Editing English-only movement

{{Short description|Political movement in the U.S.}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Welcome to America, indeed 4891695155.jpg|thumb|250px|Sticker sold in [[Colorado]] demanding immigrants speak English]]
The '''English-only movement''', also known as the '''Official English movement''', is a [[political movement]] that advocates for the exclusive use of the [[English language]] in official [[United States government]] communication through the establishment of English as the only [[official language]] in the [[United States]]. An executive order issued on March 1, 2025 declared English to be the official language of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-02 |title=Designating English as the Official Language of The United States |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/designating-english-as-the-official-language-of-the-united-states/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> Historically, in various locations throughout the United States, there have been various moves to promote or require the use of English, such as in [[Native American boarding schools]].<ref name="Navajo">
   {{Unbulleted list citebundle
      |{{*}} {{cite magazine | access-date=2022-07-07 | department=Features | year=2022 | volume=36 | issue=1, Summer 2022 | publisher=[[U.S. National Park Service]] | magazine=[[Park Science]] | first3=Keith | first2=Reagan | first1=Susan | last3=Lyons | last2=Wytsalucy | last1=Dolan | url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/how-a-navajo-scientist-is-helping-to-restore-traditional-peach-horticulture.htm | title=How a Navajo Scientist Is Helping to Restore Traditional Peach Horticulture}}
      |{{*}} {{cite thesis | last=Wytsalucy | first=Reagan C. | title=Explorations and Collaborations on Two Under-Recognized Native American Food Crops: Southwest Peach (''Prunus Persica'') and Navajo Spinach (''Cleome Serrulata'') | institution=[[Utah State University]] | type=master | doi=10.26076/593D-61C2 | s2cid=202844899 | pages=xii+183 | year=2019}}
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Support for the English-only movement began in 1907, under [[US President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and continues today as studies prove high percentage in approval ratings. Republican candidates have supported this movement during elections.

The English-only movement has received criticism and rejection within societies and educational systems. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as [[Freedom of expression|free speech]] and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services.

==Early efforts==
Disputes between citizens and immigrants over English have been waged since the 1750s, when street signs were changed in Pennsylvania to include both English and German languages to accommodate the many German immigrants.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Rich|first1=Alex|last2=Vance|first2=Noelle|chapter=English As A National Language: An Overview |title=Points of View: English As National Language|date=March 1, 2016}}</ref> The German-English debate continued until [[World War I]] when international hostility resulted in the rejection of all things German, including the prohibition of the German language and German-language materials, particularly books.<ref name=":0" />

In 1803, as a result of the [[Louisiana Purchase]], the United States acquired [[French language|French]]-speaking populations in [[Louisiana]]. As a condition to [[admittance to the Union]], Louisiana included in its constitution a provision, which was later repealed, that required all official documents be published in the language "in which the [[United States Constitution|Constitution of the United States]] is written". Today, Louisiana has no law stating that English is the official language of the State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://njlaw.rutgers.edu/cgi-bin/constitution.cgi?funct=1&state=LA&document=LA003&page=0012&zoom=120|title=Current Document for Louisiana, Constitution-1812|last=|first=|website=Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey|access-date=June 30, 2024}}</ref>

After the [[Mexican–American War]] (1846–1848), the United States acquired about 75,000 [[Spanish language|Spanish]] speakers in addition to several [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous language]]-speaking populations.

An 1847 law authorized Anglo-French instruction in public schools in Louisiana. In 1849, the [[California constitution]] recognized Spanish language rights. French language rights were abolished after the [[American Civil War]].<ref name="leginfo.legislature.ca.gov">{{Cite web |title=Codes: Codes Tree - * California Constitution - CONS |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codesTOCSelected.xhtml?tocCode=CONS |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}</ref> In 1868, the [[Indian Peace Commission]] recommended English-only schooling for the [[Native American in the United States|Native Americans]]. In 1878–79, the California constitution was rewritten to state that "[a]ll laws of the State of [[California]], and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than the English language."<ref name="leginfo.legislature.ca.gov"/>

In the late 1880s, [[Wisconsin]] and [[Illinois]] passed English-only instruction laws for both public and parochial schools.

In 1896, under the [[Republic of Hawaii]] government, English became the primary medium of public schooling for [[Hawaii]]an children. After the [[Spanish–American War]], English was declared "the official language of the school room" in [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Crawford|title=At War With Diversity: U.S. Language Policy in an Age of Anxiety|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuH5zFBsQxEC|year=2000|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-505-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vuH5zFBsQxEC&pg=PA17 17]}}</ref> In the same way, English was declared the official language in the [[Philippines]], after the [[Philippine–American War]].

In 1907, [[US President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] wrote, "We have room for but one language in this country, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, of American [[nationality]], and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding house."<ref>Roosevelt, Theodore, ''Works'' (Memorial ed., 1926), vol. XXIV, p. 554 (New York: Charles Scribner's 11 Sons).</ref>

During [[World War I]], there was a widespread campaign against the use of the [[German language]] in the US; this included removing books in the German language from libraries.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Martin|first=James J|author-link=James J. Martin (historian)|title=An American Adventure in Bookburning in the Style of 1918|publisher=Ralph Myles Publisher|year=1988}}</ref> (A related action took place in [[South Australia]] as well with the Nomenclature Act of 1917. The legislation renamed 69 towns, suburbs, or areas that had German names.)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leadbeater |first=Maureen M |title=German Place Names in South Australia |url=http://www.adelaideco-op.familyhistorysa.info/germanplacenames.htm |access-date=December 29, 2007 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 1923, a bill drafted by Congressman [[Washington J. McCormick]] became the first proposed legislation regarding the United States' national language that would have made "American" the national language in order to differentiate [[American English]] from [[British English]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Support==
[[U.S. English (organization)|U.S. English]] is an organization that advocates for Official English, founded in the 1980s by former United States Senator [[S. I. Hayakawa]] and [[John Tanton]].<ref name="Schudel 2019">{{cite news |last1=Schudel |first1=Matt |title=John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-tanton-architect-of-anti-immigration-and-english-only-efforts-dies-at-85/2019/07/21/2301f728-aa3f-11e9-86dd-d7f0e60391e9_story.html |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 21, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Portes 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Portes |first1=Alejandro |title=English-only triumphs, but the costs are high |journal=[[Contexts]] |date=Spring 2002 |pages=10-15 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10 |access-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> [[ProEnglish]] is another group founded by Tanton that advocates Official English.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piggott |first1=Stephen |title=Anti-immigrant hate group ProEnglish visits White House |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/01/26/anti-immigrant-hate-group-proenglish-visits-white-house |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |date=January 26, 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, a Rasmussen poll found that 81% of American adults thought that English should be the official language of the United States, while 12% did not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/april_2018/americans_strongly_favor_english_as_official_language|title = Americans Strongly Favor English as Official Language}}</ref>

In 2021, a Rasmussen poll found that 73% of Americans thought that English should be the official language, only 18% disagreed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/general_politics/april_2021/americans_still_support_english_as_official_language|title = Americans Still Support English as Official Language}}</ref>

==Modern==
In 1980, [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Dade County, Florida]] voters approved an "anti-bilingual ordinance".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.law.miami.edu/studentorg/interamerican_law_review/pdf/ialr_symposium_01302007.pdf |title=The Language Battle: Speaking the Truth |publisher=University of Miami Law School |work=Inter-American Law Review |date=February 9, 2007 |page=2 |access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220802/http://www.law.miami.edu/studentorg/interamerican_law_review/pdf/ialr_symposium_01302007.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, this was repealed by the county commission in 1993, after "racially orientated redistricting"<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Observer-Reporter|date=May 3, 1993|page=A8|title='English only' law may be repealed in Florida county|quote=The racially orientated redistricting of the Dade County commission may accomplish what a long campaign by Hispanics has failed to do – repeal the local "English only" law.}}</ref> led to a change in government.<ref>{{cite news|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=May 23, 1993|page=1D|title=The power of language}}</ref>

In 1981, English was declared the official language in the [[Commonwealth (U.S. state)|commonwealth]] of [[Virginia]].<ref>[http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/va.htm Official English Laws: Code of Virginia, Chapter 829], languagepolicy.net, accessed February 22, 2015/</ref>

In 1983, [[John Tanton]] and [[U.S. Senator]] [[S. I. Hayakawa]] founded a political lobbying organization, [[U.S. English (organization)|U.S. English]]. (Tanton was a former head of the [[Sierra Club]]'s population committee and of [[Population Connection|Zero Population Growth]], and founder of the [[Federation for American Immigration Reform]] (FAIR), an [[immigration reduction]]ist group.) In 1986, Tanton wrote a memo containing remarks about [[Hispanics]] claimed by critics to be derogatory, which appeared in the ''[[Arizona Republic]]'' newspaper, leading to the resignations from U.S. English board member [[Walter Cronkite]] and executive director [[Linda Chavez]]; Tanton would also sever his ties to the organization as a result. That same year, 1986, [[Larry Pratt]] founded English First, while Lou Zaeske, an engineer from [[Bryan, Texas|Bryan]], [[Texas]], established the American Ethnic Coalition. [[Mauro E. Mujica|Mauro Mujica]], a Chilean immigrant, was later named Chairman and CEO in 1993.

In 1994, John Tanton and other former U.S. English associates founded ProEnglish specifically to defend [[Arizona]]'s English-only law. ProEnglish rejects the term "English-only movement" and asks its supporters to refer to the movement instead as "Official English".<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.proenglish.org/notenglishonly.html|title= Official English Is Not "English Only"|publisher=proenglish.org
|access-date=February 17, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121110822/http://www.proenglish.org/notenglishonly.html |archive-date = January 21, 2008}}</ref>

The U.S. Senate voted on two separate changes to an immigration bill in May 2006.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00131
|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 4064)|publisher=US Senate|date=May 18, 2006|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00132
|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 4073 As Modified)|publisher=US Senate
|date=May 18, 2006|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref> The amended bill recognized English as a "common and unifying language" and gave contradictory instructions to government agencies on their obligations for non-English publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/immigration/englishvote.asp|title=Snopes on the English-only amendments|access-date=August 25, 2008}}</ref>

In what was essentially a replay of the 2006 actions, on June 6, 2007 the US Senate again voted on two separate amendments to a subsequent immigration reform bill that closely resembled the amendments to the 2006 Senate bill.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00198|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Inhofe Amdt. No. 1151)|publisher=US Senate|date=June 6, 2007|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00197|title=Roll call vote on the Amendment (Salazar Amdt. No. 1384)|publisher=US Senate|date=June 6, 2007|access-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref> Ultimately, neither the 2006 nor 2007 immigration reform bill has become law.

On January 22, 2009, voters in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]] rejected [[Nashville Charter Amendment 1 (2009)|a proposal]] under a referendum election to make "Nashville the largest city in the United States to prohibit the government from using languages other than English, with exceptions allowed for issues of health and safety." The initiative failed by a vote of 57% to 43%.<ref>[http://tennessean.com/article/20090123/NEWS0202/901230395 "English-only fails; lopsided vote ends heated campaign"]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[The Tennessean]]'', January 23, 2009. Retrieved on January 23, 2009.</ref>

In March 2012, Republican presidential candidate [[Rick Santorum]] was [[Puerto Rico Republican primary, 2012#Santorum remarks about use of English in Puerto Rico|criticized]] by some [[Puerto Rico Republican primary, 2012|Republican delegates from Puerto Rico]] when he publicly took the position that Puerto Rico, a Spanish-speaking territory, should be required to make English its primary language as a condition of statehood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/us/politics/santorum-addresses-firestorm-over-puerto-rico-remarks.html|title=For Santorum, Trying to Tamp Down a Firestorm Over Puerto Rico Remarks|work=New York Times|first1=Katherine Q.|last1=Seelye|first2=Ashley|last2=Parker, Jr.|date=March 15, 2012|access-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref>

In 2015 during a debate, then Republican presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] said, "This is a country where we speak English, not Spanish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/donald-trumps-english-only-campaign-228559|first=Shane|last=Goldmacher|date=September 23, 2016|title=Trump's English-only campaign|website=[[Politico]]|access-date=January 27, 2020}}</ref>

On February 6, 2019, the [[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]] introduced a bill in House establishing English as the official language of the United States. The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] named it the English Language Unity Act of 2019. Within this bill, there is a framework for implementation. They strive to enforce English as the only language by testing it during the [[naturalization]] process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Steve |date=2019-03-22 |title=Text - H.R.997 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): English Language Unity Act of 2019 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/997/text |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> This bill has yet to be passed.

In 2023 then U.S. senator and current U.S. Vice President [[JD Vance]] introduced a bill that would have established English as the official language of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabrina Eaton |first=cleveland com |date=2023-03-30 |title=U.S. Sen. JD Vance wants to declare English the U.S. official language |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2023/03/us-sen-jd-vance-wants-to-declare-english-the-us-official-language.html |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=cleveland |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The modern English-only movement has met with rejection from the [[Linguistic Society of America]], which passed a resolution in 1986–87 opposing "'English only' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance."<ref>{{Citation
 |url=http://www.lsadc.org/info/lsa-res-english.cfm
 |title=Resolution: English Only
 |first=Geoff
 |last=Nunberg
 |date=December 28, 1986
 |publisher=Linguistic Society of America
 |access-date=February 17, 2008
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421145728/http://www.lsadc.org/info/lsa-res-english.cfm
 |archive-date=April 21, 2008
 }}</ref>

Linguist [[Geoffrey Pullum]], in an essay entitled "Here come the linguistic fascists", charges [[English First (lobbying organization)|English First]] with "hatred and suspicion of aliens and immigrants" and points out that English is far from under threat in the United States, saying "making English the official language of the United States of America is about as urgently called for as making [[hot dog|hotdogs]] the official food at [[baseball]] games."<ref>{{Citation | last = Pullum | first = Geoffrey K. | author-link = Geoffrey Pullum | title = Here come the linguistic fascists. | journal = [[Natural Language and Linguistic Theory]] | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | year = 1987 | pages = 603–9 | doi = 10.1007/BF00138990 | s2cid = 171070339 | postscript = .}} Reprinted in {{Citation | title = The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language | year = 1991 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | isbn = 0-226-68534-9 | pages = 111–19 | author = Geoffrey K. Pullum.}}</ref> Rachele Lawton, applying [[critical discourse analysis]], argues that English-only's rhetoric suggests that the "real motivation is discrimination and disenfranchisement."<ref>{{Citation | last = Lawton | first = Rachele | title = Speak English or Go Home: The Anti-Immigrant Discourse of the American 'English Only' Movement | journal = Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | year = 2013 | pages = 100–122 | url = http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/journals/cadaad/volume-7-1/ }}</ref>

The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) has stated that English-only laws are inconsistent with both the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] right to communicate with or petition the government, as well as [[Freedom of expression|free speech]] and the right to equality, because they bar government employees from providing non-English language assistance and services.<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/immigrants/gen/11713pub20000908.html The Rights of Immigrants -ACLU Position Paper (9/8/2000). Retrieved on 2008-12-11]</ref> On August 11, 2000, President [[Bill Clinton]] signed [[Executive Order 13166]], "Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency." The Executive Order requires Federal agencies to examine the services they provide, identify any need for services to those with [[limited English proficiency]] (LEP), and develop and implement a system to provide those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access to them.<ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/Pubs/eolep.php Executive Order 13166. Retrieved on 2008-12-11] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105211509/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/Pubs/eolep.php |date=January 5, 2009 }}</ref>

While the judicial system has noted that state English-only laws are largely symbolic and non-prohibitive, supervisors and managers often interpret them to mean English is the mandatory language of daily life.<ref name="kari gibson">[http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Gibson.pdf Gibson, Kari. English only court cases involving the U.S workplace. University of Hawai'i. Retrieved on 2008-12-11]</ref> In one instance, an elementary school bus driver prohibited students from speaking Spanish on their way to school after [[Colorado]] passed its legislation.<ref name="kari gibson"/> In 2004 in [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]], a teacher claimed to be enforcing English immersion policies when she allegedly slapped students for speaking Spanish in class.<ref>Anne Ryman and Ofelia Madrid, ''Hispanics upset by teacher's discipline'', The Arizona Republic, January 17, 2004.</ref> In 2005 in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], a student was suspended for speaking Spanish in the school hallways. The written discipline referral explaining the decision of the school to suspend the student for one and a half days, noted: "This is not the first time we have [asked the student] and others to not speak Spanish at school."<ref>T.R. Reid, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/08/AR2005120802122.html Spanish At School Translates to Suspension], The Washington Post, December 9, 2005.</ref>

One study both of laws requiring English as the language of instruction and compulsory schooling laws during the Americanization period (1910–1930) found that the policies moderately increased the literacy of some foreign-born children but had no impact on immigrants' eventual labor market outcomes or measures of social integration. The authors concluded that the "very moderate impacts" of the laws were probably because foreign languages were declining naturally, without the help of English-only laws.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Did the Americanization Movement Succeed? An Evaluation of the Effect of English-Only and Compulsory Schooling Laws on Immigrants †|journal = American Economic Journal: Economic Policy|pages = 258–290|volume = 7|issue = 3|doi = 10.1257/pol.20120219|first1 = Adriana|last1 = Lleras-Muney|author-link=Adriana Lleras-Muney|first2 = Allison|last2 = Shertzer|year = 2015|doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Current law==
[[File:USA states english official language.svg|thumb|alt=Map of United States Official Language Status By State|Map of US official language status by state before 2016. Blue: English declared the official language; light-blue: English declared a co-official language; gray: no official language specified.
]]

{{Official languages of U.S. states and territories}}
The United States federal government has not specified an official language; however, all official documents in the U.S. are written in English, though some are also published in other languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/oc/spanish/|title=Spanish language website for the FDA|publisher= US Food and Drug Administration|access-date=July 5, 2008}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/designating-english-as-the-official-language-of-the-united-states/</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Languages}}
* [[Executive Order 14224]] (2025)
* [[Bilingual education]]
* [[Conservatism in the United States]]
* [[Council for the Development of French in Louisiana]]
* [[English language learning and teaching]]
* [[Languages in the United States]]
* [[List of countries where English is an official language]]
* [[Spanish in the United States]]
* "[[Speak White]]"
* [[English-medium education]]
* [[English Plus]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Lynch, William. "A Nation Established by Immigrants Sanctions Employers for Requiring English to be Spoken at Work: English-Only Work Rules and National Origin Discrimination," 16 ''Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review'' 65 (2006).
* Olson, Wendy. "The Shame of Spanish: Cultural Bias in English First Legislation," ''Chicano-Latino Law Review'' 11 (1991).

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19961222231304/http://www.us-english.org/ U.S. English (advocates for Official English)]
*[http://www.languagepolicy.net/excerpts/anatomy.html Anatomy of the English-Only Movement], by [[James Crawford (educator)|James Crawford]]
*[http://www.elladvocates.org/ Institute for Language and Education Policy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110816181205/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=lingo_jingo Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism], by [[Geoffrey Nunberg]]
*[http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/english.htm English-Only Movement: Its Consequences on the Education of Language Minority Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015017/http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/english.htm |date=November 27, 2020 }}
*[http://www.languagepolicy.net/archives/langleg.htm Language Legislation in the U.S.A.]
*[https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/aclu_statement_for_hearing_on_hr_997_english_language_unity_act_of_2011_final.pdf Statements and legal actions against English-only law] by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131020033949/http://www.scribd.com/doc/334176/English-as-the-Official-Language-of-the-United-States-Legal-Background-and-Analysis-of-Legislation-in-the-110th-Congress English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress]
*[http://www.linguisticsociety.org/files/lsa-stmt-language-rights.pdf Linguistic Society of American Statement on Language Rights]

[[Category:English-only movement| ]]
[[Category:English language| ]]
[[Category:Language legislation]]
[[Category:Linguistic controversies]]
[[Category:Politics of the United States by issue]]
[[Category:Conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Right-wing politics in the United States]]