Editing Exessive case

{{Short description|Grammatical case}}
The '''exessive case''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''exess'''}}) is a [[grammatical case]] that denotes a transition away from a state.  It is a rare case found in certain dialects of [[Baltic-Finnic languages]]. It completes the series of "to/in/from a state" series consisting of the [[translative case]], the [[essive case]] and the exessive case.

The exessive case has been described in [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[South Estonian]], [[Livonian language|Livonian]], [[Votic language|Votic]], [[Ingrian language|Ingrian]], [[Ludic language|Ludic]], [[Karelian language|Karelian]], and [[Finnish language|Finnish]].<ref>[[Paul Ariste|Ariste, Paul]]. 1960. "Ekstsessiivist läänemere keeltes." In ''Emakeele Seltsi Aastaraamat'', VI, 145-161.</ref><ref>Särkkä, Tauno. 1969. ''Itämerensuomalaisten kielten eksessiivi''. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 291.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.</ref>

==Estonian==
In the general pattern of the loss of a final vowel when compared to [[Finnish language|Finnish]], the [[Estonian language|Estonian]] exessive ending is ''-nt''.

Exessive case is unproductive in contemporary [[Standard Estonian|Estonian]]. It appears in words such as ''kodunt'' 'away from home' and ''tagant'' 'from behind', or [[South Estonian language|South Estonian]] ''mant'' 'away from the vicinity of something'. The exessive is more common in the language of Estonian folk songs.<ref>Prillop, Külli et al. 2020. ''Eesti keele ajalugu''. Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. p. 201.</ref>

==Finnish==
The exessive is found only in [[Savo Finnish|Savo]] and southeastern dialects. Its ending is ''-nta/ntä''.<ref name="JKHandbook">{{cite book |last= Korpela |first= Jukka K. |title= Handbook of Finnish |chapter= 93. Constructs sometimes regarded as cases |quote= Sometimes a case, '''exessive''', with an ending ''ntA'' (combined from the ending ''nA'' of essive and ''tA'' of partitive) is suggested, meaning "from the role of", thus making the system of locational cases more orthogonal. It is used in a few dialects, though often in a few words only, e.g. using ''luonta'' instead of ... |page= 332 |location= Turku |publisher= Suomen E-painos Oy |isbn= 978-9-5266-1334-5 |access-date= April 15, 2019 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VE2NCgAAQBAJ&dq=exessive+case+in+Finnish&pg=PT332
}}</ref> For example, ''tärähtäneentä terveeksi'' = "from loony to healthy", or a state change from mental illness to mental health.

There are some word forms in Finnish dialects in which the exessive appears in a [[locative case|locative]] sense. These are somewhat common, though nonstandard, for example ''takaanta''/''takanta'' (from behind, standard Finnish ''takaa''), ''siintä'' (from that/it or thence, standard Finnish ''siitä'').<ref name="JAnhavaPDF">{{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |title= ''Criteria for case forms in Finnish and Hungarian grammars'' |format= PDF |date= 2010 |publisher= Studia Orientalia |issue= 108 |pages= 241–242 |quote= A rare case form attested in some dialects of Finnish is the '''exessive''', ''-nta/-ntä''; it has developed on the basis of the historical separative case ''-ta/-tä'' (which is also the origin of the contemporary Finnish partitive case, which has changed from its historical local meaning into a grammatical case) and has been used in roughly the same meaning: ''luonta'' "from the vicinity of", ''takanta'' "from behind". The form is relatively young, which can be seen from the fact that it does not take part in Finnish consonantal gradation of stops (''takanta'', never ''*taanta'' – although ''taakse'' "(to) behind" where the gradation does take place). In contrast to the Estonian terminative, neither the exessive nor the above-mentioned prolative have become productive case endings in any Finnic language. |website= journal.fi |access-date= April 15, 2019 |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242 }}</ref>

==Publications==
* [[Paul Ariste|Ariste, Paul]]. 1960. "Ekstsessiivist läänemere keeltes." In ''Emakeele Seltsi Aastaraamat'', VI, pp. 145-161.
* {{cite book |last= Särkkä |first= Tauno |year= 1969 |title= Itämerensuomalaisten kielten eksessiivi |language= fi |trans-title= The exessive case of the Baltic-Finnic languages |location= Helsinki |publisher= Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura }}

==See also==
*[[Wikiversity:Votian Exessive|Votian Exessive]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last= Anhava |first= Jaakko |year= 2015 |title= Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars |location= Helsinki |website= journal.fi |publisher= Finnish Scholarly Journals Online |url= https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52392/16242}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033343/http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=1029 A Finnish text on the dialectal exessive]

{{Grammatical cases}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Exessive Case}}
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]