Editing Espadrille

{{short description|Casual shoe with a rope sole}}
{{redirect|Alpargatas|the manufacturing companies|Alpargatas Argentina|and|Alpargatas S.A.}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox clothing type
| name          = 
| image_file    = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| image1 = Alpargatas oliva.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Alpargatas (Espadrilles) 01.jpg
| caption2 = Two examples of the most traditional espadrilles of Spain, in standard cloth and herringbone
| direction = vertical
}}
| caption       =
| type          = [[Rope-soled shoe]]
| material      = [[Canvas]] or [[cotton]] fabric upper and [[esparto]] rope sole
| location      = Spain and France
| introduced    = 1322
}}

'''Espadrilles''' ({{langx|es|alpargatas}} or {{lang|es|esparteñas}}; {{langx|pt|alpercatas}}; {{langx|ca|espardenyes}}; {{langx|eu|espartinak}}; {{langx|fr|espadrilles}})<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LqmCv5b5MhcC&dq=espardenya+spain&pg=PA385 Josep Escrig I Martínez, ''Diccionario Valenciano-Castellano'', Imprenta de J. Ferrer de Orga (Valencia, 1851), p. 385]</ref> are casual, [[rope-soled shoe|rope-soled]], flat but sometimes [[high-heeled footwear|high-heeled]] [[shoes]]. They usually have a [[canvas]] or [[cotton]] [[Textile|fabric]] upper and a flexible [[Sole (shoe)|sole]] made of [[esparto]] rope. The esparto rope sole is the defining characteristic of an espadrille; the [[upper (shoe)|uppers]] vary widely in style.

Espadrilles are a typical form of Spanish summer footwear, with strong historical ties to the regions of [[Catalonia]], [[Aragon]], and the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]. The word derives from the [[Catalan language|Catalan]] {{lang|ca|espardenya}} and refers to [[Esparto|esparto grass]], a plant indigenous to the south of [[Spain]] that is used to make ropes and basketry.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RDE3DgAAQBAJ&dq=espardenya+spain&pg=PT40 Barrie Kerper, ''Barcelona from A to Z'', Vintage (Mar., 2017)]</ref> Although they are still widely manufactured in Spain, some production has moved to [[Bangladesh]], the world's largest [[jute]] producer.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LKTACQAAQBAJ&dq=espadrilles+Spain+bangladesh&pg=PA108 Margo DeMello, ''Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia'', Greenwood Press (2009), p. 108]</ref>

Originally [[peasant]] footwear,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gpvLCgAAQBAJ&dq=espadrille+peasant&pg=PA86 Sanjay Kathuria et al., ''Toward New Sources of Competitiveness in Bangladesh: Key Insights of the Diagnostic Trade Integration Study'', World Bank Publications (oct., 2015), p. 86]</ref><ref>[https://robbreport.com/style/fashion/spanish-menswear-2938461/ Chris Cotonou, "Spanish Menswear Brands Deserve Your Attention—and Your Closet Space" in ''RobbReport'', July 27, 2020]</ref> they were popularised throughout the 20th century by many cultural figures including [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]], [[Salvador Dalí]] and later [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]].<ref>[https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/news/a57038/espadrilles-history-revolution-basque-stylish/ Emily Lever, "The Revolutionary History of Espadrilles" in ''Esquire'' (17 August 2017)]</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Mare de Déu de la Salut 15.jpg|thumb|150px|Traditional Valencian espadrille of llaurador dancer at [[La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival]] celebrated in [[Algemesí]]]]
The existence of this kind of shoe in Europe is documented since at least 1322, when it was described for the first time with its current [[Catalan language|Catalan]] name. [[File:Alpargatas 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Typical clothing worn with espadrilles in the [[Andes]]]]
The term ''espadrille'' is French and derives from the word in the [[Occitan language]], which comes from ''espardenya'' in [[Catalan language|Catalan]]. Both ''espardenya'' and ''esparteña'' refer to a type of shoes made with [[esparto]], a tough, wiry Mediterranean grass used in making rope.<ref name="espadrille history">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-espadrilles.htm|title=What are Espadrilles?|work=wiseGEEK|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> Its name in the Basque region is ''espartina''.<ref>[http://www.soule-xiberoa.fr/eu/herri-alkargoa/herri-alkargoaren-egitasmueak/industriecommercesartisanat/mauleko-espartina-ateleria.html ''Espartina'' in the official website of the community of Soule municipalities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707083122/http://www.soule-xiberoa.fr/eu/herri-alkargoa/herri-alkargoaren-egitasmueak/industriecommercesartisanat/mauleko-espartina-ateleria.html |date=2014-07-07 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Voluntario catalán, de Ortego.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Lithography]] of a Catalan Volunteer wearing traditional espadrilles during the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)|War of Africa]], 1859]]
Espadrilles have been made in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], [[Catalan Countries|Catalonia]] and roughly all over [[Spain]] as well as the [[Occitania]] region of France. They were the usual peasant footwear since the 14th century at least, and are still being produced as from old. The oldest, most primitive form of espadrilles dates as far back as 9,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The earliest basketry in southern Europe: Hunter-gatherer and farmer plant-based technology in Cueva de los Murciélagos |journal=Science Advances |date=29 September 2023 |volume=9 |issue=39 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adi3055 |last1=Martínez-Sevilla |first1=Francisco |last2=Herrero-Otal |first2=Maria |last3=Martín-Seijo |first3=María |last4=Santana |first4=Jonathan |last5=Lozano Rodríguez |first5=José A. |last6=Maicas Ramos |first6=Ruth |last7=Cubas |first7=Miriam |last8=Homs |first8=Anna |last9=Martínez Sánchez |first9=Rafael M. |last10=Bertin |first10=Ingrid |last11=Barroso Bermejo |first11=Rosa |last12=Bueno Ramírez |first12=Primitiva |last13=De Balbín Behrmann |first13=Rodrigo |last14=Palomo Pérez |first14=Antoni |last15=Álvarez-Valero |first15=Antonio M. |last16=Peña-Chocarro |first16=Leonor |last17=Murillo-Barroso |first17=Mercedes |last18=Fernández-Domínguez |first18=Eva |last19=Altamirano García |first19=Manuel |last20=Pardo Martínez |first20=Rubén |last21=Iriarte Cela |first21=Mercedes |last22=Carrasco Rus |first22=Javier L. |last23=Alfaro Giner |first23=Carmen |last24=Piqué Huerta |first24=Raquel |pages=eadi3055 |pmid=37756397 |pmc=10530072 |bibcode=2023SciA....9I3055M }}</ref> Traditional espadrilles have a [[canvas]] upper with the toe and vamp cut in one piece and seamed to the rope sole at the sides. Often they have laces at the throat that are wrapped around the ankle to hold the shoes securely in place. Traditional espadrilles are worn by both men and women.

=== Use in Argentina and Uruguay ===
Both in Argentina and Uruguay, espadrilles (known as alpargatas) were adopted by rural workers as a substitute for the "[[bota de potro]]", part of the traditional gaucho attire, made with leather from the lower leg of the horse. Unlike other clothing, the espadrille became an essential garment for both sexes but, above all, the inseparable companion of the ''bombachas'' ([[Knickerbockers (clothing)|knickerbockers]]). In the first half of the 20th century, the use of espadrilles was so common among the lower classes of the population that the company called ''[[Alpargatas Argentina|Fábrica Argentina de Alpargatas]]'' took great importance, which used to be promoted with the artistic [[almanac]]s illustrated by [[Florencio Molina Campos]]. In 1943 and 1944, the student movement opposed to Perón began to use the slogan: "No a la dictadura de las alpargatas" ("No to espadrilles' dictatorship") which was in turn responded by the [[Peronism|peronists]]: "alpargatas sí, libros, no" ("espadrilles, yes, books, no").<ref>López, Alfredo (1975) ''Historia del movimiento social y la clase obrera argentina'', p. 410 (spanish).</ref>

==Modern espadrilles==
Once [[peasant]] [[footwear]], then urban workers' footwear, espadrilles have grown in popularity, especially in the French Atlantic coast of the Basque Country and Spanish Mediterranean coast from Granada to Girona, where many men and women wear them during the spring and summer months. Designer espadrilles are now widely available. They are usually manufactured in Spain, France, and South Asia. Modern espadrilles are predominantly for women, though some men's shoes are made in this style.

The soles of espadrilles may be flat, platform, or wedge shaped made of [[natural fiber]].  Uppers may be made from nearly any substance and may have open or closed toes, open or closed backs, and can be slip-on or tied to the ankle with laces.  Thousands of varieties of espadrilles can be found, from inexpensive bargain brands to high priced designer brands.

Espadrilles became fashionable in the United States in the 1940s. [[Lauren Bacall]]'s character in the 1948 movie ''[[Key Largo (film)|Key Largo]]'' wore ankle-laced espadrilles.
[[File:Picture hight hills espadrille shoes.jpg|thumb|177x177px|A pair of espadrilles]]
Wedge-shaped espadrilles were first popularized by French fashion designer [[Yves Saint Laurent (designer)|Yves Saint Laurent]]. At a trade fair in Paris in 1970, he came into contact with the Spanish espadrille manufacturer [[Castañer]]. Yves Saint Laurent had been looking in vain for months for someone to make him a wedge espadrille. Castañer managed to interpret Yves Saint Laurent's vision and the wedge espadrilles were an instant hit, influencing fashion even today.

The espadrille style was revived in the United States in the 1980s, due to the success of ''[[Miami Vice]]''—the shoe was worn by the character Sonny Crockett (played by [[Don Johnson]]).  In 2013 at luxury shoe stores in New York City, a pair of espadrilles could cost nearly $500.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/fashion/shoe-battles-going-toe-to-toe-in-stilettos.html|title=Shoe Battles: Going Toe-to-Toe in Stilettos|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>

==Jute sole espadrilles==
Due to cost and material availability, the soles of espadrilles are now commonly made with jute rope or braid. The natural bright white color of jute is a major design feature of modern espadrilles.

[[Bangladesh]] is the producer of high quality jute and has become a manufacturing center for premium quality jute soles and complete espadrilles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jute.cotheeka.com/espadrilles/|title=Espadrille|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> Ninety percent of the world's total production of complete espadrilles, as well as jute soles, is now manufactured in Bangladesh, although some manufacturers in [[Spain]], [[France]], and [[Italy]] import jute soles from Bangladesh to finish espadrilles in those countries. Complete espadrilles are also assembled in [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Paraguay]] and [[Venezuela]] with imported jute from Bangladesh.

Jute soles typically include fully or partially [[Vulcanization|vulcanized]] (hardened) rubber beneath the jute soles for long-lasting espadrille shoes. Sometimes [[crepe rubber]] soles are used as [[Outsoles|out-soles]], although they are less durable than their vulcanized counterparts. Jute braid soles might include heels made of wood or [[EVA foam]].

==Manufacture==
[[File:Fabrication de la semelle d'espadrille.ogv|thumb|Assembling of a jute sole]]
The manufacture of espadrilles is generally more complex than that of sandals. The jute soles are the most critical part.  The jute twines are first machine-braided. These braids are then manually formed into the shape of the sole and  [[hydraulically]] pressed with heat to form the final shape and completed with vertical stitching with Espadrille Needles.<ref>Dritz ES50063</ref> These basic soles are then [[vulcanized]] underneath.  EVA foam or wooden [[heel]]s are glued in place and more jute braids are wrapped around it to complete the soles. Uppers of different styles are then built on the jute soles to complete the espadrille.<!-- https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/r2QAAOSwfi9ZuA8l/s-l1600.png DR185 Photographie Photo Vintage Snapshot Chapeau Hat Espadrille Femme Woman https://www.ebay.com/itm/332377289558 Type: Tirage argentique noir et blanc d'époque. Couleur: Noir et blanc. Année: Circa 1935. Format (cm): Environ 6x9 cm. --><!-- https://www.ebay.com/itm/322583394001 Men Espadrille Shipping from China -->

==See also==
* [[List of shoe styles]]
* [[Bast shoes]], similar footwear in Balto-Slavic cultures of identical etymological derivation (from fibre used in their manufacture)
* [[Waraji]], Japanese version

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Espadrilles}}

{{Footwear}}

[[Category:Shoes]]
[[Category:Sandals]]
[[Category:Folk footwear]]
[[Category:Jute]]
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[[Category:Spanish clothing]]
[[Category:French clothing]]
[[Category:Culture of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Ropework]]