Editing Equicontinuity

{{Short description|Relation among continuous functions}}
In [[mathematical analysis]], a family of functions is '''equicontinuous''' if all the functions are [[continuous function|continuous]] and they have equal [[Bounded variation|variation]] over a given [[neighbourhood (mathematics)|neighbourhood]], in a precise sense described herein. 
In particular, the concept applies to [[countable set|countable]] families, and thus ''sequences'' of functions.

Equicontinuity appears in the formulation of [[Ascoli's theorem]], which states that a subset of ''C''(''X''), the space of [[continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space]] ''X'', is compact if and only if it is closed, pointwise bounded and equicontinuous. 
As a corollary, a sequence in ''C''(''X'') is uniformly convergent if and only if it is equicontinuous and converges pointwise to a function (not necessarily continuous a-priori). 
In particular, the limit of an equicontinuous pointwise convergent sequence of continuous functions ''f<sub>n</sub>'' on either a metric space or a [[locally compact space]]<ref>More generally, on any [[compactly generated space]]; e.g., a [[first-countable space]].</ref> is continuous. If, in addition, ''f<sub>n</sub>'' are [[holomorphic]], then the limit is also holomorphic.

The uniform boundedness principle states that a pointwise bounded family of continuous linear operators between Banach spaces is equicontinuous.{{sfn|Rudin|1991|p=44 §2.5}}

== Equicontinuity between metric spaces ==

Let ''X'' and ''Y'' be two [[metric space]]s, and ''F'' a family of functions from ''X'' to ''Y''. We shall denote by ''d'' the respective metrics of these spaces.

The family&nbsp;''F'' is '''equicontinuous at a point''' ''x''<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''X'' if for every ε&nbsp;>&nbsp;0, there exists a&nbsp;δ&nbsp;>&nbsp;0 such that ''d''(''ƒ''(''x''<sub>0</sub>),&nbsp;''ƒ''(''x''))&nbsp;<&nbsp;ε for all&nbsp;''ƒ''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''F'' and all ''x'' such that ''d''(''x''<sub>0</sub>,&nbsp;''x'')&nbsp;<&nbsp;δ. 
The family is '''pointwise equicontinuous''' if it is equicontinuous at each point of ''X''.<ref name=RS29>{{harvtxt|Reed|Simon|1980}}, p. 29; {{harvtxt|Rudin|1987}}, p. 245</ref>

The family&nbsp;''F'' is '''uniformly equicontinuous''' if for every ε&nbsp;>&nbsp;0, there exists a&nbsp;δ&nbsp;>&nbsp;0 such that  ''d''(''ƒ''(''x''<sub>1</sub>),&nbsp;''ƒ''(''x''<sub>2</sub>))&nbsp;<&nbsp;ε for all ''ƒ''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''F'' and all ''x''<sub>1</sub>, ''x''<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''X'' such that ''d''(''x''<sub>1</sub>,&nbsp;''x''<sub>2</sub>)&nbsp;<&nbsp;δ.<ref>{{harvtxt|Reed|Simon|1980}}, p. 29</ref>

For comparison, the statement 'all functions ''ƒ'' in ''F'' are continuous' means that for every ε&nbsp;>&nbsp;0, every&nbsp;''ƒ''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''F'', and every ''x''<sub>0</sub>&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''X'', there exists a&nbsp;δ&nbsp;>&nbsp;0 such that ''d''(''ƒ''(''x''<sub>0</sub>),&nbsp;''ƒ''(''x''))&nbsp;<&nbsp;ε for all ''x''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''X'' such that ''d''(''x''<sub>0</sub>,&nbsp;''x'')&nbsp;<&nbsp;δ.

* For ''[[Continuous function|continuity]]'', δ&nbsp;may depend on&nbsp;ε, ''ƒ'', and ''x''<sub>0</sub>.
* For ''[[uniform continuity]]'', δ&nbsp;may depend on&nbsp;ε and&nbsp;''ƒ''.
* For ''pointwise equicontinuity'', δ&nbsp;may depend on&nbsp;ε and ''x''<sub>0</sub>.
* For ''uniform equicontinuity'', δ&nbsp;may depend only on&nbsp;ε.

More generally, when ''X'' is a topological space, a set ''F'' of functions from ''X'' to ''Y'' is said to be equicontinuous at ''x'' if for every ε&nbsp;>&nbsp;0,  ''x'' has a neighborhood ''U<sub>x</sub>'' such that
: <math>d_Y(f(y), f(x)) < \epsilon </math>
for all {{nowrap|''y'' ∈ ''U<sub>x</sub>''}} and ''ƒ''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''F''. This definition usually appears in the context of [[topological vector space]]s.

When ''X'' is compact, a set is uniformly equicontinuous if and only if it is equicontinuous at every point, for essentially the same reason as that uniform continuity and continuity coincide on compact spaces. 
Used on its own, the term "equicontinuity" may refer to either the pointwise or uniform notion, depending on the context.  On a compact space, these notions coincide.

Some basic properties follow immediately from the definition. Every finite set of continuous functions is equicontinuous.  The closure of an equicontinuous set is again equicontinuous. 
Every member of a uniformly equicontinuous set of functions is [[uniformly continuous]], and every finite set of uniformly continuous functions is uniformly equicontinuous.

=== Examples ===

*A set of functions with a common [[Lipschitz constant]] is (uniformly) equicontinuous. In particular, this is the case if the set consists of functions with derivatives bounded by the same constant.
*[[Uniform boundedness principle]] gives a sufficient condition for a set of continuous linear operators to be equicontinuous.
*A family of iterates of an [[analytic function]]  is  equicontinuous on the  [[Fatou set]].<ref>Alan F. Beardon, S. Axler, F.W. Gehring, K.A. Ribet : Iteration of Rational Functions: Complex Analytic Dynamical Systems. Springer, 2000; {{ISBN|0-387-95151-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-387-95151-5}}; page 49</ref><ref>Joseph H. Silverman : The arithmetic of dynamical systems. Springer, 2007. {{ISBN|0-387-69903-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-387-69903-5}}; page 22</ref>

=== Counterexamples ===

*The set of all Lipschitz-continous functions is not equicontinous, as the maximal Lipschitz-constant is unbounded.
*The sequence of functions f<sub>n</sub>(x) = arctan(nx), is not equicontinuous because the definition is violated at x<sub>0</sub>=0.

== Equicontinuity of maps valued in topological groups ==

Suppose that {{mvar|T}} is a topological space and {{mvar|Y}} is an additive [[topological group]] (i.e. a [[Group (algebra)|group]] endowed with a topology making its operations continuous). 
[[Topological vector space]]s are prominent examples of topological groups and every topological group has an associated canonical [[Uniform space|uniformity]].

:'''Definition''':{{sfn | Narici|Beckenstein | 2011 | pp=133-136}} A family {{mvar|H}} of maps from {{mvar|T}} into {{mvar|Y}} is said to be '''equicontinuous at''' {{math|''t'' ∈ ''T''}} if for every neighborhood {{mvar|V}} of {{mvar|0}} in {{mvar|Y}}, there exists some neighborhood {{mvar|U}} of {{mvar|t}} in {{mvar|T}} such that {{math|''h''(''U'') ⊆ ''h''(''t'') + ''V''}} for every {{math|''h'' ∈ ''H''}}. We say that {{mvar|H}} is '''equicontinuous''' if it is equicontinuous at every point of {{mvar|T}}.

Note that if {{mvar|H}} is equicontinuous at a point then every map in {{mvar|H}} is continuous at the point. 
Clearly, every finite set of continuous maps from {{mvar|T}} into {{mvar|Y}} is equicontinuous.

==Equicontinuous linear maps==
{{anchor|Equicontinuous linear operators}}

Because every [[topological vector space]] (TVS) is a topological group, the definition of an equicontinuous family of maps given for topological groups transfers to TVSs without change.

===Characterization of equicontinuous linear maps===

A family <math>H</math> of maps of the form <math>X \to Y</math> between two topological vector spaces is said to be {{em|equicontinuous at a point}} <math>x \in X</math> if for every neighborhood <math>V</math> of the origin in <math>Y</math> there exists some neighborhood <math>U</math> of the origin in <math>X</math> such that <math>h(x + U) \subseteq h(x) + V</math> for all <math>h \in H.</math> 

If <math>H</math> is a family of maps and <math>U</math> is a set then let <math>H(U) := \bigcup_{h \in H} h(U).</math> With notation, if <math>U</math> and <math>V</math> are sets then <math>h(U) \subseteq V</math> for all <math>h \in H</math> if and only if <math>H(U) \subseteq V.</math> 

Let <math>X</math> and <math>Y</math> be [[topological vector space]]s (TVSs) and <math>H</math> be a family of linear operators from <math>X</math> into <math>Y.</math> 
Then the following are equivalent: 
<ol>
<li><math>H</math> is equicontinuous;</li>
<li><math>H</math> is equicontinuous at every point of <math>X.</math> </li>
<li><math>H</math> is equicontinuous at some point of <math>X.</math> </li>
<li><math>H</math> is equicontinuous at the origin.
* that is, for every neighborhood <math>V</math> of the origin in <math>Y,</math> there exists a neighborhood <math>U</math> of the origin in <math>X</math> such that <math>H(U) \subseteq V</math> (or equivalently, <math>h(U) \subseteq V</math>for every <math>h \in H</math>).</li>{{sfn|Rudin|1991|p=44 Theorem 2.4}}
<li>for every neighborhood <math>V</math> of the origin in <math>Y,</math> <math>\bigcap_{h \in H} h^{-1}(V)</math> is a neighborhood of the origin in <math>X.</math> </li>
<li>the closure of <math>H</math> in <math>L_{\sigma}(X; Y)</math> is equicontinuous. 
* <math>L_{\sigma}(X; Y)</math> denotes <math>L(X; Y)</math>endowed with the topology of point-wise convergence.</li>
<li>the [[Balanced set|balanced hull]] of <math>H</math> is equicontinuous.</li>
</ol>

while if <math>Y</math> is [[locally convex]] then this list may be extended to include:
<ol start=8>
<li>the [[convex hull]] of <math>H</math> is equicontinuous.{{sfn|Narici|Beckenstein|2011|pp=225-273}}</li>
<li>the [[Absolutely convex set|convex balanced hull]] of <math>H</math> is equicontinuous.{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=335-345}}{{sfn|Narici|Beckenstein|2011|pp=225-273}}</li>
</ol>

while if <math>X</math> and <math>Y</math> are [[locally convex]] then this list may be extended to include: 
<ol start=10>
<li>for every continuous [[seminorm]] <math>q</math> on <math>Y,</math> there exists a continuous seminorm <math>p</math> on <math>X</math> such that <math>q \circ h \leq p</math> for all <math>h \in H.</math> {{sfn|Narici|Beckenstein|2011|pp=225-273}}
* Here, <math>q \circ h \leq p</math> means that <math>q(h(x)) \leq p(x)</math> for all <math>x \in X.</math></li>
</ol>

while if <math>X</math> is [[Barreled space|barreled]] and <math>Y</math> is locally convex then this list may be extended to include:
<ol start=11>
<li><math>H</math> is bounded in <math>L_{\sigma}(X; Y)</math>;{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=346-350}}</li>
<li><math>H</math> is bounded in <math>L_b(X; Y).</math> {{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=346-350}}
* <math>L_b(X; Y)</math> denotes <math>L(X; Y)</math>endowed with the topology of bounded convergence (that is, uniform convergence on bounded subsets of <math>X.</math></li>
</ol>

while if <math>X</math> and <math>Y</math> are [[Banach space]]s then this list may be extended to include: 
<ol start=13>
<li><math>\sup \{\|T\| : T \in H\} < \infty</math> (that is, <math>H</math> is uniformly bounded in the [[operator norm]]).</li>
</ol>

====Characterization of equicontinuous linear functionals====
{{anchor|Equicontinuous linear functionals}}

Let <math>X</math> be a [[topological vector space]] (TVS) over the field <math>\mathbb{F}</math> with [[continuous dual space]] <math>X^{\prime}.</math> 
A family <math>H</math> of linear functionals on <math>X</math> is said to be {{em|equicontinuous at a point}} <math>x \in X</math> if for every neighborhood <math>V</math> of the origin in <math>\mathbb{F}</math> there exists some neighborhood <math>U</math> of the origin in <math>X</math> such that <math>h(x + U) \subseteq h(x) + V</math> for all <math>h \in H.</math> 

For any subset <math>H \subseteq X^{\prime},</math> the following are equivalent:{{sfn|Narici|Beckenstein|2011|pp=225-273}} 
<ol>
<li><math>H</math> is equicontinuous.</li>
<li><math>H</math> is equicontinuous at the origin.</li>
<li><math>H</math> is equicontinuous at some point of <math>X.</math> </li>
<li><math>H</math> is contained in the [[Polar set|polar]] of some neighborhood of the origin in <math>X</math>{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=335-345}}</li>
<li>the [[Polar set|(pre)polar]] of <math>H</math> is a neighborhood of the origin in <math>X.</math> </li>
<li>the [[Weak-* topology|weak* closure]] of <math>H</math> in <math>X^{\prime}</math> is equicontinuous.</li>
<li>the [[Balanced set|balanced hull]] of <math>H</math> is equicontinuous.</li>
<li>the [[convex hull]] of <math>H</math> is equicontinuous.</li>
<li>the [[Absolutely convex set|convex balanced hull]] of <math>H</math> is equicontinuous.{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=335-345}}</li>
</ol>

while if <math>X</math> is [[Normed space|normed]] then this list may be extended to include:
<ol start=10>
<li><math>H</math> is a strongly bounded subset of <math>X^{\prime}.</math>{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=335-345}}</li>
</ol>

while if <math>X</math> is a [[barreled space]] then this list may be extended to include:
<ol start=11>
<li><math>H</math> is [[relatively compact]] in the [[weak* topology]] on <math>X^{\prime}.</math>{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=346-350}}</li>
<li><math>H</math> is [[weak* topology|weak* bounded]] (that is, <math>H</math> is <math>\sigma\left(X^{\prime}, X\right)-</math>bounded in <math>X^{\prime}</math>).{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=346-350}}</li>
<li><math>H</math> is bounded in the topology of bounded convergence (that is, <math>H</math> is <math>b\left(X^{\prime}, X\right)-</math>bounded in <math>X^{\prime}</math>).{{sfn|Trèves|2006|pp=346-350}}</li>
</ol>

===Properties of equicontinuous linear maps===

The [[uniform boundedness principle]] (also known as the Banach–Steinhaus theorem) states that a set <math>H</math> of linear maps between Banach spaces is equicontinuous if it is pointwise bounded; that is, <math>\sup_{h \in H} \|h(x)\| < \infty</math> for each <math>x \in X.</math> The result can be generalized to a case when <math>Y</math> is locally convex and <math>X</math> is a [[barreled space]].{{sfn|Schaefer|1966|loc= Theorem 4.2}}

====Properties of equicontinuous linear functionals====

[[Alaoglu's theorem]] implies that the weak-* closure of an equicontinuous subset of <math>X^{\prime}</math> is weak-* compact; thus that every equicontinuous subset is weak-* relatively compact.{{sfn|Schaefer|1966|loc= Corollary 4.3}}{{sfn|Narici|Beckenstein|2011|pp=225-273}}

If <math>X</math> is any locally convex TVS, then the family of all [[Barrelled space|barrel]]s in <math>X</math> and the family of all subsets of <math>X^{\prime}</math> that are convex, balanced, closed, and bounded in <math>X^{\prime}_{\sigma},</math> correspond to each other by polarity (with respect to <math>\left\langle X, X^{\#} \right\rangle</math>).{{sfn|Schaefer|Wolff|1999|pp=123–128}} 
It follows that a locally convex TVS <math>X</math> is barreled if and only if every bounded subset of <math>X^{\prime}_{\sigma}</math> is equicontinuous.{{sfn|Schaefer|Wolff|1999|pp=123–128}}

{{Math theorem|name=Theorem|math_statement=
Suppose that <math>X</math> is a [[Separable space|separable]] TVS. Then every closed equicontinuous subset of <math>X^{\prime}_{\sigma}</math> is a compact metrizable space (under the subspace topology). If in addition <math>X</math> is metrizable then <math>X^{\prime}_{\sigma}</math> is separable.{{sfn|Schaefer|Wolff|1999|pp=123–128}} 
}}

==Equicontinuity and uniform convergence==

Let ''X'' be a compact Hausdorff space, and equip ''C''(''X'') with the [[uniform norm]], thus making ''C''(''X'') a [[Banach space]], hence a metric space.  Then [[Arzelà–Ascoli theorem]] states that a subset of ''C''(''X'') is compact if and only if it is closed, uniformly bounded and equicontinuous. {{sfn|Rudin|1991|p=394 Appendix A5}}
This is analogous to the [[Heine–Borel theorem]], which states that subsets of '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup> are compact if and only if they are closed and bounded.{{sfn|Rudin|1991|p=18 Theorem 1.23}} 
As a corollary, every uniformly bounded equicontinuous sequence in ''C''(''X'') contains a subsequence that converges uniformly to a continuous function on ''X''.

In view of Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, a sequence in ''C''(''X'') converges uniformly if and only if it is equicontinuous and converges pointwise. The hypothesis of the statement can be weakened a bit: a sequence in ''C''(''X'') converges uniformly if it is equicontinuous and converges pointwise on a dense subset to some function on ''X''  (not assumed continuous).
{{Math proof|drop=hidden|proof=
Suppose ''f''<sub>''j''</sub> is an equicontinuous sequence of continuous functions on a dense subset ''D'' of ''X''. 
Let ''ε''&nbsp;>&nbsp;0 be given. By equicontinuity, for each {{nowrap|''z'' ∈ ''D''}}, there exists a neighborhood ''U''<sub>z</sub> of ''z'' such that
: <math>|f_j(x) - f_j(z)| < \epsilon / 3 </math>
for all ''j'' and {{nowrap|''x'' ∈ ''U<sub>z</sub>''}}. 
By denseness and compactness, we can find a finite subset {{nowrap|''D′'' ⊂ ''D''}} such that ''X'' is the union of ''U<sub>z</sub>'' over {{nowrap|''z'' ∈ ''D′''}}. Since ''f''<sub>''j''</sub> converges pointwise on {{nowrap|''D′''}}, there exists ''N'' > 0 such that
: <math>|f_j(z) - f_k(z)| < \epsilon / 3 </math>
whenever {{nowrap|''z'' ∈ ''D′''}} and ''j'', ''k'' > ''N''. It follows that
: <math>\sup_X |f_j - f_k| < \epsilon</math>
for all ''j'', ''k'' > ''N''. In fact, if {{nowrap|''x'' ∈ ''X''}}, then {{nowrap|''x'' ∈ ''U<sub>z</sub>''}} for some {{nowrap|''z'' ∈ ''D′''}} and so we get:
: <math>|f_j(x) - f_k(x)| \le |f_j(x) - f_j(z)| + |f_j(z) - f_k(z)| + |f_k(z) - f_k(x)| < \epsilon</math>.
Hence, ''f''<sub>''j''</sub> is Cauchy in ''C''(''X'') and thus converges by completeness.
}}

This weaker version is typically used to prove Arzelà–Ascoli theorem for separable compact spaces. Another consequence is that the limit of an equicontinuous pointwise convergent sequence of continuous functions on a metric space, or on a locally compact space, is continuous. (See below for an example.) 
In the above, the hypothesis of compactness of ''X''&thinsp; cannot be relaxed. 
To see that, consider a compactly supported continuous function ''g'' on '''R''' with ''g''(0)&nbsp;= 1, and consider the equicontinuous sequence of functions {{mset|''ƒ''<sub>''n''</sub>}} on '''R''' defined by ''ƒ''<sub>''n''</sub>(''x'')&nbsp;= {{nowrap|''g''(''x'' − ''n'')}}.  Then, ''ƒ''<sub>''n''</sub> converges pointwise to 0 but does not converge uniformly to 0.

This criterion for uniform convergence is often useful in real and complex analysis. Suppose we are given a sequence of continuous functions that converges pointwise on some open subset ''G'' of '''R'''<sup>''n''</sup>. As noted above, it actually converges uniformly on a compact subset of ''G'' if it is equicontinuous on the compact set. In practice, showing the equicontinuity is often not so difficult. For example, if the sequence consists of differentiable functions or functions with some regularity (e.g., the functions are solutions of a differential equation), then the [[mean value theorem]] or some other kinds of estimates can be used to show the sequence is equicontinuous. It then follows that the limit of the sequence is continuous on every compact subset of ''G''; thus, continuous on ''G''. A similar argument can be made when the functions are holomorphic. One can use, for instance, [[Cauchy's estimate]] to show the equicontinuity (on a compact subset) and conclude that the limit is holomorphic. Note that the equicontinuity is essential here. For example, ''ƒ''<sub>''n''</sub>(''x'')&nbsp;= {{nowrap|arctan ''n''&thinsp;''x''}} converges to a multiple of the discontinuous [[sign function]].

==Generalizations==

===Equicontinuity in topological spaces===

The most general scenario in which equicontinuity can be defined is for [[topological space]]s whereas ''uniform'' equicontinuity requires the [[Filter (set theory)|filter]] of neighbourhoods of one point to be somehow comparable with the filter of neighbourhood of another point.  The latter is most generally done via a [[uniform structure]], giving a [[uniform space]].  Appropriate definitions in these cases are as follows:

:A set ''A'' of functions continuous between two topological spaces ''X'' and ''Y'' is '''topologically equicontinuous at the points''' ''x'' ∈ ''X'' and ''y'' ∈ ''Y'' if for any open set ''O'' about ''y'', there are neighborhoods ''U'' of ''x'' and ''V'' of ''y'' such that for every ''f'' ∈ ''A'', if the intersection of ''f''[''U''] and ''V'' is nonempty,  ''f''[''U''] ⊆ ''O''. Then ''A'' is said to be '''topologically equicontinuous at''' ''x'' ∈ ''X'' if it is topologically equicontinuous at ''x'' and ''y'' for each ''y'' ∈ ''Y''. Finally, ''A'' is '''equicontinuous''' if it is equicontinuous at ''x'' for all points ''x'' ∈ ''X''.

:A set ''A'' of continuous functions between two uniform spaces ''X'' and ''Y'' is '''uniformly equicontinuous''' if for every element ''W'' of the uniformity on ''Y'',  the set
::{{mset| (''u,v'') ∈ ''X × X'': for all ''f'' ∈ ''A''. (''f''(''u''),''f''(''v'')) ∈ ''W'' }}
:is a  member of the uniformity on ''X''

;Introduction to uniform spaces
{{Main|Uniform space}}

We now briefly describe the basic idea underlying uniformities.

The uniformity {{mvar|𝒱}} is a non-empty collection of subsets of {{math|''Y'' &times; ''Y''}} where, among many other properties, every {{math|''V'' &isin; 𝒱}}, {{mvar|V}} contains the diagonal of {{mvar|Y}} (i.e. {{math|{{(}}(''y'', ''y'') &isin; ''Y''{{)}}}}). 
Every element of {{mvar|𝒱}} is called an '''entourage'''.

Uniformities generalize the idea (taken from [[metric spaces]]) of points that are "{{mvar|r}}-close" (for {{math|''r'' > 0}}), meaning that their distance is < {{mvar|r}}. 
To clarify this, suppose that {{math|(''Y'', ''d'')}} is a metric space (so the diagonal of {{mvar|Y}} is the set {{math|{{(}}(''y'', ''z'') &isin; ''Y'' &times; ''Y'' : ''d''(''y'', ''z'') {{=}} 0{{)}}}})
For any {{math|''r'' > 0}}, let 
:{{math|''U''{{sub|''r''}} {{=}} {{(}}(''y'', ''z'') &isin; ''Y'' &times; ''Y'' : ''d''(''y'', ''z'') < ''r''{{)}}}} 
denote the set of all pairs of points that are {{mvar|r}}-close. 
Note that if we were to "forget" that {{mvar|d}} existed then, for any {{math|''r'' > 0}}, we would still be able to determine whether or not two points of {{mvar|Y}} are {{mvar|r}}-close by using only the sets {{math|''U''{{sub|''r''}}}}. 
In this way, the sets {{math|''U''{{sub|''r''}}}} encapsulate all the information necessary to define things such as [[uniform continuity]] and [[uniform convergence]] with''out'' needing any metric. 
Axiomatizing the most basic properties of these sets leads to the definition of a [[uniform space|uniformity]]. 
Indeed, the sets {{math|''U''{{sub|''r''}}}} generate the uniformity that is canonically associated with the metric space {{math|(''Y'', ''d'')}}.

The benefit of this generalization is that we may now extend some important definitions that make sense for metric spaces (e.g. [[Complete metric space|completeness]]) to a broader category of topological spaces. 
In particular, to [[topological group]]s and [[topological vector space]]s.

;A weaker concept is that of even continuity:

:A set ''A'' of continuous functions between two topological spaces ''X'' and ''Y'' is said to be '''evenly continuous at''' ''x'' ∈ ''X'' and ''y'' ∈ ''Y'' if given any open set ''O'' containing ''y'' there are neighborhoods ''U'' of ''x'' and ''V'' of ''y'' such that ''f''[''U''] ⊆ ''O'' whenever ''f''(''x'') ∈ ''V''. It is '''evenly continuous at''' ''x'' if it is evenly continuous at ''x'' and ''y'' for every ''y'' ∈ ''Y'', and '''evenly continuous''' if it is evenly continuous at ''x'' for every ''x'' ∈ ''X''.

===Stochastic equicontinuity===
{{Main|Stochastic equicontinuity}}

Stochastic equicontinuity is a version of equicontinuity used in the context of sequences of functions of [[random variables]], and their [[convergence of random variables|convergence]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert M. |last=de Jong |chapter=Stochastic Equicontinuity for Mixing Processes |title=Asymptotic Theory of Expanding Parameter Space Methods and Data Dependence in Econometrics |location=Amsterdam |year=1993 |isbn=90-5170-227-2 |pages=53–72 }}</ref>

==See also==

* {{annotated link|Absolute continuity}}
* {{annotated link|Classification of discontinuities}}
* {{annotated link|Coarse function}}
* {{annotated link|Continuous function}}
* {{annotated link|Continuous function (set theory)}}
* {{annotated link|Continuous stochastic process}}
* {{annotated link|Dini continuity}}
* {{annotated link|Direction-preserving function}} - an analogue of a continuous function in discrete spaces.
* {{annotated link|Microcontinuity}}
* {{annotated link|Normal function}}
* {{annotated link|Piecewise}}
* {{annotated link|Symmetrically continuous function}}
* {{annotated link|Uniform continuity}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

* {{springer|title=Equicontinuity|id=p/e035990}}
* {{Citation | last1=Reed | first1=Michael | last2=Simon | first2=Barry | author2-link=Barry Simon | title=Functional Analysis | publisher=[[Academic Press]] | location=Boston, MA | edition=revised and enlarged | isbn=978-0-12-585050-6 | year=1980}}.
* {{Narici Beckenstein Topological Vector Spaces|edition=2}} <!-- {{sfn | Narici | 2011 | p=}} --> 

* {{Rudin Walter Functional Analysis|edition=2}} <!-- {{sfn|Rudin|1991|p=}} -->

* {{Citation | last1=Rudin | first1=Walter | author1-link=Walter Rudin | title=Real and Complex Analysis | publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] | location=New York | edition=3rd | year=1987}}.
* {{Citation
 | last = Schaefer
 | first = Helmut H. | authorlink = Helmut H. Schaefer
 | year = 1966
 | title = Topological vector spaces
 | series=
 | volume= 
 | publisher = The Macmillan Company
 | location = New York
 | isbn =
}}
* {{Schaefer Wolff Topological Vector Spaces|edition=2}} <!-- {{sfn | Schaefer|Wolff| 1999 | p=}} --> 
* {{Trèves François Topological vector spaces, distributions and kernels}} <!-- {{sfn | Treves | 2006 | p=}} -->

{{Metric spaces}}

[[Category:Mathematical analysis]]
[[Category:Theory of continuous functions]]