Editing Extended technique

{{short description|Unorthodox methods of singing or of playing musical instruments}}
[[File:myprepguitar.jpg|thumb|A [[prepared guitar]], in which various metal objects have been inserted between the strings and the neck.]]

In music, '''extended technique''' is unconventional, unorthodox, or non-traditional methods of [[singing]] or of playing [[musical instrument]]s employed to obtain unusual sounds or [[timbre]]s.<ref name="test">Burtner, Matthew (2005). "[http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=4076 Making Noise: Extended Techniques after Experimentalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604044829/http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=4076 |date=2011-06-04 }}", ''NewMusicBox.org''.</ref>

Composers’ use of extended techniques is not specific to [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary music]] (for instance, [[Hector Berlioz]]’s use of ''[[col legno]]'' in his ''[[Symphonie Fantastique]]'' is an extended technique) and it transcends compositional schools and styles. Extended techniques have also flourished in [[popular music]]. Nearly all [[jazz]] performers make significant use of extended techniques of one sort or another, particularly in more recent styles like [[free jazz]] or [[avant-garde jazz]]. Musicians in [[free improvisation]] have also made heavy use of extended techniques.

Examples of extended techniques include bowing under the bridge of a string instrument or with two different bows, using key clicks on a wind instrument, blowing and overblowing into a wind instrument without a mouthpiece, or inserting objects on top of the strings of a [[piano]].

Twentieth-century exponents of extended techniques include [[Henry Cowell]] (use of fists and arms on the keyboard, playing inside the piano), [[John Cage]] ([[prepared piano]]), and [[George Crumb]]. The [[Kronos Quartet]], which has been among the most active ensembles in promoting contemporary American works for [[string quartet]], frequently plays music which stretches the manner in which sound can be drawn out of instruments.

== Examples ==

=== Vocal ===
{{main|Extended vocal technique}}
* [[Sprechstimme]] (speech-singing)
* [[overtone singing]] (harmonic singing, or vocal [[multiphonic]]s)
* [[ululation]]
* [[beatboxing]] (vocal percussionists)
* [[Death growl|growling]]
* [[screaming (music)|screaming and shouting]]
* [[whispering]]
* panting
* [[whistling]]
* hissing
* clucking
* [[Bark (utterance)|barking]]
* [[sucking]]

=== Bowed string instruments ===
{{main|Bowed string instrument extended technique}}

* playing with a plectrum or pick
* playing with percussion sticks, mallets, or other objects
* bowing on the "wrong" side of the left hand fingers
* bowing behind the bridge
* bowing non-string parts of the instrument<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cellomap.com/index.html|title=Cello Map :: Index|website=www.cellomap.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-28|archive-date=2017-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121030/http://www.cellomap.com/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* parallel rather than perpendicular bowing
* exaggerated [[vibrato]]
* [[String instrument extended technique#Snap pizzicato|snap pizzicato]], also called [[Bartók]] pizzicato
* tapping or rubbing the [[Sound board (music)|soundboard]] of stringed instruments
* string scrapes with finger, nail, or object
* percussive effects on body of instrument
* [[tapping]] on the fingerboard
* "seagull" harmonic effects
* detuning a string while playing
* preparation
* resonance effects

=== Plucked string instruments ===
* [[bowed guitar|using a bow]]
* playing with percussion sticks, mallets, or other objects
* playing on crossed strings (called "snare drum effect" on guitar)
* snap pizzicato, in which a string is pulled away from the fingerboard until it snaps back and strikes the fingerboard.
* string scrapes, a technique especially associated with electric guitar and electric bass, as played with a pick.
* percussive effects, such as drumming on a string instrument body 
* palm and finger muting ("pizzicato")
* [[tapping]] on the fingerboard
* string pops and slaps (fingerboard instruments)
* [[prepared guitar|preparation]] of a guitar by inserting screws or pieces of metal in the bridge or between the strings.
* detuning a string while playing
* "[[3rd bridge]]", a guitar technique using the part of the string between the nut and the stopping finger; see [[Iannis Xenakis|Xenakis]]' [[cello]] piece ''[[Nomos Alpha]]'' for a similar effect.

=== Piano ===
{{main|Piano extended technique}}
* [[prepared piano]], i.e., introducing foreign objects into the workings of the piano to change the sound quality
* [[string piano]], i.e., striking, plucking, or bowing the strings directly, or any other direct manipulation of the strings
* resonance effects (whistling, singing or talking into the piano)
* silently depressing one or more keys, allowing the corresponding strings to vibrate freely, allowing sympathetic [[harmonics]] to sound
* touching the strings at node points to create [[flageolet tone|harmonics]]
* percussive use of different parts of the piano, such as the outer rim
** slamming piano lid or keyboard cover
* microtones
* use of the palms, fists, or external devices to create [[tone clusters]]
* use of other materials to strike the keys
* pedal noises

=== Woodwind instruments ===
* multiphonics
* [[overblowing|harmonics]]
* pitch bends ("lipping")
* noisily activating keys without blowing
* combination of a [[Mouthpiece (woodwind)|mouthpiece]] of one instrument with the main body of another, for example, using an alto [[saxophone]] mouthpiece on a standard [[trombone]].
* [[flutter-tonguing]], 
* breath noises
* blowing a disengaged mouthpiece or reed
* singing through the instrument while playing
* internal muting
* key or tone-hole slap – percussive sound made by slapping a key or keys against their tone holes
* [[circular breathing]]

=== Brass instruments ===
* singing through the instrument while playing
* exaggerated brass head-shakes
* noisily activating [[valve]]s without blowing
* pitch bends ("lipping")
* combination of a [[Mouthpiece (brass)|mouthpiece]] of one instrument with the main body of another, for example, using a [[French horn]] mouthpiece on a standard [[bassoon]]
* [[flutter tonguing]]
* [[circular breathing]]
* [[double buzz]]
* half-valve playing
* unconventional mutes or other foreign objects in the bell (e.g. plumbing parts)
* breath noises
* [[slap tonguing]]
* blowing a disengaged mouthpiece

===Percussion===
* rudimental or "dynamic" double bass on the drum set, using hand rudiments such as [[double-stroke roll|double stroke rolls]] and [[Flam (drum rudiment)|flam taps]] and playing them with the feet
* stacking 2 or more [[cymbal]]s, one on top of the other, to change the sound properties of the instrument
* bowed vibraphone, cymbals, and gongs
* resonance effects (e.g., cymbal played on a timpani; cow bell struck against a bass drum, etc.)
* pitch bends on mallet percussion
* harmonics
* custom-built [[percussion]] [[mallets]], occasionally made for [[vibraphone]] or [[tubular bell]]s (and other pitched-percussion in increasingly rare circumstances) which feature more than one mallet-head, and so are capable of producing multiple pitches and difficult chords (though usually only the chords they were designed to play). These mallets are seldom used, and percussionists sometimes make them themselves when they are needed. When implemented, they are usually only used once or twice in an entire work, and are alternated with conventional mallets; usually they are used only when playing a different instrument in each hand.
* striking a gong and then inserting the vibrating metal into a tub of water, creating a glissando.
* placing a cymbal on a timpani head

=== Electronic ===
* added [[electronics]] or [[MIDI]] control
* [[Turntablism]], such as [[scratching]] records or otherwise manipulating a record or turntable platter, often done in combination with a [[DJ mixer]], to create unique sound effects and rhythms
* Using a "[[kill switch]]" on an electric guitar to create quasi-scratching rhythmic sounds.
* [[Circuit bending]]: [[DIY]] experimenting with electronic keyboards and electronic toys.
* playing electric instruments unplugged, or amplifying acoustical parts of normally electronic instruments (e.g. finger noise on the keys)
* exploitation of inherent equipment "defects" (e.g., deliberately driving digital equipment into [[aliasing]]; exaggerating hum or hiss coming from speakers, [[acoustic feedback]], key click on a [[Hammond organ]] etc.)

=== Organ ===
Playing on stops that are partially drawn (has an effect only if the stops are on purely mechanical action, with a slider windchest).
Manipulating stops while holding one or more notes (possible on most organs, but most effective if the stops are on purely mechanical action, with a slider chest).

=== Other instruments ===
{{main|Experimental musical instrument}}
* unusual [[harmonic]]s
* [[glissandi]], tuner glissando

== Notable composers ==
{{div col|colwidth=17em}}
* [[George Antheil]]
* [[Jean-Jacques Lemêtre ]]
* [[Béla Bartók]]
* [[Bruno Bartolozzi]]
* [[Luciano Berio]]
* [[Hector Berlioz]]
* [[Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber]]
* [[François-Adrien Boieldieu]]
* [[William Bolcom]]
* [[Pierre Boulez]]
* [[Glenn Branca]]
* [[Benjamin Britten]]
* [[Leo Brouwer]]
* [[John Cage]]
* [[Elliott Carter]]
* [[Aaron Cassidy]]
* [[Rhys Chatham]]
* [[Ghenadie Ciobanu]]
* [[Henry Cowell]]
* [[George Crumb]]
* [[Nicolas Dalayrac|Nicolas-Marie Dalayrac]]
* [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]
* [[Stuart Dempster]]
* [[Pascal Dusapin]]
* [[John Eaton (composer)|John Eaton]]
* [[Robert Erickson]]
* [[Julio Estrada (musicologist)|Julio Estrada]]
* [[Carlo Farina]]
* [[Morton Feldman]]
* [[Brian Ferneyhough]]
* [[Carlo Forlivesi]]
* [[Sofia Gubaidulina]]
* [[Jonathan Harvey (composer)|Jonathan Harvey]]
* [[Hans Werner Henze]]
* [[Dick Higgins]]
* [[Gustav Holst]]
* [[Toshio Hosokawa]]
* [[Alan Hovhaness]]
* [[Tobias Hume]]
* [[Charles Ives]]
* [[Ben Johnston (composer)|Ben Johnston]]
* [[Garth Knox]]
* [[Panayiotis Kokoras]]
* [[Nikita Koshkin]]
* [[Sophie Lacaze]]
* [[Helmut Lachenmann]]
* [[György Ligeti]]
* [[Gustav Mahler]]
* [[Eric Mandat]]
* [[Joseph Maneri]]
* [[Michael Markowski]]<ref>The cave you fear. Michael Markowski. (2024, July 14). https://www.michaelmarkowski.com/music/the-cave-you-fear/ </ref>
* [[Meredith Monk]]
* [[Ken Namba]]
* [[Luigi Nono]]
* [[Andrew Norman]]
* [[Pauline Oliveros]]
* [[Leo Ornstein]]
* [[Sean Osborn]]
* [[Owen Pallett]]
* [[Arvo Pärt]]
* [[Krzysztof Penderecki]]
* [[Gérard Pesson]]
* [[Sun Ra]]
* [[Lou Reed]]
* [[Doina Rotaru]]
* [[Christopher Rouse (composer)|Christopher Rouse]]
* [[Kaija Saariaho]]
* [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]
* [[Giacinto Scelsi]]
* [[John Schneider (guitarist)|John Schneider]]
* [[Arnold Schoenberg]]
* [[Salvatore Sciarrino]]
* [[Stephen Scott (composer)|Stephen Scott]]
* [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]
* [[Igor Stravinsky]]
* [[Toru Takemitsu]]
* [[Bertram Turetzky]]
* [[Ken Ueno]]
* [[Galina Ustvolskaya]]
* [[Franco Venturini (musician)|Franco Venturini]]
* [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]]
* [[Claude Vivier]]
* [[Carl Maria von Weber]]
* [[Jörg Widmann]]<ref name="Dierickx">{{cite thesis |type=DMA |last=Dierickx |first=Zachary |date=2018 |title=The Clarinet Works of Jörg Widmann: A Performance Guide to Fantasie for Clarinet Solo with a Survey of Unaccompanied Clarinet Repertoire and Guide to Contemporary Techniques |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:osu1523963496247166 |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=2019-06-02 |archive-date=2019-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602111450/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10%3F0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:osu1523963496247166 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Iannis Xenakis]]
* [[La Monte Young]]
* [[Frank Zappa]]
* [[John Zorn]]
{{div col end}}

== Notable performers ==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}

=== Bass ===
* [[Bill Laswell]]
* [[Michael Manring]]
* [[Jaco Pastorius]]
* [[Mark Sandman]]
* [[Mike Silverman]]
* [[Bertram Turetzky]]

=== Bassoon ===
* [[Yusef Lateef]]

=== Cello ===
* [[Tom Cora]]
* [[Helen Liebmann]]
* [[Rohan de Saram]]
* [[Frances-Marie Uitti]]

=== Clarinet ===
* [[Tara Bouman]]
* [[Walter Boeykens]]
* [[Guy Deplus]]
* [[Roberto Paci Dalò]]
* [[Eric Dolphy]]
* [[Eric Mandat]]
* [[Sean Osborn]]
* [[Michel Portal]]
* [[Bill Smith (jazz musician)|William O. Smith]]
* [[Suzanne Stephens]]
* [[Jörg Widmann]]<ref name="Dierickx" />
* [[Evan Ziporyn]]

=== Drums and percussion ===
* [[Burkhard Beins]]
* [[Han Bennink]]
* [[John Bonham]]
* [[Bryan "Brain" Mantia]]
* [[Keith Moon]]
* [[:de:Steve Noble|Steve Noble]]
* [[Steven Schick]]
* [[Ruth Underwood]]

=== Flute ===
* [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]]
* [[Pierre-Yves Artaud]]
* [[Ian Clarke (flautist)|Ian Clarke]]
* [[Robert Dick (flautist)|Robert Dick]]
* [[Roberto Fabbriciani]]
* [[John Fonville]]
* [[Rahsaan Roland Kirk]]
* [[Kathinka Pasveer]]
* [[Maggi Payne]]
* [[Greg Pattillo]]

=== Guitar ===
{{div col|colwidth=17em}}
* [[Ichirou Agata]]
* [[Cristian Amigo]]
* [[Didier Aschour]]
* [[Derek Bailey (guitarist)|Derek Bailey]]
* [[Syd Barrett]]
* [[Adrian Belew]]
* [[Buckethead]]
* [[Herman Li]]
* [[Nels Cline]]
* [[Roland Dyens]]
* [[Dominic Frasca]]
* [[Fred Frith]]
* [[Synyster Gates]]
* [[Jonny Greenwood]]
* [[GP Hall]]
* [[Michael Hedges]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Evan Hirschelman]]
* [[Martín Irigoyen]]
* [[Enver İzmaylov]]
* [[Jonsi]]
* [[Kaki King]]
* [[Uwe Kropinski]]
* [[Arto Lindsay]]
* [[Andy McKee]]
* [[Erik Mongrain]]
* [[Thurston Moore]]
* [[Tom Morello]]
* [[Jimmy Page]]
* [[Štěpán Rak]]
* [[Lee Ranaldo]]
* [[Preston Reed]]
* [[Marc Ribot]]
* [[Keith Rowe]]
* [[Joe Satriani]]
* [[Nigel Tufnel]]
* [[Steve Vai]]
{{div col end}}

=== Harp ===
* [[Carlos Salzedo]]
* [[Marianne Smit]]

=== Horn ===
* [[David Amram]]
* [[Hermann Baumann (musician)|Hermann Baumann]]
* [[Anthony Halstead]]
* [[Giovanni Punto]]
* [[David Pyatt]]
* [[Barry Tuckwell]]

=== Oboe ===
* [[Heinz Holliger]]
* [[Yusef Lateef]]

=== Piano ===
* [[George Antheil]]
* [[Henry Cowell]]
* [[Richard Bunger Evans]]
* [[Alan Hovhaness]]
* [[Leo Ornstein]]
* [[David Tudor]]
* [[Galina Ustvolskaya]]
* [[Franco Venturini (musician)|Franco Venturini]]
* [[Claude Vivier]]

=== Saxophone ===
* [[Peter Brötzmann]]
* [[Ornette Coleman]]
* [[Mats Gustafsson]]
* [[Rahsaan Roland Kirk]]
* [[Sam Newsome]]
* [[Evan Parker]]
* [[Ned Rothenberg]]
* [[Skerik]]
* [[Colin Stetson]]
* [[John Zorn]]
* [[Pharoah Sanders]]
* [[Anthony Braxton]]
* [[John Coltrane]]

=== Trombone ===
* [[Stuart Dempster]]
* [[Vinko Globokar]]
* [[John Kenny (trombonist)|John Kenny]]
* [[George E. Lewis]]
* [[Christian Lindberg]]
* [[Paul Rutherford (trombonist)|Paul Rutherford]]
*Mike Svoboda
*Abbie Conant
*Dan Blackberg

=== Tuba ===
* [[Øystein Baadsvik]]
*Robin Hayward
*Dan Peck

=== Trumpet ===
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Jon Hassell]]
* [[Håkan Hardenberger]]
*Peter Evans
*Nate Wooley

=== Viola ===
* [[John Cale]]
* [[Garth Knox]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.garthknox.org|title=Garth Knox – Violist Composer|website=www.garthknox.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-28}}</ref>
* [[Anne Lanzilotti]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://annelanzilotti.com|title=Anne Lanzilotti}}</ref>
* [[Ysanne Spevack]]

=== Violin ===
* [[Alexander Balanescu]]
* [[Tony Conrad]]
* [[Graeme Jennings (violinist)|Graeme Jennings]]
* [[Niccolò Paganini]]
* [[Michael Urbaniak]]
* [[Paul Zukofsky]]

=== Voice ===
{{div col|colwidth=17em}}
* [[Blixa Bargeld]]
* [[Cathy Berberian]]
* [[Jaap Blonk]]
* [[Brian Chippendale]]
* [[Collegium Vocale Köln]]
* [[George Fisher (musician)|George Fisher]]
* [[Diamanda Galás]]
* [[Peter Hammill]]
* [[Roy Hart]]
* [[Shelley Hirsch]]
* [[Joan La Barbara]]
* [[Bobby McFerrin]]
* [[Meredith Monk]]
* [[David Moss (musician)|David Moss]]
* [[Sainkho Namtchylak]]
* [[Mike Patton]]
* [[Maja Ratkje]]
* [[Demetrio Stratos]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ceolin Elena |author2=Tisato Graziano |author3=Zattra Laura |title=Demetrio Stratos Rethinks Voice Techniques: A Historical Investigation at ISTC in Padova |url=http://smcnetwork.org/system/files/smc2011_submission_73.pdf |publisher=Proceedings of the SMC Conference 2011 (Sound and Music Computing), Padova 6–9 July 2011 |pages=48–55 |access-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023516/http://smcnetwork.org/system/files/smc2011_submission_73.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tanya Tagaq]]
* [[Kazuki Tomokawa]] 
* [[Ken Ueno]]
* [[Michael Vetter]]
* [[Trevor Wishart]]
{{div col end}}

===Other===
* [[Bradford Reed]]

== See also ==

* [[List of notable pieces which use extended techniques]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Bruno Bartolozzi]]; ''New Sounds for Woodwind'', second edition, translated by [[Reginald Smith Brindle]]. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. {{ISBN|978-0-19-318611-8}}.
* [[Stuart Dempster]]; ''The Modern Trombone: A Definition of Its Idioms'', The New Instrumentation 3. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03252-1}}.
* Michael Edward Edgerton; ''The 21st-Century Voice''. The New Instrumentation 9. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-5354-6}}.
* [[Douglas Hill (musician)|Douglas Hill]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YYfy66mRNUkC Extended Techniques for the Horn: A Practical Handbook for Students, Performers and Composers]''. [S.l.]: Alfred Music Publishing, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-7692-2355-1}}.
* [[Evan Hirschelman]]; ''Acoustic Artistry: Tapping, Slapping, and Percussion Techniques for Classical and Fingerstyle Guitar''. Private Lessons (Musicians Institute). Milwaukee: Musicians Institute Press/Hal Leonard, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-4234-0571-9}}.
* Linda L. Holland and Evan Conlee. ''Easing into Extended Technique'', 5 vols. [Ridgefield, Wash.]: Con Brio, 1999.
* Thomas Howell; ''The Avant-Garde Flute: A Handbook for Composers and Flutists''. The New Instrumentation 2. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974. {{ISBN|978-0-520-02305-5}}.
* Ruth Inglefield and Lou Ann Neill; ''Writing for the Pedal Harp: A Standardized Manual for Composers and Harpists''. The New Instrumentation 6. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-520-04832-4}}.
* J. Michael Leonard; ''Extended Technique for the Saxophone''. Wayland, MA : Black Lion Press, 2004.
* [[Gardner Read]]; ''Contemporary Instrumental Techniques''. New York: Schirmer Books, 1976. {{ISBN|978-0-028-72100-2}}.
* [[Gardner Read]]; ''A Thesaurus of Orchestral Devices''. New York: Greenwood Press, 1969. {{ISBN|978-0-837-11884-0}}.
* [[Philip Rehfeldt]]; ''New Directions for Clarinet'', revised edition. The New Instrumentation 4. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03379-5}}. Reprinted, Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 2013.
* [[Jamie Leigh Sampson]]; ''Contemporary Techniques for the Bassoon:  Multiphonics''. Bowling Green, OH: ADJ·ective New Music, LLC, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-615-99938-8}}.
* [[John Schneider (guitarist)|John Schneider]]; ''The Contemporary Guitar'', revised and enlarged edition. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-442-23789-6}}.
* [[Reginald Smith Brindle]]; ''Contemporary Percussion''. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-19-816247-6}}.
* Patricia and Allen Strange; ''The Contemporary Violin''.  The New Instrumentation 7. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-520-22409-4}}.
* [[Bertram Turetzky]]; ''The Contemporary Contrabass'', new and revised edition. The New Instrumentation 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-520-06381-5}}.

== External links ==
* [http://www.shakennotstuttered.com Shaken Not Stuttered] by [[Anne Lanzilotti]]. Extended techniques for strings. Includes masterclass videos and notation suggestions.
* [http://www.cellomap.com Cello Map] by Ellen Fallowfield
* [http://www.wfg.woodwind.org/fing.html Woodwind Fingering charts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040413235249/http://www.sforzando.se/flutetech/index.htm New Sounds for Flute] by Mats Möller
* [http://www.hypercustom.com/howtoprepareaguitar.html Guide How to Prepare a Guitar on hypercustom.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041209033902/http://www.mti.dmu.ac.uk/~ahugill/manual/ The Orchestra: A User's Manual] by Andrew Hugill with The Philharmonia Orchestra.  Includes definitions, descriptions and video interviews of extended techniques for most all common orchestral instruments.
* [http://www.oddmusic.com/ oddmusic] A website dedicated to unique, odd, ethnic, experimental and unusual musical instruments and resources.

{{Experimental music genres}}
{{Modernism (music)}}
{{Musical technique}}

[[Category:Extended techniques| ]]
[[Category:Musical performance techniques]]
[[Category:Contemporary classical music]]
[[Category:20th-century classical music]]