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{{Multiple issues| {{Expand Spanish|topic=geo|Base Esperanza|date=June 2019}} {{POV|date=February 2020}} }} {{Infobox settlement | name = Esperanza Base | native_name = Base Esperanza | native_name_lang = es | settlement_type = All year Antarctic base with civilian presence | image_skyline = Hope Bay-2016-Trinity Peninsula–Esperanza Station 03.jpg | image_alt = View of Esperanza Base, January 2016 | image_caption = View of Esperanza Base, January 2016 | imagesize = 300 | image_blank_emblem = Base Esperanza.png | blank_emblem_type = Emblem | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = Official Esperanza Base emblem | nickname = | motto = {{langx|es|Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio}}<br/> ("Permanence, an act of sacrifice") | pushpin_map = Antarctica | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Esperanza Base in Antarctica | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Esperanza Base in [[Antarctica]] | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|63.3983333|S|56.9961111|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = {{plainlist| *[[Graham Land]] *[[Antarctic Peninsula]]}} | subdivision_type2 = Location | subdivision_name2 = {{plainlist| *[[Hope Bay, Antarctica|Hope Bay]] *[[Trinity Peninsula]]}} | subdivision_type3 = Administered by | subdivision_name3 = [[Argentine Antarctic Institute]] (under the supervision of the [[Argentine National Antarctic Directorate]]) | established_title = Established | established_date = {{start date|1953|12|17}} | named_for = {{langx|es|Base Esperanza}}<br /> ("Hope Base") | area_urban_footnotes = {{efn|Indoors area}} | area_magnitude = | area_urban_ha = 0.3744 | elevation_m = 25 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue"/> | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = metric | population_as_of = 2017 | population_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue">{{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=[[Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs]] |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |page=13 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_total = | population_blank1_title = Summer | population_blank1 = 116 | population_blank2_title = Winter | population_blank2 = 56 | blank_name_sec1 = Type | blank_info_sec1 = All-year round | blank1_name_sec1 = Period | blank1_info_sec1 = Annual | blank2_name_sec1 = Status | blank2_info_sec1 = Operational | blank_name_sec2 = Activities | blank_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list |bullets=on |Limnology |Glaciology |Seismology |Oceanography |Geology}} | code1_name = [[UN/LOCODE]] | code1_info = AQ ESP | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Esperanza Base''' ({{langx|es|Base Esperanza}}, 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[research station]] in [[Hope Bay, Antarctica|Hope Bay]], [[Trinity Peninsula]] (in [[Graham Land]] on the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]). It is the only civilian settlement on the Antarctic mainland (the [[Chile]]an [[Villa Las Estrellas]] is on the [[South Shetland Islands]]). The base's motto is ''Permanencia, un acto de sacrificio'' ('Permanence, an act of sacrifice'). ==Description== [[File:Esperanza Station anta0060.jpg|thumb|left|Esperanza Base seen from Hope Bay]] Built in 1953,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encuentro.gov.ar/sitios/encuentro/programas/ver?rec_id=121323 |title=Gral. Jorge Leal: un expedicionario en la Antártida |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027184054/http://www.encuentro.gov.ar/sitios/encuentro/programas/ver?rec_id=121323 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=20 April 2019 |work=Canal Encuentro |language=es |publisher=[[President of Argentina|Presidencia de la Nación]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/ESPERANZA/B_esp_hist.htm |title=official site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606010200/http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/ESPERANZA/B_esp_hist.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |language=es |access-date=20 April 2019 |work=[[Ejército Argentino]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marambio.aq/esperanza.htm |title=Base Antártica Esperanza |work=marambio.aq |access-date=20 April 2019 |language=es}}</ref> the base houses 56 inhabitants in winter, including 10 families and 2 school teachers. Provincial school #38 ''Presidente [[Raúl Alfonsín|Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín]]'' (formerly named ''[[Julio Argentino Roca]]'') was founded in 1978 and acquired independent status in 1997. It maintains the [[Scouting in the Antarctic|furthest South Scout troop]]. The base has an Argentine civil register office where births and weddings are recorded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/RegistroCivil.html |title=Registro civil "Base Esperanza" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117124815/http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/RegistroCivil.html |archive-date=January 17, 2010 |access-date=20 April 2019 |language=es |work=[[Ejército Argentino]]}}</ref> The base has tourist facilities that are visited by about 1,100 tourists each year. The LRA 36 ''Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel'' [[radio]] station started transmitting in 1979 and currently broadcasts on 15476 kHz shortwave and 96.7 MHz FM. It is one of the southernmost radio stations in the world and its range signal includes audio identification in multiple languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marambio.aq/audio/larosadetokiolra36.html |title=Identificaciones varias de LRA36 a través del tiempo |editor=Fundación Marambio |language=es}}</ref> The host of "Panorama Nacional" Marcelo Ayala told at the beginning of 2024 about his life experience and broadcast by LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionacional.com.ar/la-experiencia-de-hacer-radio-desde-la-antartida-argentina/ |title=La experiencia de hacer radio desde la Antártida Argentina|date=17 January 2024|accessdate=16 February 2024 |editor=radionacional.com.ar|language=es}}</ref> A [[wind generator]] was installed in 2008, mounted by [[INVAP]].<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWOcJM0th6U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/nWOcJM0th6U| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title=IVS-4500 en Base Esperanza, Antártida Argentina - "Hielos míticos" (Daniel Bazan, 2008). |date=25 May 2010 |access-date=20 April 2019 |author=INVAP |author-link=INVAP |medium=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The 43 buildings of the station have a combined space of {{convert|3744|m2|sqft}} covered;<ref>[[Google Earth]] satellite images</ref> {{convert|18000|L|USgal}} of fuel are used annually by the four generators to produce electricity for the station. Research projects include: [[glaciology]], [[seismology]], [[oceanography]], [[coastal ecology]], [[biology]], [[geology]], and [[limnology]]. In the [[Hope Bay incident]] in 1952, this area was also the scene of the only shots fired in anger in Antarctica, when an Argentine shore party fired a machine gun over the heads of a [[British Antarctic Survey|Falkland Islands Dependencies]] Survey team unloading supplies from the ''John Biscoe'' to rebuild its damaged base. Following the Argentine show of force, the British team returned to the [[Falkland Islands]]. Shortly afterwards, Argentina issued a diplomatic apology, saying there had been a misunderstanding and the military commander on the ground had exceeded his authority. Despite this initial outward show of deference, the party was later welcomed back to Argentina with a hero's welcome. In the meantime, the ''John Biscoe'' had returned from the Falklands with a military escort and completed rebuilding the British base.<ref name="Beck, 2014">{{cite book |last1=Beck |first1=Peter J. |title=The International Politics of Antarctica |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=Google Books |isbn=9781317700968 |pages=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlLXAwAAQBAJ&q=%22hope+bay+incident%22&pg=PA35 |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> The [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty of 1959]] now treats the continent as a laboratory open to all, and provides that "no acts or activities ... shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty."<ref>{{cite news |title=1948 (sic) BRITISH-ARGENTINE CLASHES IN ANTARCTIC ENDED PEACEFULLY |url=https://nyti.ms/29yLCOi |work=New York Times |date=24 May 1982 |access-date=7 February 2020 |location=Section A |page=8|last1=Sullivan |first1=Walter }}</ref> ==People== {{main|List of people born at Esperanza Base}} The base was the birthplace of [[Emilio Palma]], the first person to be born in Antarctica. There have been at least ten other children born at the base.<ref>[http://www.marambio.aq/appaa/GACETILLA2014.pdf 60 años de Base Esperanza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121431/http://www.marambio.aq/appaa/GACETILLA2014.pdf |date=2018-06-14 }} - Fundación Marambio</ref><ref>[http://www.marambio.aq/anecdotas/espirituguemesiano.html El primer antártico es argentino] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206214603/http://www.marambio.aq/anecdotas/espirituguemesiano.html |date=December 6, 2014 }} - Fundación Marambio</ref> ==Climate== Like the rest of the Antarctic Peninsula, the base has a polar climate characterized by strong winds that descend downwards from the [[Antarctic ice sheet]].<ref name = SMNclima>{{cite web |url= http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=elclima&id=67 |language = es |title= Base Esperanza |publisher= Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |access-date= 4 March 2017}}</ref> These winds can exceed {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}}, leading to [[blowing snow]] and reduced visibility.<ref name=SMNclima/> The climate is classified as a polar [[tundra]] (ET) climate in the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen system]].<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2007 |title= Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification |journal= Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume= 11 |issue=5 |pages = 1633–1644 |doi= 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url= http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn= 1027-5606|doi-access= free }}</ref> Mean monthly temperatures range from {{convert|-10.8|C|F|1}} in July, the coldest month, to {{convert|1.5|C|F|1}} in January, the warmest month.<ref name=SMNclima/> During summer (December–February), the average high is between {{convert|3.8|and|4.3|C|F|1}} while the average low is between {{convert|-2.0|and|-1.2|C|F|1}}.<ref name=SMNclima/> In winter, mean temperatures are around {{convert|-10.2|C|F|1}}.<ref name=SMNclima/> A temperature of {{convert|17.5|C}} was recorded on 24 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists |title= Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings |last= Mccarthy |first= Tom |work= [[The Guardian]] |date= 31 March 2015 |access-date= 8 July 2015}}</ref> This reading was the highest temperature ever recorded on mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands, until on 6 February 2020, a new high of {{convert|18.3|C}} was recorded at the base, being the current record and considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be the highest temperature ever recorded for mainland Antarctica and its surrounding islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/new-record-antarctic-continent-reported |title=New record for Antarctic continent reported |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=WMOantarctica>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-verifies-one-temperature-record-antarctic-continent-and-rejects-another |title=WMO verifies one temperature record for Antarctic continent and rejects another |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|-38.4|C|F}} on 18 July 1994.<ref name=meteoclimat/> The temperature trend since 1948 is +0.0315 °C/yr (+0.0567 °F/yr) (annual), +0.0413 °C/yr (+0.0743 °F/yr) (winter) and +0.0300 °C/yr (+0.0540 °F/yr) (summer). {{Weather box |location = Esperanza (1991–2020, extremes 1945–present) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |temperature colour = |Jan record high C = 14.9 |Feb record high C = 18.3 |Mar record high C = 17.5 |Apr record high C = 17.1 |May record high C = 17.2 |Jun record high C = 13.3 |Jul record high C = 14.0 |Aug record high C = 13.0 |Sep record high C = 11.4 |Oct record high C = 17.0 |Nov record high C = 14.3 |Dec record high C = 14.6 |year record high C = 18.3 |Jan high C = 4.3 |Feb high C = 3.9 |Mar high C = 1.4 |Apr high C = -1.7 |May high C = -3.2 |Jun high C = -6.2 |Jul high C = -6.4 |Aug high C = -5.1 |Sep high C = -2.6 |Oct high C = -0.2 |Nov high C = 2.3 |Dec high C = 3.8 |year high C = -0.8 |Jan mean C = 1.5 |Feb mean C = 0.9 |Mar mean C = -2.0 |Apr mean C = -5.5 |May mean C = -7.4 |Jun mean C = -10.4 |Jul mean C = -10.8 |Aug mean C = -9.5 |Sep mean C = -6.9 |Oct mean C = -4.1 |Nov mean C = -0.9 |Dec mean C = 0.8 |year mean C = -4.5 |Jan low C = -1.2 |Feb low C = -2.0 |Mar low C = -5.2 |Apr low C = -8.9 |May low C = -11.2 |Jun low C = -14.1 |Jul low C = -15.0 |Aug low C = -13.7 |Sep low C = -10.9 |Oct low C = -7.8 |Nov low C = -3.9 |Dec low C = -1.8 |year low C = -8.0 |Jan record low C = -8.5 |Feb record low C = -13.2 |Mar record low C = -20.9 |Apr record low C = -26.0 |May record low C = -29.6 |Jun record low C = -30.0 |Jul record low C = -38.4 |Aug record low C = -32.0 |Sep record low C = -32.6 |Oct record low C = -23.2 |Nov record low C = -18.0 |Dec record low C = -9.7 |year record low C = -38.4 |Jan precipitation mm = 56.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 65.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 75.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 59.1 |May precipitation mm = 54.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 47.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 54.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 72.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 62.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 56.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 65.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 59.0 |year precipitation mm = 726.4 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation days = 14 |Feb precipitation days = 14 |Mar precipitation days = 17 |Apr precipitation days = 17 |May precipitation days = 14 |Jun precipitation days = 11 |Jul precipitation days = 13 |Aug precipitation days = 15 |Sep precipitation days = 15 |Oct precipitation days = 15 |Nov precipitation days = 16 |Dec precipitation days = 16 |year precipitation days = |Jan snow days = 13.6 |Feb snow days = 12.1 |Mar snow days = 14.8 |Apr snow days = 16.0 |May snow days = 15.4 |Jun snow days = 14.8 |Jul snow days = 15.2 |Aug snow days = 15.4 |Sep snow days = 15.1 |Oct snow days = 16.6 |Nov snow days = 15.5 |Dec snow days = 14.1 |year snow days = 178.6 |Jan humidity = 82 |Feb humidity = 80 |Mar humidity = 80 |Apr humidity = 80 |May humidity = 80 |Jun humidity = 79 |Jul humidity = 80 |Aug humidity = 80 |Sep humidity = 79 |Oct humidity = 80 |Nov humidity = 81 |Dec humidity = 80 |year humidity = 80 |Jan sun = 167.4 |Feb sun = 130.0 |Mar sun = 93.0 |Apr sun = 63.0 |May sun = 27.9 |Jun sun = 6.0 |Jul sun = 18.6 |Aug sun = 52.7 |Sep sun = 87.0 |Oct sun = 130.2 |Nov sun = 159.0 |Dec sun = 186.0 |year sun = |Jand sun = 5.4 |Febd sun = 4.6 |Mard sun = 3.0 |Aprd sun = 2.1 |Mayd sun = 0.9 |Jund sun = 0.2 |Juld sun = 0.6 |Augd sun = 1.7 |Sepd sun = 2.9 |Octd sun = 4.2 |Novd sun = 5.3 |Decd sun = 6.0 |yeard sun = 3.1 |source 1 = [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)|Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]] (temperature/snowy days/sun 1991–2020, precipitation 1961–1990),<ref name = SMNclimatenormals>{{cite web | url = https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas_normales_9120.zip | title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020 | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | language = es | access-date = 16 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=SMNestadisticas>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y | archive-date = 8 July 2023 | url = http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506 | title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020 | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | language = es | access-date = 8 July 2023 | year = 2023 | last1 = Nacional | first1 = Servicio Meteorológico }}</ref><ref name = SMN> {{cite web | url = http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=turismo&id=7&provincia=Ant%E1rtida&ciudad=B.%20Esperanza | language = es | title = B. Esperanza Statistical Data (1961-1990) | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | access-date = January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name = SMN2> {{cite web | url = http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=elclima&id=5&var=antartida | title = Valores Medios de Temperatura y Precipitación-Antártida: Base Esperanza | publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | language = es | access-date = January 23, 2016}}</ref> NOAA (precipitation 1961–1990)<ref name= NOAA> {{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/ANTARCTC/AA/88963.TXT | server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | title = Base Esperanza Climate Normals 1961–1990 | access-date = January 23, 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=38 | title = Station Base Esperanza | publisher = Meteo Climat | language = fr | access-date = June 6, 2016}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1982–1995)<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_889630_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Esperanza (Argentinien) / Antarkt. Halbinsel / Antarktis | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = January 23, 2016}}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} ==Historic site== {{Infobox lighthouse| qid = Q5549753}} {{Css Image Crop|Image = Hope Bay-2016-Trinity Peninsula–Esperanza Station 05.jpg|bSize = 700|cWidth = 340|cHeight = 160|oTop = 150|oLeft = 150|Location = left|Description = Cemetery at Esperanza Station}} A group of items or structures of historic significance at, or close to, the base have been designated a [[Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica|Historic Site or Monument]] (HSM 40), following a proposal by Argentina to the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting]]. These comprise a [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] of [[José de San Martín|General San Martin]], a [[grotto]] with a statue of the [[Our Lady of Luján|Virgin of Lujan]], a [[flagpole]] erected in 1955, and a [[cemetery]] with a [[stele]] commemorating Argentine expedition members who died in the area.<ref name=atcm>{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/ATCM35/WW/atcm35_ww003_e.pdf|title= List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)|access-date=2013-12-31 |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2012}}</ref> == General Martín Güemes Refuge == '''Refuge General Martín Güemes''' is the name given to two shelters in Antarctica. The first one is covered by ice, the second one is active. The refuge is Administered by the [[Argentine Army]] and depends on '''Esperanza Base''', which is responsible for maintenance and care. The two refuges are located on the [[Tabarin Peninsula]] on the eastern tip of the [[Trinity Peninsula]] on the Antarctic Peninsula {{convert|14|km}} south of Esperanza. The refuges pay homage to [[Martín Miguel de Güemes]], a military man who served an outstanding role in the Argentine war of independence. === General Martín Güemes I Refuge === The first refuge {{coord|63.483333|S|57|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} was located on the north east coast of the [[Duse Bay]] of the Trinity Peninsula and opened on October 23, 1953. {{ill|Jorge Edgar Leal|es}}, at that time head of the newly created Esperanza Base, participated in its construction, being one of the first refuges installed by the Army and the second in the continental Antarctica. The refuge was destroyed by the ice in 1960. === General Martín Güemes II Refuge === The second refuge {{coord|63.503911|S|57.123603|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} is active and is located in the Tabarin Peninsula and was inaugurated on September 15, 1959. It has capacity for six people, food for a month, fuel, gas and a first aid kit.<ref>[[:es:Refugio General Martín Güemes]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2019}} ==See also== * [[Argentine Antarctica]] * [[Hope Bay incident]] * [[List of lighthouses in Antarctica]] * [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]] * [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Further reading== *''Antarctica''. Sydney: Reader's Digest, 1985, p. 156-157. *Child, Jack. ''Antarctica and South American Geopolitics: Frozen Lebensraum''. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988, p. 73. *Lonely Planet, ''Antarctica: a Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit'', Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications, 1996, 302-304. *Stewart, Andrew, ''Antarctica: An Encyclopedia''. London: McFarland and Co., 1990 (2 volumes), p. 469. *U.S. National Science Foundation, ''Geographic Names of the Antarctic'', Fred G. Alberts, ed. Washington: NSF, 1980. ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Esperanza Station}} *[https://archive.today/20070704090855/http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/StationsByName/ARespeg Council Of Managers Of National Antarctic Programs: Base Esperanza] *[http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/icd/gjma/esperanza.temps.html Temperatures] *{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091228180928/http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/antartico/ESPERANZA/B_Esp_superior2.htm Argentine Army's site about the base] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303004340/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM Official website Direccion Nacional del Antartico] *{{in lang|es}} [http://www.marambio.aq/baseesperanza.html Fundaciòn Marambio Esperanza Base page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424075823/http://www.comnap.aq/facilities COMNAP Antarctic Facilities] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220115654/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf/view COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map] * {{official website|https://cancilleria.gob.ar/es/iniciativas/dna/antartida-argentina/bases/esperanza}} {{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|Engineering|Argentina}} {{ArgentineAntarctica}} {{Antarctic research stations}} {{Antarctic fields camp}} {{Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica}} {{Antarctica}} {{Authority control | additional=Q5549753}} [[Category:Argentine Antarctica]] [[Category:Outposts of Graham Land]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1953]] [[Category:Trinity Peninsula]] [[Category:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica]] [[Category:Cemeteries in Antarctica]] [[Category:Lighthouses in Antarctica]] [[Category:1953 establishments in Antarctica]]
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Template:Weather box
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Template:Webarchive
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