Editing Ermita

{{Short description|District of Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Ermita
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = District of [[Manila]]
<!-- images and maps -->| image_skyline      = Manila Ermita District skyline (Manila; 12-23-2023).jpg
| image_caption      = The skyline of Ermita with the [[National Museum of Natural History (Manila)|National Museum of Natural History]] in the foreground
| image_map          = Ph fil manila ermita.png
| map_caption        = Location within [[City of Manila]]
| image_map1         = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=13}}  
<!-- location ------------------>| subdivision_type   = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Philippines]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]]
| subdivision_type2  = City
| subdivision_name2  = [[Manila]]
| subdivision_type3  = District
| subdivision_name3  = Part of the [[Manila's 5th congressional district|5th district of Manila]]
| subdivision_type4  = [[Barangay]]s
| subdivision_name4  = [[#Barangays|13]]
| area_total_km2     = 1.59
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| population_total   = 19189
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
| population_note    = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census20">{{cite web|url=http://rssoncr.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/SR%202020-CPH_MNL_0.pdf|title=2020 Census of Population and Housing Results|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|date=August 16, 2021|accessdate=April 7, 2023}}</ref>
| timezone1          = [[Philippine Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1        = +08:00
| postal_code_type   = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP code]]
| postal_code        = 1000 (Manila CPO)
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in the Philippines|Area codes]]
| area_code          = 02
}}

'''Ermita''' is a district in central [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]. It is a significant center of finance, education, culture, and commerce. Ermita serves as the [[civic center]] of Manila, bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the area's employment, business, and entertainment activities.

Private and government offices, museums, and universities thrive in Ermita. It is also home to several tourist attractions and landmarks, including [[Rizal Park]].

Ermita and its neighboring district [[Malate, Manila|Malate]] were originally posh neighborhoods for Manila's [[High society (social class)|high society]] during the early 20th century, where large, grandiose mansions once stood. Ermita and its surroundings were heavily bombed and flattened during the [[Second World War]] after it became a battleground during the [[Manila massacre]]. After the war, Ermita and its twin district, Malate, had undergone commercialization, shifting from a sprawling upscale suburb to a commercial district.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2009}}

[[File:Luneta, 1899.jpg|300px|thumb|Luneta Promenade in the late 1890s]]

===Kingdom of Luzon===
The town of Ermita was originally called ''Lagyo'' in Tagalog. It was close to Manila.

===Spanish rule (1570–1898)===

During Spanish rule, the town was recorded by Miguel de Loarca in 1582:

{{quote|''On the coast near Manila are '''Laguo''', [[Malate, Manila|Malahat]], [[Don Galo|Longalo]], [[Parañaque|Palañac]], [[Bacoor|Vakol]], [[Kawit|Minacaya]], and [[Cavite City|Cavite]]. All these settlements are in the neighborhood of Cavite, and belong to his Majesty, to whom they pay tribute.''|author=Miguel de Loarca|source=Relacion de Yslas Filipinas (1582)<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16501/16501-h/16501-h.htm#d0e420 |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803 |date=1906 |publisher=Arthur H. Clark Company |editor-last=Blair |editor-first=Emma Helen |volume=5: 1582–1583 |page=83 |editor-last2=Robertson |editor-first2=James Alexander}}</ref>}}

Lagyo was re-christened in the 17th century as ''La Hermita'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "the [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitage]]") after the fact that a Mexican hermit resided in the area and on this site was built a hermitage housing an image of the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] known as the [[Our Lady of Guidance|''Nuestra Señora de Guia'' (Our Lady of Guidance)]]. The hermit-priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon, who was a hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.530346/2015.530346.jesuits-in_djvu.txt "Jesuits In The Philippines (1581–1768)" Page 132] "In 1591 there arrived in Manila a secular priest named Juan Fernandez de Leon. He had led a hermit's life in Mexico and planned to continue it in the Philippines. For this purpose he built himself a retreat near a wayside shrine just outside the city walls which was dedicated to Our Lady of Guidance, Nuestra Sehora de Guia. His hermitage later gave its name to the entire district,  which is called Ermita to this day."</ref> 

The hermitage has since evolved into [[Ermita Church]], rebuilt several times since the early 17th century.<ref>By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February – 3 March 1945, p. 85-86</ref> During the Spanish evacuation of Ternate in present-day Indonesia, the 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent who had ruled over the Christianized [[Sultanate of Ternate]] and included their sultan who converted, were relocated to [[Ternate, Cavite]], and Ermita, Manila.<ref>Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3)</ref>

By the 19th century, although still considered as an "''arrabal''{{Hair space}}", which refers to a ''rural area'', urban expansion had slowly reached the northern portion of the district mainly due to the development of the ''Luneta'', also called ''Bagumbayan'', as a promenade at the coast of Manila Bay. The district also saw the construction of the [[Manila Observatory]] by Father Federico Faura during the early 1890s. It was once located on a [[Padre Faura Street|street]] now named after Fr. Faura himself. Ermita then developed a creole language based on Spanish called [[Chavacano#Ermiteño|Ermiteño]], which eventually became extinct after the devastation of the [[Second World War]]. However, it still has a [[Chavacano#Caviteño/Ternateño 2|surviving cousin language]] spoken in nearby [[Cavite]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===American and Commonwealth era (1900–1944)===
[[File:Manila Burnham Plan.jpg|240px|thumb|left|Burnham Plan of Manila, 1905]]
Ermita gained renewed prominence during the [[History of the Philippines (1898-1946)|American]] and [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth era]]. As part of [[Daniel Burnham]]'s plans for Manila, influenced by the [[City Beautiful movement]] during the early 1900s, Ermita, alongside [[Intramuros]]' surrounding areas, had undergone a drastic redevelopment from being the ''outskirts'' to urban districts. In 1901, with the chartering of Manila,<ref>{{cite act|index=183|title=An act to incorporate the City of Manila |url=https://lawyerly.ph/laws/view/l8b5e |date=July 31, 1901|access-date=June 6, 2022}}</ref> Ermita would be absorbed by the city of Manila when its area was expanded outside the walled [[Intramuros]].

Burnham envisioned the district, especially in the northern portion, to be the center of the Philippine government, redeveloping Luneta into a grand park patterned after that of the [[National Mall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Government buildings housing the legislative, executive and judicial branches were planned to be located in the area. A proposed Philippine capitol was also planned to be built at the eastern tip of Luneta Park but never materialized.<ref>{{cite web |title=(5) The Plan: Manila |url=https://burnhampi.wordpress.com/2010/06/06/the-plan-manila/ |website=Burnham in the Philippines}}</ref>
[[File:AL-135 Highfill Album Image (15340671201).jpg|260px|thumb|Aerial view of Ermita District facing Manila Bay]]
It also became known as the university district, containing the campuses and dormitories of the [[Philippine Normal University]],<ref>pnu.edu.ph</ref> the [[University of the Philippines]], the [[Ateneo de Manila University|Ateneo de Manila]], the [[Adamson University]], the [[Assumption College San Lorenzo|Assumption College]] and [[St. Paul University (Philippines)|St. Paul College]]. The residential portion of Ermita was populated by American residents, who set up such establishments as the Army and Navy Club and the University Club.<ref>By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February – 3 March 1945, p. 89</ref>

Aside from its universities and leisure clubs, Ermita district, as well as its adjacent district, Malate, which both happened to be facing Manila Bay, were once home to Manila's high society and were filled with large, gilded mansions. Manila's wealthiest families used to live in the twin suburbs.

One notable structure built was the [[Insular Ice Plant]], designed by consulting architect Edgar K. Bourne, who was also the head of the Bureau of Architecture in 1902 (under the [[Philippine Commission]]).

===Second World War (1942–1945)===
In February 1945, during the [[Battle of Manila (1945)|1945 Battle of Manila]], Ermita was the scene of some of the most horrific massacres that occurred during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The wife and four children of future [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Elpidio Quirino]] were murdered in Ermita, as was [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court Associate Justice]] [[Anacleto Diaz]]. Between 68% and 85% of Ermita was destroyed during the Battle of Manila, with an estimated total of 100,000 Filipino civilians killed within the city.<ref>By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February – 3 March 1945, p. 405</ref>

===Post-war era (1946–present)===
After the war, the district slowly transformed from a residential area into a commercial area as the upper classes moved to other cities such as Quezon City and Makati.

Ermita was rebuilt after the devastation of the war. University life remained vibrant therein. However, as decades passed, Ermita started earning a reputation as the [[red-light district]] of Manila.<ref>Leo van der Velden, Tussen Prostituee en Maitresse, de Hospitality Girls van Ermita, Manila, 1982, ASC-VAZZOA Universiteit van Amsterdam https://hdl.handle.net/11653/book93585 </ref> During the first term of Mayor [[Alfredo Lim]], 1992–1998, efforts were made to "clean up" Ermita's image and reputation. However, a local city ordinance prohibiting the establishment of motels, lodging houses, and other similar establishments was later declared [[unconstitutional]] by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080224140650/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2005/apr2005/118127.htm G.R. No. 118127.  April 12, 2005] (archived from [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2005/apr2005/118127.htm the original] on 2008-02-24)</ref> Nightlife in the area dwindled, though it later picked up with the help of the emergence of the nearby [[Malate, Manila|Malate]] district and the [[Roxas Boulevard]] revitalization efforts along [[Manila Bay]].

==Accessibility==
[[File:0012jfLiwasang Bonifacio Landmarks Metropolitan Theater Manilafvf.jpg|thumb|Lawton Park N Ride]]
The district can be directly accessed by the main roads such as [[Roxas Boulevard]], [[Padre Burgos Street]], [[Taft Avenue]] and [[United Nations Avenue]]. Lawton Park N Ride, the city's main public transport hub, is located in the district along Padre Burgos Street, as well as the Manila Multimodal Terminal near the [[Pasig River]].

The [[Manila Light Rail Transit System]] (LRT-1) follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations in Ermita, namely [[Central Terminal (LRT)|Central Terminal station]], [[United Nations station (LRT)|United Nations station]] and [[Pedro Gil station]].

[[Pasig River Ferry Service]] has a ferry station in the district named Lawton.

==Facilities==
[[File:Santa Cruz Quiapo, Manila 12.jpg|thumb|[[Manila Metropolitan Theater]] along [[Padre Burgos Street]]]]
[[File:WTMP Team RMD A32.JPG|thumb|[[Kalaw Avenue]] south of [[Rizal Park]]]]

===Culture, Heritage, History and Recreation===
[[Rizal Park]], a prominent feature of Ermita, is one of the largest urban public parks in the country and the location of the monument to the national hero [[José Rizal]]. It was the original site for Burnham's planned government center and the capitol building. Other sites of interest in Ermita include:
*[[National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)|National Museum of Fine Arts]] 
*[[National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)|National Museum of Anthropology]]
*[[National Museum of Natural History (Manila)|National Museum of Natural History]]
*[[National Library of the Philippines]]
*[[National Archives of the Philippines]]
*[[Museo Pambata]]
*[[Quirino Grandstand]]
*[[Manila Ocean Park]]
*[[Liwasang Bonifacio]]
*[[Arroceros Forest Park]]
*[[Bonifacio Shrine]]
*[[Mehan Garden]]
*[[Manila Metropolitan Theater|Metropolitan Theater]]
*[[Manila Hotel]]
*The Masonic Temple of Ermita
*[[Philippine Independent Church]]
* [[San Vicente de Paul Church (Manila)|San Vicente de Paul Church]]
*[[Ermita Church]]

=== Institutions ===
*Insurance Commission
*[[Manila Doctors Hospital]]
*Medical Center Manila
*[[Department of Justice (Philippines)]]
*[[National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)|National Bureau of Investigation]] 
*[[Philippine General Hospital]], the country's largest hospital
*[[Supreme Court of the Philippines]]
*[[Court of Appeals of the Philippines]]
*[[World Health Organization]] Western Pacific Region Headquarters
*[[Embassy of the United States, Manila|Embassy of the United States]]

===Education===
[[File:Universidad de Manila, February 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Universidad de Manila]], a local university funded by the Manila local government]]
A number of educational institutions are also found in Ermita, including:
*[[University of the Philippines Manila]]
*[[Adamson University]]
*[[Emilio Aguinaldo College]]
*[[Santa Isabel College Manila]]
*[[Philippine Normal University-Manila|Philippine Normal University]]
*[[Technological University of the Philippines]]
*[[Universidad de Manila]] (formerly the City College of Manila)
*[[Manila Science High School]]
* Araullo High School

==Barangays==
Ermita comprises 13 [[barangay]]s numbered 659, 659-A, 660, 660-A, 661, 663, 663-A, 664, 666, 667, 668, 669, and 670.

Barangays 659 to 664 are part of Zone 71 of the City of Manila, while barangays 666 to 670 are part of Zone 72.
{| class="wikitable"
!Barangay
!Land area (km<sup>2</sup>)
!Population (2020 census)
|-
! colspan=3 | Zone 71
|-
|Barangay 659
|0.1403&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|361
|-
|Barangay 659-A
|0.3553&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|2,607
|-
|Barangay 660
|0.05628&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|332
|-
|Barangay 660-A
|0.1159&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|2,457
|-
|Barangay 661
|0.1222&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|441
|-
|Barangay 663
|0.05173&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|604
|-
|Barangay 663-A
|0.07525&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|403
|-
|Barangay 664
|0.1429&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|456
|-
! colspan=3 | Zone 72
|-
|Barangay 666
|0.6910&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|810
|-
|Barangay 667
|0.1991&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|2,371
|-
|Barangay 668
|0.1559&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|2,645
|-
|Barangay 669
|0.2455&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|2,928
|-
|Barangay 670
|0.1419&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
|2,774
|}

==Notable people==
* [[Luis Campos|Abbyluis Campos]], congressman of [[Makati]] and son-in-law of [[Jejomar Binay]]
* [[José W. Diokno]], Filipino nationalist, statesman, accountant, activist, journalist, and lawyer
* [[León María Guerrero (botanist)|León María Guerrero]], Filipino congressman and botanist
* [[León María Guerrero (diplomat)|León Ma. Guerrero III]], Filipino translator of [[Noli Me Tangere]] into English, grandson of Leon Maria Guerrero Sr., and diplomat
* [[Monique Lagdameo]], vice-mayor of Makati
* [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]], [[President of the Philippines]] (2001-2010)
* [[Raul Manglapus]], Filipino nationalist senator

== In popular culture ==

* Ermita was referenced in pop/rock band [[Eraserheads]]'s song ''[[Ang Huling El Bimbo]]'' from their 1995 studio album ''[[Cutterpillow]]''.

==References==
{{Commons category|Ermita, Manila}}
{{Wikivoyage|Manila/Ermita|Ermita}}
*{{cite book |last= Aluit|first= Alfonso|title= By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II 3 February – 3 March 1945|year= 1994|publisher= National Commission for Culture and the Arts|location= Philippines  |isbn= 971-8521-10-0|pages= 85–89|chapter= The Christian City}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Manila}}
{{Metro Manila populated places}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|14.583|N|120.983|E|type:city_region:PH_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Ermita| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Manila]]