Editing Eth

{{short description|Letter of the Latin alphabet; used in Icelandic, Faroese, and Old English}}
{{Redirect|Edh|other uses|Eth (disambiguation)|and|Edh (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect2|Ð|ð|the similar looking letter|D with stroke|the sound that is represented by ⟨ð⟩ in the IPA|Voiced dental fricative}}
{{Redirect|-D|the keyboard symbol|Emoticon}}
{{Technical reasons|:-D|the keyboard symbol|Emoticon}}
{{Infobox grapheme
|name=Ð
|letter=Ð ð
|image=File:Latin letter eth.svg
|imageclass=skin-invert-image
|imagesize=200px
|imagealt=Writing cursive forms of Ð
|script=[[Latin script]]
|type=[[Alphabet]]
|typedesc=ic and [[Logogram|logographic]]
|language=[[Old English]]<br>[[Old Norse]]
|phonemes=[{{IPA link|ð}}]<br>[{{IPA link| θ}}]<br>[{{IPA link|ð̠}}]<br>{{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|ð}}
|unicode=U+00D0, U+00F0
|alphanumber=
|number=
|fam1=<hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero><hiero>O31</hiero>
|fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticD-02.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Dalet]]
|fam3=[[File:PhoenicianD-01.png|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Early Phoenician Dalet]]
|fam4=[[Image:Phoenician daleth.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Dalet]]
|fam5=[[Delta (letter)|Δ δ]]
|fam6=[[𐌃]]
|fam7=[[D|D d]]
|fam8=[[Insular script|Ꝺ ꝺ]]
|usageperiod=~800 to present
|sisters=None
|equivalents=d
|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#Ð|th, dh]]
|direction=Left-to-Right
}}
{{Orthography notation}}
[[File:Latin letter Ð.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|alt=Lower case and upper case of Eth ({{angbr|Ð}}, {{angbr|ð}} expressed by a sans serif single-stroke-width font and a serif variable-stroke-width font|Eth in [[Arial]] and [[Times New Roman]]]]
 
'''Eth''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|ð|}} {{respell|edh}}, [[uppercase]]: ⟨'''Ð'''⟩, [[lowercase]]: ⟨'''ð'''⟩; also spelled '''edh''' or '''eð'''), known as '''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}''' in [[Old English]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Marsden |title=The Cambridge Old English Reader |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |page=xxix }}</ref> is a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] used in Old English, [[Middle English]], [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]], [[Faroese language#Alphabet|Faroese]] (in which it is called {{lang|fo|edd}}), and [[Elfdalian]].

It was also used in [[Scandinavia]] during the [[Middle Ages]], but was subsequently replaced with {{angbr|[[dh (digraph)|dh]]}}, and later {{angbr|[[d]]}}.

It is often [[transliteration|transliterated]] as {{angbr|d}}.

The lowercase version has been adopted to represent a [[voiced dental fricative]] ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPAblink|ð}}) in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].

==Faroese==
In [[Faroese language|Faroese]], {{angbr|ð}} is not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons, but it indicates most  [[semivowel|glides]]. When {{angbr|ð}} appears before {{angbr|r}}, it is in a few words pronounced {{IPA|[ɡ]}}. In the [[Faroese alphabet]],  {{angbr|ð}} follows {{angbr|d}}.

==Khmer==
{{angbr|Ð}}  is sometimes used in [[Khmer language|Khmer]] romanization to represent {{lang|km|ឍ}} ''{{Transliteration|km|thô}}''.

==Icelandic==
[[File:Icelandic handwriting.JPG|thumb|alt=Photo of black handwritten text on a seemingly yellow paper with the top and bottom blurry and vertical middle clear|A sample of Icelandic handwriting with some instances of lowercase ''ð'' clearly visible: in the words ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:borðum|Borðum]]}}'', ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:við|við]]}}'' and ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:niður|niður]]}}''. Also visible is a [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] in the word ''{{lang|is|[[wikt:því|því]]}}''.]]

In [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], {{angbr|ð}}, called "eð", represents an [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] non-[[sibilant]] [[fricative]], voiced {{IPAblink|ð̠}} intervocalically and word-finally, and voiceless {{IPAblink|θ̠}} otherwise, which form one phoneme, {{IPA|/θ/}}. Generally, {{IPA|/θ/}} is represented by  [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] {{angbr|Þ}} at the beginning of words and by {{angbr|ð}} elsewhere. The {{angbr|ð}} in the name of the letter is devoiced in the nominative and accusative cases: {{IPA|[ɛθ̠]}}. In the [[Icelandic alphabet]], {{angbr|ð}} follows {{angbr|d}}.

==Norwegian==
In [[Olav Jakobsen Høyem]]'s version of {{lang|nn|[[Nynorsk]]}} based on {{lang|nn|[[Trøndersk]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} was always silent, and was introduced for etymological reasons.

==Old English==
In Old English, {{angbr|ð}} (called ''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}'') was used interchangeably with {{angbr|[[thorn (letter)|þ]]}} to represent the Old English [[dental consonant|dental]] [[fricative]] [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|θ}} or its [[allophone]] {{IPAblink|ð}}, which exist in modern [[English phonology|English]] as the [[voiceless dental fricative|voiceless]] and [[voiced dental fricative|voiced]] dental fricatives both now spelled {{angbr|[[th (digraph)|th]]}}.

Unlike the [[runic]] letter {{angbr|[[þ]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} is a modified [[Roman cursive|Roman]] letter. Neither {{angbr|ð}} nor {{angbr|þ}} was found in the earliest records of [[Old English]]. A study of [[Mercia]]n [[Anglo-Saxon charters|royal diplomas]] found that {{angbr|ð}} began to emerge in the early 8th century, with {{angbr|ð}} becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Shaw |title=Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters |journal=[[Early Medieval Europe (journal)|Early Medieval Europe]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1111/emed.12012 |s2cid=163075636 }}</ref> Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from [[Insular script|Irish writing]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeborn |first=Dennis |title=From Old English to Standard English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP16STG5NRUC |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |page=24 |isbn=9780776604695 }}</ref>

Under the reign of [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred the Great]], {{angbr|þ}} grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake {{angbr|ð}}, and did so completely by the [[Middle English]] period. {{angbr|þ}} in turn went obsolete by the [[Early Modern English]] period, mostly due to the rise of the [[printing press]],<ref name=Hill>{{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |isbn=9780367581565 |chapter=Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text |first=Will |last=Hill |date=30 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |page=6 |quote=The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood ‘ye’ occurs through a habit of printer’s usage that originates in Caxton’s time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169) |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710022857/https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was replaced by the digraph {{angbr|th}}.

==Welsh==
{{angbr|Ð}} has also been used by some in written [[Welsh language|Welsh]] to represent {{IPA|/ð/}}, which is normally represented as {{angbr|dd}}.<ref>{{citation |url=http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/dwew2/hcwl/t/webconc/t100.htm |title=Testament Newydd (1567) |trans-title=The 1567 New Testament |access-date=2011-01-30 |archive-date=2012-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129065239/http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/dwew2/hcwl/t/webconc/t100.htm |url-status=dead }}.</ref>

==Phonetic transcription==
* {{IPA|/ð/}} (U+00F0) represents a [[voiced dental fricative]] in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]].
* {{IPA|/ᶞ/}} (U+1D9E) is used in phonetic transcription.<ref name="L204132">{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf |title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19 |first=Peter |last=Constable}}</ref>
* ᴆ (U+1D06) is used in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf |title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS |date=2002-03-20 |first1=Michael |last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==Computer encoding <span class="anchor" id="Computer input"></span> ==
{{see also|Unicode input|Alt codes}}

Upper and lower case forms of eth have [[Unicode]] encodings:
* {{unichar |00D0|LATIN CAPITAL LETTER eth|html=}}
* {{unichar |00F0|LATIN SMALL LETTER eth|html=}}

These Unicode [[codepoint]]s were inherited from [[ISO/IEC 8859-1]] ("ISO Latin-1") encoding.
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==Modern uses==
*A capital eth is used as the [[currency symbol]] for [[Dogecoin]], a cryptocurrency.

==See also==
* {{Annotated link |African D}}
* [[D]]
* {{Annotated link |D with stroke}}
* {{Annotated link |Insular script}}
* [[T]]
* {{Annotated link |Thorn (letter)|Thorn}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{SOWL}}
* {{citation |last=Pétursson |first=Magnus |year=1971 |title=Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie |trans-title=Study of the realisation of Icelandic consonants þ, ð, s, in the pronunciation of an Icelandic subject from radiocinematography |journal=Phonetica |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=203–216 |doi=10.1159/000259344 |s2cid=145316121 }}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Wiktionary}}
* {{citation |url=http://66.147.242.192/~operinan/2/2.11/index.htm |contribution=Thorn and eth: how to get them right |title=Operinan |publisher=Briem |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726172725/http://66.147.242.192/~operinan/2/2.11/index.htm |archive-date=2019-07-26 |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |url=http://www.alvdalen.se/alvdalska/alvdalsk_ortografi.pdf |title=Förslag till en enhetlig stavning för älvdalska |date=February 2007 |language=sv |contribution=Älvdalsk ortografi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206111237/http://www.alvdalen.se/alvdalska/alvdalsk_ortografi.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2007 }}.

{{Latin alphabet|d
}}
{{History of English}}

[[Category:Faroese language]]
[[Category:Gaulish language]]
[[Category:Icelandic language]]
[[Category:Middle English]]
[[Category:Old English]]
[[Category:Old Norse|D]]
[[Category:Palaeographic letters|D stroke]]
[[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols|D stroke]]
[[Category:Latin-script letters|D]]
[[Category:English th]]