby, e.g. [[German language|German]]: {{lang|de|Laibach}} and {{lang|de|Agram}} (the latter being obsolete); [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Lubiana'' and ''Zagabria''. [[Madrid]], [[Berlin]], [[Oslo]], and [[Amsterdam]], with identical names in most major [[European languages]], are exceptions.

Some European cities might be considered partial exceptions, in that whilst the spelling is the same across languages, the pronunciation can differ.<ref>{{Cite web |title="UNGEGN-ICA webcourse on Toponymy" |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Selfstudy/S13/S13_001index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311022407/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Selfstudy/S13/S13_001index.html |archive-date=11 March 2024 |website=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}</ref> For example, the city of [[Paris]] is spelled the same way in French and English, but the French pronunciation [{{IPA|paʁi}}] is different from the English pronunciation [{{IPA|ˈpærɪs}}].

For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the [[Crusades]]. [[Livorno]], for instance, was ''Leghorn'' because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the [[British navy|British Navy]]; not far away, [[Rapallo]], a minor port on the same sea, never received an exonym.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal names {{lang|la|Graecus}} (Greek) and {{lang|la|Germanus}} (Germanic), the Russians used the village name of ''[[Chechen people|Chechen]]'', medieval Europeans took the tribal name ''[[Tatars|Tatar]]'' as emblematic for the whole [[Mongol]]ic confederation (and then confused it with ''Tartarus'', a word for [[Hell]], to produce ''[[Tatars|Tartar]]''), and the [[Hungarian people|Magyar]] invaders were equated with the 500-years-earlier [[Hun]]nish invaders in the same territory, and were called ''Hungarians''.

The [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] invaders of the [[Roman Empire]] applied the word "[[Walha]]" to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in [[West Germanic languages]] as a generic name for speakers of Celtic and later (as Celts became increasingly romanised) Romance languages; thence:
* [[Wallachia]], the historic name of [[Romania]] inhabited by the [[Vlachs]]
* The Slavic term ''Vlah'' for "Romanian", dialectally "Italian, Latin"; additionally ''[[wiktionary:Vlaška|Vlaška]]'' means "Wallachia" in [[Serbo-Croatian]] and "Italian woman" in [[Czech language|Czech]]
* [[Wallonia]], the French-speaking region of [[Belgium]]
* [[Cornwall]] and [[Wales]], the Celtic-speaking regions located west of the [[Anglo-Saxon]]-dominated [[England]]
* [[Valais|Wallis]], a mostly French-speaking [[Canton (administrative division)|canton]] in [[Switzerland]]
* [[Romandy|Welschland]], the German name for the French-speaking [[Switzerland]]
* the Polish and Hungarian names for Italy, {{lang|pl|[[Italy|Włochy]]}} and {{lang|hu|[[Italy|Olaszország]]}} respectively

== Usage ==
=== In avoiding exonyms ===
During the late 20th century, the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in a [[pejorative]] way. For example, [[Romani people]] often prefer that term to exonyms such as ''[[names of the Romani people#Gypsy and gipsy|Gypsy]]'' (from the name of [[Egypt]]), and the French term {{lang|fr|[[bohemianism|bohémien]], bohème}} (from the name of [[Bohemia]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Challa |first1=Janaki |title=Why Being 'Gypped' Hurts The Roma More Than It Hurts You |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/30/242429836/why-being-gypped-hurts-the-roma-more-than-it-hurts-you |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=18 September 2023 |quote="Hancock tells me the word "gypsy" itself is an "exonym" – a term imposed upon an ethnic group by outsiders. When the Roma people moved westward from India towards the European continent, they were mistaken to be Egyptian because of their features and dark skin. We see the same phenomenon across several languages, not only English. Victor Hugo, in his epic Hunchback of Notre Dame, noted that the Medieval French term for the Roma was egyptiens. In Spanish, the word for gypsy is "gitano," which comes from the word egipcio, meaning Egyptian – in Romanian: tigan, in Bulgarian: tsiganin, in Turkish: cingene – all of which are variations of slang words for "Egyptian" in those languages.“}}</ref> People may also avoid exonyms for reasons of historical sensitivity, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places that, at one time, had been ethnically or politically German (e.g. Danzig/[[Gdańsk]], Auschwitz/[[Oświęcim]] and Karlsbad/[[Karlovy Vary]]); and Russian names for non-Russian locations that were subsequently renamed or had their spelling changed (e.g. Kiev/[[Kyiv]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Van der Meulen |first1=Martin |title=Why I Will Never Again Refer to the Ukrainian Capital City as Kiev |date=19 April 2022 |url=https://www.the-low-countries.com/article/why-i-will-never-again-refer-to-the-ukrainian-capital-city-as-kiev |publisher=The Low Countries |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref>

In recent years, [[geographer]]s have sought to reduce the use of exonyms to avoid this kind of problem. For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as [[Ankara]] rather than use the Spanish exonym {{lang|es|Angora}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luxán |first1=Marga Azcárate |last2=Tagle |first2=Bárbara Alonso |title=EXONYMS IN SPANISH Criteria and usage in cartography |url=https://www.ign.es/resources/acercaDe/libDigPub/exonyms_in_spanish.pdf |publisher=NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF SPAIN (IGN) |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> Another example, it is now common for Italian speakers to refer to some African states as [[Mauritius]] and [[Seychelles]] rather than use the Italian exonyms ''Maurizio'' and ''Seicelle''.<ref>Sandro Toniolo, ''I perché e i nomi della geografia'', Istituto Geografico Militare, Florence 2005, p. 88–89, n. 170-171.</ref> According to the [[United Nations Statistics Division]]:

<blockquote>Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease the number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in an intended way. The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language's cultural heritage.</blockquote>

=== In preference of exonyms ===
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
In some situations, the use of exonyms can be preferred. For instance, in [[multilingualism|multilingual]] cities such as [[Brussels]], which is known for its linguistic tensions between Dutch- and French-speakers, a neutral name may be preferred so as to not offend anyone. Thus, an exonym such as Brussels in English could be used instead of favoring either one of the local names ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]/[[Flemish dialects|Flemish]]: {{lang|nl|Brussel}}; [[French language|French]]: {{lang|fr|Bruxelles}}).

Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling, and [[part of speech|word category]]. The endonym may include sounds and spellings that are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over the years, the endonym may have undergone [[phonetics|phonetic]] changes, either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym, as in the case of ''Paris'', where the ''s'' was formerly pronounced in French. Another example is the endonym for the German city of [[Cologne]], where the [[Latin]] original of {{lang|la|Colonia}} has evolved into {{lang|de|Köln}} in German, while the Italian and Spanish exonym {{lang|it|Colonia}} or the Portuguese {{lang|pt|Colónia}} closely reflects the Latin original.

In some cases, no [[standard language|standardised spelling]] is available, either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalysed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} Finally, an endonym may be a [[plural]] noun and may not naturally extend itself to [[adjective phrase|adjectival]] usage in another language like English, which has the propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Official preferences ===
Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country:
* In 1782, [[Rama I|King Yotfa Chulalok]] of [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] moved the government seat from [[Bangkok Yai District|Thon Buri Province]] to [[Phra Nakhon District|Phra Nakhon Province]]. In 1972 the [[Thai Government|Thai government]] merged Thon Buri and Phra Nakhon, forming the new capital, Krungthep Mahanakhon. However, outside of Thailand, the capital retained the old name and is still called [[Bangkok]].
* In 1935, [[Reza Shah]] requested that foreign nations use the name [[Iran]] rather than Persia in official correspondence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Stanford University |title=Start reading The Discovery of Iran |url=https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?id=33828&i=Introduction%20Excerpt.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=sup.org |language=en}}</ref> The name of the country had [[Name of Iran|internally been Iran]] since the time of the [[Sassanid Empire]] (224–651), whereas the name Persia is descended from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el-latn|Persis}} (''{{lang|el|Περσίς}}''), referring to a single province which is officially known as [[Fars province]].
* In 1949, the government of [[Siam]] changed the name to [[Thailand]], although the former name's adjective in English (''Siamese'') was retained as the name for the [[Siamese fighting fish|fish]], [[Siamese (cat)|cat]] and [[conjoined twins]].
* In 1972, the government of [[Ceylon]] (the word is the [[anglicized]] form of Portuguese {{lang|pt|Ceilão}}) changed the name to [[Sri Lanka]], although the name Ceylon was retained as the name for [[Ceylon tea|that type of tea]].
* In 1985, the government of [[Côte d'Ivoire]] requested that the country's French name be used in all languages instead of exonyms such as ''[[Ivory Coast]]'',<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/crp/9th_UNCSGN_e-conf-98-crp-32.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}</ref> so that Côte d'Ivoire is now the official English name of that country in the [[United Nations]] and the [[International Olympic Committee]] (see [[Côte d'Ivoire#Etymology|name of Côte d'Ivoire]]). In most non-[[Francophone]] countries, however, the French version has not entered common parlance. For example, in German, the country is known as {{lang|de|die Elfenbeinküste}}, in Spanish as {{lang|es|Costa de Marfil}} and in Italian as {{lang|it|Costa d'Avorio}}.
* In 1989, the [[government of Burma]] requested that the English name of the country be [[Myanmar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=Myanmar, Burma and why the different names matter |url=https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-burma-different-names-explained-8af64e33cf89c565b074eec9cbe22b72 |access-date=2024-03-11 |agency=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> with ''Myanma'' as the adjective of the country and ''Bamar'' as the name of the inhabitants (see [[names of Burma]]).
* The [[Government of India]] officially changed the English name of Bombay to [[Mumbai]] in November 1995,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beam |first=Christopher |date=2006-07-12 |title=Mumbai? What About Bombay? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/07/how-bombay-became-mumbai.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref> following a trend of [[Renaming of cities in India|renaming of cities and states in India]] that has occurred since independence.
* The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] government maintains that the capital of Ukraine should be spelled ''Kyiv'' in English<ref name=":2" /> because the traditional English exonym ''Kiev'' was derived from the Russian name {{lang|ru-latn|Kiyev}} (''{{lang|ru|Киев}}'') (see [[Name of Kyiv]]).
* The [[Belarus]]ian government argues that the endonym ''Belarus'' should be used in all languages.<ref name=":2" /> The result has been rather successful in English, where the former exonym ''Byelorussia''/''Belorussia'', still used with reference to the [[Byelorussian SSR|Soviet Republic]], has virtually died out; in other languages, exonyms are still much more common than ''Belarus'', for instance in [[Danish language|Danish]] {{lang|da|[[:da:Hviderusland|Hviderusland]]}}, Dutch {{lang|nl|[[:nl:Wit-Rusland|Wit-Rusland]]}}, [[Estonian language|Estonian]] {{lang|et|[[:et:Valgevene|Valgevene]]}}, [[Faroese language|Faroese]] {{lang|fo|[[:fo:Hvítarussland|Hvítarussland]]}}, Finnish {{lang|fi|[[:fi:Valko-Venäjä|Valko-Venäjä]]}}, German {{lang|de|[[:de:Weißrussland|Weißrussland]]}}, Greek {{lang|el-latn|Lefkorosía}} ({{lang|el|[[:el:Λευκορωσία|Λευκορωσία]]}}), Hungarian {{lang|hu|[[:hu:Fehéroroszország|Fehéroroszország]]}}, Icelandic {{lang|is|[[:is:Hvíta-Rússland|Hvíta-Rússland]]}}, [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{lang|sv|[[:sv:Vitryssland|Vitryssland]]}}, Turkish {{lang|tr|[[:tr:Beyaz Rusya|Beyaz Rusya]]}}, Chinese {{lang|zh-latn|Bái'èluósī}} (''{{lang|zh|[[:zh:白俄罗斯|白俄罗斯]]}}''), [[Arabic]] {{lang|ar-latn|rusia albayda'}} ({{lang|ar|[[:ar:روسيا البيضاء|روسيا البيضاء]]}}) (all literally 'White Russia'), or French {{lang|fr|[[:fr:Biélorussie|Biélorussie]]}}, Italian {{lang|it|[[:it:Bielorussia|Bielorussia]]}}, Portuguese {{lang|pt|[[:pt:Bielorrússia|Bielorrússia]]}}, Spanish {{lang|es|[[:es:Bielorrusia|Bielorrusia]]}}, and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] {{lang|sr-latn|Belorusija}} ({{lang|sr|[[:sr:Белорусија|Белорусија]]}}).
* The government of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] has been working to have the country renamed from the Russian-derived exonym of {{lang|ru-latn|Gruzia}} in foreign languages to ''Georgia''. Most countries have adopted this change, except for [[Lithuania]], which adopted {{lang|lt|Sakartvelas}} (a Lithuanianised version of the country's endonym). As a response, Georgia changed the name of Lithuania in Georgian from the Russian-derived {{lang|ka-latn|Lit’va}} (''{{lang|ka|ლიტვა}}'') to the endonym {{lang|ka-latn|Liet’uva}} (''{{lang|ka|ლიეტუვა}}''). Ukrainian politicians have also suggested that Ukraine change the Ukrainian name of Georgia from {{lang|uk-latn|Hruzia}} (''{{lang|uk|Грузія}}'') to {{lang|uk-latn|Sakartvelo}} (''{{lang|uk|Сакартвело}}'').
* In 2006, the [[South Korea]]n national government officially changed the Chinese name of its capital, [[Seoul]], from the exonym ''{{lang|zh|漢城/汉城}}'' ({{lang|zh-latn|Hànchéng}}) derived from the [[Joseon]] era [[Hanja]] name ({{Korean|hangul=한성|hanja=漢城|rr=Hanseong}}) to {{lang|zh-latn|Shǒu'ěr}} (''{{lang|zh|首爾/首尔}}''). This use has now been made official within China.
* In December 2021, a circular was issued by President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] of [[Turkey]] ordering the use of Türkiye (also rendered Turkiye in English) instead of exonyms in official communications, no matter the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkiye – The latest news from TRT World |url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=Turkiye – The latest news from TRT World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-turkey-is-now-turkiye-and-why-that-matters-52602 |access-date=2022-01-02 |website=Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209232534/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/why-turkey-is-now-turkiye-and-why-that-matters-52602 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Hanyu Pinyin ===
{{see also|Chinese language romanization in Taiwan|Chinese language romanisation in Singapore}}
Following the 1979 declaration of [[Hanyu Pinyin]] spelling as the standard [[romanisation of Chinese]], many Chinese endonyms have successfully replaced English exonyms,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 |date=2003 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=92-1-100915-4 |location=New York |oclc=52095159}}</ref> especially city and most provincial names in [[mainland China]], for example: [[Beijing]] ({{lang-zh|c=北京|s=|t=|p=Běijīng|labels=no}}), [[Qingdao]] (''{{lang-zh|c=青岛|s=|t=|p=Qīngdǎo|labels=no}}''), and the province of [[Guangdong]] (''{{lang-zh|c=广东|s=|t=|p=Guǎngdōng|labels=no}}''). However, older English exonyms are sometimes used in certain contexts, for example: Peking (Beijing; [[Peking duck|duck]], [[Peking opera|opera]], etc.), Tsingtao (Qingdao), and Canton (Guangdong). In some cases the traditional English exonym is based on a local [[Chinese variety]] instead of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], in the case of [[Xiamen]], where the name Amoy is closer to the [[Hokkien]] pronunciation.

In the case of ''Beijing'', the adoption of the exonym by media outlets quickly gave rise to a [[hyperforeignism|hyperforeignised]] pronunciation, with the result that many English speakers actualize the ''j'' in ''Beijing'' as {{IPAc-en|ʒ}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lima |first=Susan D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746747262 |title=The Reality of Linguistic Rules. |date=1994 |publisher=John Benjamins Pub. Co |isbn=978-90-272-8203-3 |editor-last=Corrigan |editor-first=Roberta |location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia |page=80 |oclc=746747262 |editor-last2=Iverson |editor-first2=Gregory K.}}</ref> One exception of Pinyin standardization in mainland China is the spelling of the province [[Shaanxi]], which is the mixed [[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]]–Pinyin spelling of the province. That is because if Pinyin were used to spell the province, it would be indistinguishable from its neighboring province [[Shanxi]], where the pronunciations of the two provinces only differ by tones, which are usually not written down when used in English.

In Taiwan, however, the standardization of Hanyu Pinyin has only seen mixed results. In [[Taipei]], most (but not all) street and district names shifted to Hanyu Pinyin. For example, the Sinyi District is now spelled [[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi]]. However, districts like [[Tamsui District|Tamsui]] and even Taipei itself are not spelled according to Hanyu Pinyin spelling rules. As a matter of fact, most names of Taiwanese cities are still spelled using [[Chinese postal romanization]], including [[Taipei]], [[Taichung]], [[Taitung City|Taitung]], [[Keelung]], and [[Kaohsiung]].

During the 1980s, the Singapore Government encouraged the use of Hanyu Pinyin spelling for place names, especially those with Teochew, Hokkien or Cantonese names, as part of the [[Speak Mandarin Campaign]] to promote Mandarin and discourage the use of dialects. For example, the area of Nee Soon, named after [[Teochew people|Teochew]]-Peranakan businessman [[Lim Nee Soon]] (Hanyu Pinyin: Lín Yìshùn) became Yishun and the neighbourhood schools and places established following the change used the Hanyu Pinyin spelling. In contrast, [[Hougang]] is the Hanyu Pinyin spelling but the Hokkien pronunciation ''au-kang'' is most commonly used.<ref>{{cite book|title=Toponymics: A Study of Singapore Street Names|last1= Savage|first1=Victor R.|last2=Yeoh |first2=Brenda S.|edition=3rd|year=2013|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|isbn=9789814408356}}</ref> The changes to Hanyu Pinyin were not only financially costly but were unpopular with the locals, who opined that the Hanyu Pinyin versions were too difficult for non-Chinese or non-Mandarin speakers to pronounce. The government eventually stopped the changes by the 1990s, which has led to some place names within a locality having differing spellings. For example, Nee Soon Road and the [[Singapore Armed Forces]] base Nee Soon Camp are both located in Yishun but retained the old spelling.<ref>Yeh, Yun-Tsui. (2013) "[https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/files/publish/1217_ff4a4d61.pdf Erased Place Names" and Nation-building: A Case Study of Singaporean Toponyms]". ''[[Sociology (journal)|Sociology]]''.</ref>

== Exonyms as pejoratives ==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2020}}

Matisoff wrote, "A group's autonym is often egocentric, equating the name of the people with 'mankind in general,' or the name of the language with 'human speech'."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|5}}

In [[Basque language|Basque]], the term ''{{lang|eu|erdara/erdera}}'' is used for speakers of any language other than Basque (usually Spanish or French).

Many millennia earlier, the Greeks thought that all non-Greeks were uncultured and so called them "[[barbarian]]s", which eventually [[Berber (name)|gave rise]] to the exonym "[[Berber people|Berber]]".

=== Slavic people ===
Exonyms often describe others as "foreign-speaking", "non-speaking", or "nonsense-speaking". One example is the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] term for the Germans, {{lang|sla|{{wikt-lang|en|Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němьcь|nemtsi}}}}, possibly deriving from plural of {{lang|sla|{{wikt-lang|en|Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němъ|nemy}}}} ("mute"); standard etymology<ref>{{Cite book |last=Townson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dNRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Mother-tongue and Fatherland: Language and Politics in German |year=1992 |isbn=9780719034398 |page=78| publisher=Manchester University Press }}</ref> has it that the [[Slav]]ic peoples referred to their Germanic neighbors as "mutes" because they could not speak the "language". The term survives to this day in the Slavic languages (e.g. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] німці (nimtsi); [[Russian language|Russian]] немцы (nemtsy), [[Slovene language|Slovene]] Nemčija), and was borrowed into [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], and [[Ottoman Turkish]] (in which case it referred specifically to [[Austria]]).

One of the more prominent theories regarding the origin of the term "[[Slav]]" suggests that it comes from the Slavic root {{lang|sla|{{wikt-lang|en|Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slovo|slovo}}}} (hence "[[Slovakia]]" and "[[Slovenia]]" for example), meaning 'word' or 'speech'. In this context, the [[Slavs]] are describing Germanic people as "mutes"—in contrast to themselves, "the speaking ones".{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Native Americans ===
The most common names of several [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous American]] tribes derive from pejorative exonyms. The name "[[Apache]]" most likely derives from a [[Zuni language|Zuni]] word meaning "enemy". The name "[[Sioux]]", an abbreviated form of {{lang|fr|Nadouessioux}}, most likely derived from a [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]] term, {{lang|alg|*-a·towe·}} ('foreign-speaking).<ref>{{Cite web |last=d'Errico |first=Peter |date=2005 |title=Native American Indian Studies – A Note on Names |url=https://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/name.html |access-date=2020-10-07 |publisher=University of Massachusetts}}</ref> The name "[[Comanche]]" comes from the [[Ute language|Ute]] word {{lang|com-Latn|kɨmantsi}} meaning "enemy, stranger".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sapir |first=Edward |title=The Collected Works of Edward Sapir |publisher=Mouton deGruyter |year=1992 |editor-last=Bright |editor-first=William |location=Berlin |chapter=Southern Paiute Dictionary}}</ref> The [[Ancestral Puebloans]] are also known as the "Anasazi", a [[Navajo language|Navajo]] word meaning "ancient enemies", and contemporary [[Puebloans]] discourage the use of the exonym.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cordell |first1=Linda |title=Archaeology of the Southwest |last2=McBrinn |first2=Maxine |date=2012 |edition=3}}</ref><ref name="UNCO">{{Cite web |title=Puebloan Culture |url=http://hewit.unco.edu/DOHIST/puebloan/begin.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709073248/http://hewit.unco.edu/dohist/puebloan/begin.htm |archive-date=2010-07-09 |publisher=University of Northern Colorado}}</ref>

Various Native-American autonyms are sometimes explained to English readers as having literal translations of "original people" or "normal people", with implicit contrast to other first nations as not original or not normal.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|5}}

== Confusion with renaming ==
{{Original research|section|date=December 2022}}

=== In East Asia ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Although the pronunciation for several names of Chinese cities such as [[Beijing]] and [[Nanjing]] has not changed for quite some time while in [[Mandarin Chinese]] (although the [[prestige dialect]] shifted from [[Nanjing dialect]] to [[Beijing dialect]] during the 19th century), they were called [[Beijing|Peking]] and [[Nanjing|Nanking]] in English due to the older [[Chinese postal romanization]] convention, based largely on the [[Nanjing dialect]]. [[Pinyin]], based largely on the [[Beijing dialect]], became the official [[romanization]] method for [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] in the 1970s.

As the Mandarin pronunciation does not perfectly map to an [[English phoneme]], English speakers using either romanization will not pronounce the names correctly if standard English pronunciation is used. Nonetheless, many older English speakers still refer to the cities by their older English names, and even today they are often used in their traditional associations, such as [[Peking duck]], [[Peking opera]], and [[Peking University]]. As for Nanjing, the historical event called the [[Nanking Massacre]] (1937) uses the city's older name because that was the name of the city at the time of occurrence.

Likewise, many Korean cities like [[Busan]] and [[Incheon]] (formerly "Pusan" and "Inch'ŏn" respectively) also underwent changes in spelling due to changes in romanization, even though the Korean pronunciations have largely stayed the same.

=== In Eurasia ===
Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with the results of [[geographical renaming]] as in the case of [[Saint Petersburg]], which became Petrograd (''{{lang|ru|Петроград}}'') in 1914, Leningrad (''{{lang|ru|Ленинград}}'') in 1924, and again Saint Petersburg (''{{lang|ru|Санкт-Петербург}}'', {{lang|ru-latn|Sankt-Peterbúrg}}) in 1991. In this case, although ''Saint Petersburg'' has a Dutch etymology, it was never a Dutch exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as [[New Amsterdam|Nieuw Amsterdam]], the Dutch name of [[New York City]] until 1664, is not its Dutch exonym.

Old place names that have become outdated after renaming may afterward still be used as [[historicisms]]. For example, even today one would talk about the [[Siege of Leningrad]], not the Siege of St. Petersburg because at that time (1941–1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that [[Immanuel Kant]] was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in [[Kaliningrad]] (''{{lang|ru|Калининград}}''), as it has been called since 1946.

Likewise, [[Istanbul]] (Turkish: {{lang|tr|İstanbul}}) is still called {{lang|el-latn|Constantinople}} (''{{lang|el|Κωνσταντινούπολη}}'') in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to dissociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself [[names of Istanbul#Istanbul|derives from a Medieval Greek phrase]]).<ref>"The Names of Kōnstantinoúpolis". Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi. 5. Ciltli. 1994.</ref> Prior to {{lang|el-latn|Constantinople}}, the city was known in Greek as {{lang|el-latn|[[Byzantium|Byzantion]]}} ({{langx|el|Βυζάντιον}}, {{langx|la|Byzantium}}), named after its mythical founder, [[Byzas]].

=== In India ===
{{Main article|Renaming of cities in India}}

Following independence from the UK in 1947, many regions and cities have been renamed in accordance with local languages, or to change the English spelling to more closely match the indigenous local name. The name [[Madras]], now [[Chennai]], may be [[Chennai#Etymology|a special case]]. When the city was first [[British India|settled by English people]], in the early 17th century, both names were in use. They possibly referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Madrasi, a term for a native of the city, has often been used derogatorily to refer to the people of [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] origin from the [[South India|southern states of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bag |first1=Ahana |title=It's time to end the 'Madrasi' stereotype |url=https://madrascourier.com/opinion/its-time-to-end-the-madrasi-stereotype/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=[[Madras Courier]] |date=October 19, 2021}}</ref>

== Lists of exonyms ==
* [[Latin exonyms]]
* [[List of English exonyms]]
** [[List of English exonyms for German toponyms|English exonyms for German toponyms]]
** [[List of English translated personal names|English-translated personal names]]
*List of [[German exonyms]]
** [[German names for Central European towns]]
** [[List of German exonyms for places in Belgium|German exonyms for places in Belgium]]
** [[List of German exonyms for places in Croatia|German exonyms for places in Croatia]]
** [[List of German exonyms for places in Denmark|German exonyms for places in Denmark]]
** [[List of German exonyms for places in Estonia|German exonyms for places in Estonia]]
** [[List of German exonyms for places in Hungary|German exonyms for places in Hungary]]
** [[List of German exonyms for places in Latvia|German exonyms for places in Latvia]]
** [[List of German exonyms for places in Slovakia|German exonyms for places in Slovakia]]
** [[List of German place names for places in Switzerland|German exonyms for places in Switzerland]]
* [[List of European exonyms]]
** [[Names of European cities in different languages]]
** [[Finnish exonyms]]
** [[Greek exonyms]]
** [[Italian exonyms]]
** [[Portuguese exonyms]]
** [[Icelandic exonyms]]
** [[Russian exonyms]]
** [[Slavic toponyms for Greek places]]
** [[Welsh placenames#Welsh names for other places in Britain and Ireland|Welsh names for other places in Britain and Ireland]]
* African/Asian/Middle-Eastern/Eurasian exonyms
** [[Arabic exonyms]]
** [[List of Azerbaijani exonyms|Azerbaijani exonyms]]
** [[List of Armenian exonyms|Armenian exonyms]]
** [[Chinese exonyms]]
** [[List of Japanese exonyms|Japanese exonyms]]
** [[Vietnamese exonyms]]
{{Exonyms per language|state=expanded}}

== See also ==
* [[-onym]]
* [[Emic and etic]]
* [[Shibboleth]] 
* [[Metonymy]]
* [[Linguistic imperialism]]

=== Other lists ===
* [[List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names]]
* [[List of language names]]
* [[List of alternative country names]]
* [[List of country names in various languages]]
* [[List of Latin place names in Europe]]
* [[List of European regions with alternative names]]
* [[List of European rivers with alternative names]]
* [[List of traditional Greek place names]]
* List of [[Coptic placenames]]
* [[Place names in Irish]]
* [[Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish]]
* [[List of renamed Indian cities and states]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Jordan, Peter, Hubert Bergmann, Caroline Burgess, and Catherine Cheetham, eds. 2010 & 2011. "Trends in Exonym Use." ''Proceedings of the 10th UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms Meeting''. Tainach (28–30 April 2010). Hamburg (2011). ''Name & Place'' 1.
* Jordan, Peter, Milan Orožen Adamič, and Paul Woodman, eds. 2007. "Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names." ''Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction''. Wien and Berlin. ''Wiener Osteuropastudien'' 24.
* {{Cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEtiAAAAMAAJ |title=An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780810831698 |location=Lanham and London |pages=14}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|exonym|endonym}}
* [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp14.pdf 2006 UN document discussing exonyms] (PDF)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823162305/http://www.p.lodz.pl/I35/personal/jw37/EUROPE/europe.html Jacek Wesołowski's Place Names in Europe, featuring endonyms and exonyms for many cities] (archived 23 August 2000)
* [http://translationdirectory.com/article103.htm "Does Juliet's Rose, by Any Other Name, Smell as Sweet?"] by Verónica Albin.
* [http://familientagebuch.de/rainer/2007/09.html#ibc Looking up] in exonym database
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090115055657/http://www.eurogeonames.eu/ European geographical names infrastructure and services] on EuroGeoNames (archived 15 January 2009)
* [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/23-gegn/wp/gegn23wp49.pdf UN document describing EuroGeoNames (PDF)]
* [http://endonymmap.com World map of country endonyms]

{{Ethnicity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Endonym and exonym}}
[[Category:Exonyms| ]]
[[Category:Demonyms| ]]
[[Category:Ethnicity]]
[[Category:Ethnonyms]]
[[Category:Etymology]]
[[Category:Geopolitical terminology]]
[[Category:Human names]]
[[Category:Language naming]]
[[Category:Onomastics]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Toponymy]]