Editing Extremes on Earth

{{Short description|none}}
{{For-multi|other lists of extreme places on Earth|Lists of extreme points|more detailed meteorological and climatic records|List of weather records}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}

This article lists '''extreme locations on Earth''' that hold geographical records or are otherwise known for their geophysical or meteorological superlatives. All of these locations are Earth-wide extremes; extremes of individual continents or countries are not listed.

==Latitude and longitude==
{{See also|List of northernmost items|List of southernmost items}}

===Northernmost===
* The '''[[northernmost point of land]]''' is the northern tip of [[Kaffeklubben Island]], north of [[Greenland]] ({{Coord|83|40|N|29|50|W|type:landmark|name=northernmost point on land}}), which lies slightly north of [[Cape Morris Jesup]], Greenland ({{Coord|83|38|N|32|40|W|type:landmark|name=Cape Morris Jesup}}). Various shifting [[gravel bar]]s lie farther north, the most famous being [[Oodaaq]]. There have been other islands more northern such as [[83-42]] and [[ATOW1996]] but they have not been confirmed as permanent.

===Southernmost===
* The '''southernmost continental point of land outside Antarctica''' is in South America at [[Cape Froward]], [[Magallanes Region]], [[Chile]] ({{Coord|53|56|00|S|071|20|00|W|display=inline}}).
* The '''southernmost point of (liquid) water''' is a bay on the [[Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf]] along the coast of Antarctica ({{Coord|83|S|59|W}}){{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}, about {{cvt|100|km|mi|sigfig=1}} south of [[Berkner Island]].
** The '''southernmost point of ocean''' is located on the [[Gould Coast]] ({{Coord|84|30|S|150|0|W|type:landmark|name=southernmost point of ocean}}).{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}<ref>[http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:5881 Gould Coast] US Geographic Survey.</ref>
** The '''southernmost point of [[open ocean]]''' is in the [[Bay of Whales]], also part of the [[Ross Sea]], at 78°30'S, at the edge of the [[Ross Ice Shelf]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Whales|title=Bay of Whales - former bay, Antarctica|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]}}</ref>
*** The '''southernmost island''' is considered to be [[Deverall Island]], near the [[Shackleton Coast]], surrounded by the Ross Ice Shelf although there is an island in [[Lake Vostok]] but it is currently under ice.<ref>{{cite news |first=D |last=Whitehouse |title=Russia to resume Vostok drilling |date=25 May 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4577627.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=28 January 2011 }}</ref>

===Easternmost and westernmost===
* The '''easternmost and westernmost points on Earth''', based on the east–west standard for describing [[longitude]], can be found anywhere along the [[180th meridian]], which passes through the [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]], [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], and [[Southern Ocean]]s, as well as parts of [[Siberia]] (including [[Wrangel Island]]), Antarctica, and three islands of [[Fiji]] ([[Vanua Levu]]'s eastern peninsula, the middle of [[Taveuni]], and the western part of [[Rabi Island]]).
** Using instead the path of the [[International Date Line]] (which is not a straight line), i.e. define "easternmost" as "the first to see a new day" and define "westernmost" as "the last to see a new day", the '''westernmost point on land''' is [[Attu Island]], [[Alaska]], and the '''easternmost point on land''' is [[Caroline Island]], [[Kiribati]].{{efn|[http://www.trussel.com/kir/dateline.htm A 1995 realignment of the International Date Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628045504/http://trussel.com/kir/dateline.htm |date=28 June 2006}} moved all of Kiribati to the Asian side of the Date Line, causing Caroline Island to be the easternmost point. If the previous Date Line were followed, the easternmost point would be Tafahi Niuatoputapu, in the [[Tonga Islands]].}}

===Longest grid lines===
{{multiple issues|section=yes|
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2012}}
{{original research|section|date=May 2019}}
}}

====Along constant latitude====
* The '''longest continuous east–west distance on land''' is {{cvt|10726|km}} along the latitude 48°24'53"N, from the west coast of France ([[Pointe de Corsen]], {{Coord|48|24|53|N|4|47|44|W}}) through [[Central Europe]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]] and [[China]], to a point on the east coast of Russia ({{Coord|48|24|53|N|140|6|3|E}}).
* The '''longest continuous east–west distance at sea''' is {{cvt|22471|km}} along the latitude 55°59'S, south of [[Cape Horn]], [[South America]].
** The '''longest continuous east–west distance at sea between two continents''' is {{cvt|15409|km}} along the latitude 18°39'12"N, from the coast of [[Hainan]], China ({{Coord|18|39|12|N|110|15|9|E}}) across the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the coast of [[Michoacán]], [[Mexico]] ({{Coord|18|39|12|N|103|42|6|W}}).

====Along constant longitude====
* The '''longest continuous north–south distance on land''' is {{cvt|7590|km}} along the meridian 99°1'30"E, from the northern tip of Siberia in the Russian Federation ({{Coord|76|13|6|N|99|1|30|E}}), through Mongolia, China, and [[Myanmar]], to a point on the south coast of [[Thailand]] ({{Coord|7|53|24|N|99|1|30|E}}).
** The longest in Africa is {{cvt|7417|km}} along the meridian 20°12'E, from the north coast of [[Libya]] ({{Coord|32|19|0|N|20|12|0|E}}), through [[Chad]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], and [[Botswana]], to the south coast of [[South Africa]] ({{Coord|34|41|30|S|20|12|0|E}}).
** The longest in South America is the length {{cvt|7098|km}} along the meridian 70°2'W, from the north coast of [[Venezuela]] ({{Coord|11|30|30|N|70|2|0|W}}), through [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], and [[Chile]], to the southern tip of [[Argentina]] ({{Coord|52|33|30|S|70|2|0|W}}).
** The longest in North America is {{cvt|5813|km}} along the meridian 97°52'30"W, from northern [[Canada]] ({{Coord|68|21|0|N|97|52|30|W}}), through the [[United States]], to southern Mexico ({{Coord|16|1|0|N|97|52|30|W}}).
* The '''longest continuous north–south distance at sea''' is {{cvt|15986|km}} along the meridian 34°45'45"W, from the coast of Eastern Greenland ({{Coord|66|23|45|N|34|45|45|W}}) across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf]], on the coast of Antarctica ({{Coord|77|37|0|S|34|45|45|W}}). The longest in the Pacific Ocean is {{cvt|15883|km}} along the meridian 172°8'30"W, from the coast of Siberia ({{Coord|64|45|0|N|172|8|30|W}}) to the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica ({{Coord|78|20|0|S|172|8|30|W}}).
* The '''meridian that crosses the greatest total distance on land''' (disregarding intervening bodies of water) is still to be determined. It is likely located in the vicinity of 22°E, which is the longest integer meridian that fits that criterion, crossing a total of {{cvt|13035|km}} of land through Europe ({{cvt|3370|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7458|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2207|km|disp=or}}).{{efn|By comparison, the meridian that passes through the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] in Egypt (31°08'3.69"E) is {{cvt|855|km}} shorter.}} More than 65% of this meridian's length is located on land. The next six longest integer meridians by total distance over land are, in order:
** 23°E: {{cvt|12953|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3325|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7415|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2214|km|disp=or}})
** 27°E: {{cvt|12943|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3254|km|disp=or}}), Asia ({{cvt|246|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7223|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2221|km|disp=or}})
** 25°E: {{cvt|12875|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3344|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7327|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2204|km|disp=or}})
** 26°E: {{cvt|12858|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3404|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7258|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2196|km|disp=or}})
** 24°E: {{cvt|12794|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3263|km|disp=or}}), Africa ({{cvt|7346|km|disp=or}}), and Antarctica ({{cvt|2185|km|disp=or}})
** 28°E: {{cvt|12778|km}} through Europe ({{cvt|3039|km|disp=or}}), Asia ({{cvt|388|km|disp=or}}), and Africa ({{cvt|7117|km|disp=or}})

====Along any geodesic====
These are the longest [[geodesic|straight lines]]{{efn|A geodesic is defined as the shortest route between any two points on the surface of the Earth, as measured along the surface of the Earth (rather than through the Earth's interior); they are "straight lines" only in the sense that they are plotted on an idealized two-dimensional surface of the three-dimensional Earth, neglecting changes in surface elevation. On an idealized spherical model of the Earth, geodesics are equivalent to [[great-circle distance]]s measured along the arcs of [[great circle]]s.}} that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water; the points need not lie on the same line of latitude or longitude.
* The '''longest continuous straight-line ([[great circle]]) path over land''' is {{cvt|13588|km}} long and spans between the West African coast near [[Greenville, Liberia|Greenville]], [[Liberia]] ({{Coord|5|2|51.59|N|9|7|23.26|W}}) and a peninsula about {{cvt|100|km|mi|sigfig=1}} northeast of [[Wenzhou]], China ({{Coord|28|17|7.68|N|121|38|17.31|E}}), passing over the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=5%B02%26%238242%3B51.59%26%238243%3BN+9%B07%26%238242%3B23.26%26%238243%3BW+-+28%B017%26%238242%3B7.68%26%238243%3BN+121%B038%26%238242%3B17.31%26%238243%3BE%0D%0A&MS=bm&DU=mi (Map from gcmap)]</ref>
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Africa]] is {{cvt|8,402|km}}, along a line that begins just east of [[Tangier]], [[Morocco]], and ends {{cvt|100|km|mi|sigfig=1}} east of [[Port Elizabeth]], [[South Africa]]. This line passes through Morocco, [[Algeria]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], and South Africa.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Asia]] is {{cvt|10,152|km}}, along a line that begins on the [[India]]n coast near [[Kanyakumari]] and ends at the [[Bering Sea]] coast of the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] in [[Russia]]. This line passes through India, [[Nepal]], [[China]], [[Mongolia]], and Russia.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Europe]] (defining the [[Ural Mountains]] as the border between Europe and Asia) is {{cvt|5,325|km}}, along a line that begins at [[Cape St. Vincent]], [[Portugal]], and ends at the Urals, near the town of [[Perm, Russia]]. This line passes through Portugal, [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]], and Russia.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[North America]] is {{cvt|7,602|km}}, along a line that begins at [[Point Hope, Alaska]], [[United States]], and ends {{cvt|34|km}} southwest of the town of [[Salina Cruz]], [[Mexico]]. This line passes through [[Alaska]], [[Canada]], [[Contiguous United States|the contiguous United States]], and Mexico.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[South America]] is {{cvt|7,248|km}}, along a line that begins {{cvt|10|km}} northeast of [[Puerto Cumarebo]], [[Venezuela]], and ends {{cvt|80|km}} south of the town of [[Punta Arenas]], [[Chile]]. This line passes through Venezuela, [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]], [[Peru]], Chile, and [[Argentina]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
** The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] is {{cvt|4,026|km}}, along a line that begins at the southern end of [[Cape Range National Park]] in [[Western Australia]] and ends at the town of [[Byron Bay]] in [[New South Wales]].<ref>[https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance (Geoscience Australia)]</ref> 
* There are several possible candidates for the '''longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea''', as there are many possible ways to travel along a great circle for more than the [[antipodes|antipodic]] length of {{cvt|19840|km}}. Some examples of such routes would be:
** From the south coast of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] province somewhere near Port of [[Karachi, Pakistan|Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] ({{Coord|25|25|N|66|25|E}}) across the [[Arabian Sea]], southwest through the Indian Ocean, near [[Comoros]], passing Namaete Canyon, near the South African coast, across the South Atlantic Ocean, then west across [[Cape Horn]], then northwest across the Pacific Ocean, near [[Easter Island]], passing the [[Antipodes|antipodal point]] near [[Emlilia]] island, through the South [[Bering Sea]] and ending somewhere on the northeast coast of [[Kamchatka]], near [[Ossora]] ({{Coord|59 |38 |N|163|24|E}}). This route is {{cvt|32040|km}} long.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=25%B025%27N+66%B025%27E+-+59%B038%27S+16%B036%27W+-+25%B025%27S+113%B035%27W+-+59%B038%27N+163%B024%27E%0D%0A (Map from gcmap)]</ref> This route was confirmed to be the longest (at about {{cvt|32090|km|mi|disp=or}}) given map data at a {{cvt|1.8|km|mi}} level of resolution.<ref name="ChabukswarMukherjee">{{cite arXiv| last1 = Chabukswar | first1 = Rohan| last2 = Mukherjee| first2 = Kushal| title = Longest Straight Line Paths on Water or Land on the Earth| date = 9 April 2018|class= math.HO| eprint=1804.07389}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.science.org/content/article/ocean-path-will-take-you-longest-straight-line-journey-earth |title=This ocean path will take you on the longest straight-line journey on Earth|author=David Shultz |date= 30 April 2018|publisher=Science Magazine}}</ref>{{efn|The "longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea" from Karachi to Kamchatka was [[Special:Contributions/Muh1974|originally added to Wikipedia by user Muh1974 on 21 January 2010]] and then confirmed by Chabukswar and Mukherjee in 2018.<ref name="ChabukswarMukherjee"/> The source of this discovery before 2010 is unknown {{as of|2022 |8 |lc= y}}.}}
** From the south coast of [[Hormozgan]] province, [[Iran]] ({{Coord|25|35|N|58|22|E}}) across the [[Gulf of Oman]], southeast across the Arabian Sea, passing south of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], near the Antarctic coast, then northeast across the South Pacific Ocean, passing the [[Antipodes|antipodal point]] and ending on the southwest coast of [[Mexico]] somewhere near [[Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas]] ({{Coord|17|57|N|101|57|W}}). This route is {{cvt|25267|km}} long.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=25%B035%27N+58%B022%27E+-+17%B057%27S+78%B003%27E+-+25%B035%27S+121%B038%27W+-+17%B057%27N+101%B057%27W (Map from gcmap)]</ref>
** From [[Invercargill]], New Zealand ({{Coord|46|37|S|168|59|E}}) across [[Cape Horn]], then off the coast of [[Brazil]] close to [[Recife]], passing north of [[Cape Verde]], passing the [[antipodes|antipodal point]] and ending somewhere on the southwest coast of [[Ireland]] ({{Coord|52|09|N|6|34|W}}). This route is {{cvt|20701|km}} long.<ref>[http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=46%B037%27S+168%B059%27E+-+52%B009%27S+173%B026%27E+-+46%B037%27N+11%B001%27W+-+52%B009%27N+6%B034%27W%0D%0A (Map from gcmap)]</ref>

====Along any diameter (straight line passing through the centre of the Earth)====
As distinct from geodesic lines, which appear straight only when projected onto the spheroidal surface of the Earth (i.e. arcs of great circles), [[Line (geometry)|straight lines]] passing through the Earth's centre can be constructed through the interior of the Earth between almost any two points on the surface of the Earth (some extreme topographical situations such as overhanging cliffs being the rare exceptions{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}). A line projected from the summit of [[Cayambe (volcano)|Cayambe]] in [[Ecuador]] (see [[#Highest_points|highest points]]) through the axial centre of the Earth to its [[antipodes|antipode]] on the island of [[Sumatra]] results in the longest [[diameter]] that can be produced anywhere through the Earth. As the variable circumference of the Earth approaches {{convert|25000|mi|order=flip}}, such a maximum "diameter" or "antipodal" line would be on the order of {{convert|8000|mi|order=flip}} long.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Elevation==
{{See also|Lists of highest points|List of elevation extremes by region|List of elevation extremes by country}}

===Highest points===
{{comparison_of_Earth_farthest_points.svg}}
[[File:Volcán Chimborazo, "El Taita Chimborazo".jpg|thumb|The summit of [[Chimborazo]] in [[Ecuador]] is the farthest point from Earth's centre.]]
* The '''highest point on Earth's surface''' measured from [[sea level]] is the summit of [[Mount Everest]], on the border of [[Nepal]] and [[China]]. While [[Mount Everest#Surveys|measurements of its height]] vary slightly, the elevation of its peak was most recently established in 2020 by the Nepali and Chinese authorities as {{cvt|8848.86|m|ft|1}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201208113343/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/new-height-of-mount-everest-announced-by-china-and-nepal/|url-status= dead|archive-date= 8 December 2020|title= Mount Everest is more than two feet taller, China and Nepal announce|work=nationalgeographib.com|date= 9 February 2021}}</ref> The summit was first reached probably by Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] of [[New Zealand]] and [[Tenzing Norgay]] Sherpa of Nepal in 1953.
* The '''point farthest from Earth's centre''' is the summit of [[Chimborazo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geology.com/records/highest-mountain-in-the-world.shtml |title=Highest Mountain in the World |work=geology.com}}</ref> in [[Ecuador]], at {{cvt|6384.4|km|mi|1}} from Earth's centre; the peak's elevation relative to sea level is {{cvt|6263.47|m|ft|0}}.{{efn|The elevation given here was established by a [[GPS]] survey in February 2016. The survey was carried out by a team from the [[Institut de recherche pour le développement|French Research Institute for Development]], working in cooperation with the [[Ecuador]]ian Military Geographic Institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chimborazo, el volcán de Ecuador más alto que el Everest (si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra) |publisher=[[BBC Mundo]] |date=7 April 2016 |url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160407_por_que_chimborazo_ecuador_mas_lejos_centro_tierra_que_el_everest_dgm |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>}} Because Earth is an [[flattening|oblate]] [[spheroid]] rather than a perfect [[spherical Earth|sphere]], it is [[equatorial bulge|wider]] at the [[equator]] and narrower toward each [[geographical pole|pole]]. Therefore, the summit of Chimborazo, which is near the Equator, is farther away from Earth's centre than the summit of Mount Everest is; the latter is {{cvt|2168|m|ft|1}} closer, at {{cvt|6382.3|km|mi|1}} from Earth's centre. [[Peru]]'s [[Huascarán]] (at {{cvt|6768|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) contends closely with Chimborazo, though the former is a mere {{cvt|10|m|ft|}} closer to the Earth's centre.
* The '''fastest point on Earth''' or, in other words, '''the point farthest from Earth's rotational axis''' is the summit of [[Cayambe (volcano)|Cayambe]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klenke |first1=Paul |title=Distance to the Center of the Earth |url=https://www.summitpost.org/distance-to-the-center-of-the-earth/849764 |website=Summit Post |access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref> in Ecuador, which rotates around Earth's axis at a speed of {{cvt|1675.89|km/h|mph|}} and is {{cvt|6383.95|km|mi|}} from the axis. Like Chimborazo, which is the fourth-fastest peak at {{cvt|1675.47|km/h|mph|}}, Cayambe is close to the Equator and takes advantage of the oblate spheroid [[figure of Earth]]. More important, however, Cayambe's proximity to the Equator means that the majority of its distance from the Earth's centre contributes to Cayambe's distance from the Earth's axis.

====Highest geographical features====
* The '''highest volcano''' is [[Ojos del Salado]] on the [[Argentina]]–[[Chile]] border. It has the highest summit, {{cvt|6893|m|0}}, of any [[volcano]] on Earth.
* The '''highest natural lake''' is an unnamed crater lake on [[Ojos del Salado]] at {{cvt|6390|m|0}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-6000/ojos-del-salado-info.asp |title=Andes Website – Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the world's highest volcano |access-date=18 January 2013}}</ref> on the Argentina side. Another candidate was [[Lhagba Pool]] on the northeast slopes of [[Mount Everest]], Tibet, at an elevation of {{cvt|6368|m|0}}, which has since dried up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html#Lhagba |title=The Highest Lake in the World |access-date=7 September 2007 |archive-date=24 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054810/http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html#Lhagba |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The '''highest navigable lake''' is [[Lake Titicaca]], on the border of [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]] in the [[Andes]], at {{cvt|3812|m|ft|0}}.
* The '''highest glacier''' is the [[Khumbu Glacier]] on the southwest slopes of Mount Everest in Nepal, beginning on the west side of [[Lhotse]] at an elevation of {{cvt|7600|to|8000|m|-2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/igsoc/agl/2002/00000034/00000001/art00060?crawler=true |title=ASTER measurement of supraglacial lakes in the Mount Everest region of the Himalaya: ''The main Khumbu Glacier is about 17&nbsp;km long with elevations ranging from 4900m at the terminus to 7600m at the source''....The 7600m to 8000m elevations are also depicted on numerous detailed topographic maps |access-date=24 November 2008}}</ref>
* The '''highest river''' is disputed; one candidate from many possibilities is the [[Ating Ho]], which flows into the [[Aong Tso]] (Hagung Tso), a large lake in Tibet, and has an elevation of about {{cvt|6100|m|0}} at its source at {{Coord|32|49|30|N|81|03|45|E|type:waterbody|name=Ating Ho (source)}}. Another very large and high river is the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] or upper [[Brahmaputra River]] in Tibet, whose main stem, the [[Maquan River]], has its source at about {{cvt|6020|m|0}} above sea level at {{Coord|30|48|59|N|82|42|45|E|type:waterbody_region:CN-54|name=Maquan River (source)}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.100gogo.com/bigben.htm |title=The Mystery of World's highest river and largest Canyon |access-date=7 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921032822/http://www.100gogo.com/bigben.htm |archive-date=21 September 2007 }}</ref> Above these elevations, there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing.
* The '''highest island''' is one of a number of islands in the [[Orba Co]] lake in Tibet, at an elevation of {{cvt|5209|m|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldislandinfo.com/SUPERLATIVESV2.html |title=Island Superlatives |access-date=7 September 2007}}</ref>

====Highest points attainable by transportation====
* The '''highest point accessible'''
**'''by land vehicle''' is an elevation of {{cvt|6688|m|ft}} on [[Ojos del Salado]] in [[Chile]], which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified [[Suzuki Samurai]], setting the high-altitude record for a four-wheeled vehicle.
** '''by road (dead end)''' is on a mining road to the summit of [[Aucanquilcha]] in [[Chile]], which reaches an elevation of {{cvt|6176|m|ft|0}}. It was once usable by 20-tonne mining trucks.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Loren |title=The High Andes |journal=National Geographic |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=422–460 |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=April 1987 }} (includes description and photos of [[Aucanquilcha]] summit road and mine)</ref> The road is no longer usable. {{Coord|21.214|S|68.475|W|display=inline}}
** '''by road (mountain pass)''' is disputed; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of "motorable pass" (i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle):
*** The '''highest [[asphalt concrete|asphalted]] road''' is the single-lane road to [[Umling La]], located {{cvt|17|km|mi}} west of [[Demchok, Ladakh|Demchok]] in [[Ladakh]], [[India]], which reaches {{cvt|5800|m|0}} ("19,300 feet" according to a [[Border Roads Organisation]] sign there that recognizes it as the "World's Highest Motorable Pass").<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2017 |title=Battle for the Highest Motorable Road |url=https://www.motoroids.com/features/battle-for-the-highest-motorable-road-which-pass-takes-you-closest-to-the-stars/ |access-date=17 October 2017 |publisher=Motoroids |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=China Border {{!}} Umling La Pass [ World's Highest Motorable Road ] {{!}} Ep-26 {{!}} Tripura to Ladakh Ride |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpQQdyDU2EI |access-date=31 December 2022 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Before the asphalting of the road over Umling La, the highest asphalted road was [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]'s [[Semo La]] pass at {{cvt|5565|m|0}}. It is used by trucks and buses regularly.<ref name="icc">{{Cite web| title = ICC – Semo Khardung| author = Assumpció Térmens| website = viewfinderpanoramas.org| publisher = Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya| date = 20 March 2006| access-date = 5 February 2017| url = http://viewfinderpanoramas.org/ICCSemoKhardung.pdf| language = en}}</ref> The [[Ticlio]] pass, on the Central Road of Peru, is the highest surfaced road in the Americas, at an elevation of {{cvt|4818|m}}.
*** The '''highest unsurfaced road''' has several different claimants. All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including [[Mana Pass]], between India and [[Tibet]], which is crossed by a gravel road reaching {{cvt|5610|m|0}}. The heavily trafficked [[Khardung La]] in Ladakh lies at {{cvt|5359|m|0}}. A possibly motorable gravel road crosses [[Marsimik La]] in Ladakh at {{cvt|5582|m|0}}.
** '''by train''' is [[Tanggula Pass]], located on the [[Qinghai–Tibet Railway|Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) Railway]] in the [[Tanggula Mountains]] of Qinghai/Tibet, [[China]], at {{cvt|5072|m|0}}. The [[Tanggula railway station]] is the world's highest railway station at {{cvt|5068|m|0}}. Before the Qingzang Railway was built, the highest railway ran between [[Lima]] and [[Huancayo]] in Peru, reaching {{cvt|4829|m|0}} at [[Ticlio]].<ref name="highest_railway">{{cite web |title=Destination Guides – World's highest railway, Peru – Wanderlust Travel Magazine |last=Bennett |first=Suzy |publisher=Wanderlust Magazine |url=<!-- http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/article.php?page_id=510 -->http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/articles/destinations/a-train-journey-through-the-peruvian-andes |date=October 2003 |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725012753/http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/articles/destinations/a-train-journey-through-the-peruvian-andes |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** '''by oceangoing vessel''' is a segment of the [[Rhine–Main–Danube Canal]] between the [[Hilpoltstein]] and [[Neumarkt (district)|Bachhausen]] locks in [[Bavaria]], Germany. The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to {{cvt|406|m|0}} above mean sea level, higher than any other [[lock (water navigation)|lock]] system in the world, making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft.
[[Image:La Rinconada Peru.jpg|thumb|[[La Rinconada, Peru|La Rinconada]], [[Peru]]]]
* The '''highest commercial airport''' is [[Daocheng Yading Airport]], [[Sichuan]], China, at {{cvt|4411|m|0}}.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=China opens world's highest civilian airport |author=Ben Blanchard |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-airport-idUSBRE98F0AG20130916 |newspaper=Reuters |date=16 September 2013 |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref> The proposed [[Nagqu Dagring Airport]] in Tibet, if built, will be {{cvt|25|m|0}} higher at {{cvt|4436|m}}.
* The '''highest helipad''' is Sonam, [[Siachen Glacier]], India, at a height of {{cvt|6400|m|0}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/05/20/siachen.kashmir/ |work=CNN |title=Siachen: The world's highest cold war |date=20 May 2002 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>
* The '''highest permanent human settlement''' is [[La Rinconada, Peru]], {{cvt|5100|m|0}}, in the Peruvian [[Andes]].
* The '''farthest road from the Earth's centre''' is the [[Chimborazo#Huts|Road to Carrel Hut]] in the Ecuadorian [[Andes]], at an elevation of {{cvt|4850|m|0}} above sea level and a distance of {{cvt|6382.9|km|0}} from the centre of the Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.summitpost.org/carrel-refuge/578539 |title=Carrel refuge. |work=summitpost.org}}</ref>

===Lowest points===
====Lowest natural points====
{{See also|List of places on land with elevations below sea level}}
* The '''deepest point below the ocean's atmospheric surface''' is [[Challenger Deep]], at the bottom of the [[Mariana Trench]], {{cvt|11034|m|0}} <!--- Using figure from Mariana Trench article --->below sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html |title=Challenger Deep – the Mariana Trench |access-date=30 July 2012 |archive-date=24 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424000302/http://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jacques Piccard]] and [[U.S. Navy]] Lieutenant [[Don Walsh]] first reached Challenger Deep in 1960 aboard the [[bathyscaphe]] ''[[Bathyscaphe Trieste|Trieste]]'', followed by filmmaker [[James Cameron]] in 2012 aboard ''[[Deepsea Challenger]]''. Between 2020 and 2022, [[DSV Limiting Factor|DSV ''Limiting Factor'']] made 19 dives to Challenger Deep, carrying with it 19 further visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/FDE-Challenger-Release-FINAL-5132019.pdf |title=Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep |work=fivedeeps.com |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinman |first=Steve |date=2022-07-15 |title=Deep-sea mapper can't get much deeper! - Divernet |url=https://divernet.com/world-dives/deep-sea-mapper-cant-get-much-deeper/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=divernet.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* The '''deepest known cave''' is in the [[Krubera Cave]] in [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], with its deepest known point 2,199 ± 20 metres (7,215 ± 66&nbsp;ft) below its entrance. The record was set in 2006, and it remains one of only [[List of deepest caves|two known caves]] deeper than 2,000 meters.<ref>Dubliansky VN, Klimchuk AB, Kiselev VE, Vakhrushev BA, Kovalev YN, Melnikov VP, Ryzhkov AF, Tintilozov ZK, Chuykov VD, Churubrova ML. "Описания пещер массива Арабика - 63.Пещерная система Арабикская" [Descriptions of caves of the Arabika massif - 63.Arabikskaja cave system] (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-01-12.</ref>
* The '''lowest point on land not covered by liquid water''' is the canyon under [[Denman Glacier]] in [[Antarctica]], with the bedrock being {{cvt|3,500|m|ft}} below sea level.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50753113 |title=Denman Glacier: Deepest point on land found in Antarctica |newspaper=[[BBC News|BBC]] |author=Jonathan Amos |date=12 December 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mathieu Morlighem |author2=Eric Rignot |author3=Tobias Binder |author4=Donald Blankenship |author5=Reinhard Drews |author6=Graeme Eagles |author7=Olaf Eisen |author8=Fausto Ferraccioli |author9=René Forsberg |author10=Peter Fretwell |author11=Vikram Goel |author12=Jamin S. Greenbaum |author13=Hilmar Gudmundsson |author14=Jingxue Guo |author15=Veit Helm |author16=Coen Hofstede |author17=Ian Howat |author18=Angelika Humbert |author19=Wilfried Jokat |author20=Nanna B. Karlsson |author21=Won Sang Lee |author22=Kenichi Matsuoka |author23=Romain Millan |author24=Jeremie Mouginot |author25=John Paden |author26=Frank Pattyn |author27=Jason Roberts |author28=Sebastian Rosier |author29=Antonia Ruppel |author30=Helene Seroussi |author31=Emma C. Smith |author32=Daniel Steinhage |author33=Bo Sun |author34=Michiel R. van den Broeke |author35=Tas D. van Ommen |author36=Melchior van Wessem |author37=Duncan A. Young |title=Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0510-8 |doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8 |date=12 December 2019 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=132–137 |s2cid=209331991 |access-date=13 December 2019}}</ref>
[[Image:Dead Sea-14.jpg|thumb|The shore of the [[Dead Sea]] in [[Israel]]]]
* The '''lowest point on dry land''' is the shore of the [[Dead Sea]], shared by [[Israel]], [[Palestine]] and [[Jordan]], {{cvt|432.65|m|0}} below sea level. As the Dead Sea waters are receding, the water surface level drops more than {{convert|1|m|ft}} per year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dead Sea drying: A new low-point for Earth |date=17 June 2016 |first=Kevin |last=Connolly |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36477284 |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>
* The '''point on the atmospheric surface closest to the Earth's centre''' (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the [[Arctic Ocean]] at the [[North Pole#Geographic North Pole|Geographic North Pole]] ({{cvt|6356.77|km|0|disp=or}}).
** The '''point on the surface of Earth's crust closest to the Earth's centre''' (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of [[Litke Deep]], in the [[Arctic Ocean]], at {{cvt|6,351.7043|km|0}} from Earth's centre; the deep's depth relative to sea level is {{cvt|5,449|m|ft|0}}. Because Earth is an [[flattening|oblate]] [[spheroid]] rather than a perfect [[spherical Earth|sphere]], it is [[equatorial bulge|wider]] at the [[equator]] and narrower toward each [[geographical pole|pole]]. Therefore, the bottom of Litke Deep, which is near the North Pole, is closer to Earth's centre than the bottom of Challenger Deep is; the latter is {{cvt|14.7268|km|ft|1}} further, at {{cvt|6,366.4311|km|mi|1}} from Earth's centre.<ref name="ripublication.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ripublication.com/ijome22/ijomev12n1_03.pdf |title=''Revisiting "Ocean Depth closest to the Center of the Earth"''|publisher= Arjun Tan, Department of Physics, Alabama A & M University|language=English|accessdate=18 September 2022}}</ref> [[Molloy Deep]], also in Arctic Ocean (at {{cvt|6,357.5178|km|mi|0|disp=or}}) from Earth's centre contends closely with Litke Deep, the difference from Earth's centre being just {{cvt|389|m|ft|}}.
** The '''point on the ocean surface farthest below sea level''' is located in the [[Indian Ocean]], about {{cvt|1200|km|mi}} southwest of India, the [[Indian Ocean Geoid Low]], about {{cvt|106|m|0}} below the [[global mean sea level]].<ref name="Geoid"/>

====Lowest artificial points====
* <!-- Kola borehole is drilled straight down; new borehole length records were mostly horizontal -->The '''lowest point underground''' ever reached was {{cvt|12262|m}} deep (SG-3 at the [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]], which has since been enclosed).
* The '''lowest human-sized point underground''' is {{cvt|3900|m}}<ref name="TauTonaExtended">{{cite news |title=TauTona, Anglo Gold – Mining Technology |url=http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/tautona_goldmine/ |publisher=SPG Media Group PLC |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> below ground at the [[TauTona Mine]], [[Carletonville]], South Africa.
* The '''lowest (from sea level) artificially made point with open sky''' may be the [[Hambach surface mine]], Germany, which reaches a depth of {{cvt|293|m}} below sea level.
* The '''lowest (from surface) artificially made point with open sky''' may be the [[Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine]], [[Utah]], United States, at a depth of {{cvt|1200|m}} below surface level.
* The '''lowest point underwater''' is the {{cvt|10685|m}}-deep (as measured from the [[subsea]] [[wellhead]]) [[oil well|oil and gas well]] drilled on the [[Tiber Oil Field]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The [[wellhead]] of this well is an additional {{cvt|1259|m}} underwater, for a total distance of {{cvt|11944|m}} as measured from sea level.<ref name="Transocean Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html |title=Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well |publisher=Transocean |access-date=7 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html |archive-date=26 April 2010}}</ref> {{Coord|28.736667|N|88.386944|W|display=inline}}

====Lowest points attainable by transportation====
* The '''lowest point accessible''':
** '''by road''', excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads alongside the [[Dead Sea]] in [[Israel]], [[Palestine]] and [[Jordan]], which are the lowest on Earth at {{cvt|418|m|0}} below sea level.
*** The '''lowest undersea highway tunnel''' is the [[Ryfast]] tunnel in [[Norway]], at {{cvt|292|m|0}} below sea level.
** '''by train''', excluding tracks in mines, is located in the [[Seikan Tunnel]] in [[Japan]], at {{cvt|240|m|0}} below sea level. For comparison, the undersea [[Channel Tunnel]] between England and France reaches a depth of {{cvt|115|m|0}} below sea level.
** '''by ship''', is located in the [[Indian Ocean]], about {{cvt|1200|km|mi}} southwest of India, the [[Indian Ocean Geoid Low]], about {{cvt|106|m|0}} below the [[global mean sea level]].<ref name="Geoid">{{cite journal |last1=Sreejith |first1=K.M. |last2=Rajesh |first2=S. |last3=Majumdar |first3=T.J. |last4=Srinivasa Rao |first4=G. |last5=Radhakrishna |first5=M. |last6=Krishna |first6=K.S. |last7=Rajawat |first7=A.S. |title=High-resolution residual geoid and gravity anomaly data of the northern Indian Ocean – An input to geological understanding |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |date=January 2013 |volume=62 |pages=616–626 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.010|bibcode=2013JAESc..62..616S }}</ref>
** Some mines have roads accessible from outside or rail tracks, located more than two thousand metres below sea level, for example in some [[South Africa]]n gold mines.
* The '''lowest [[railroad station]]''' was formerly the Japanese [[Yoshioka-Kaitei Station]], at {{cvt|150|m|0}} below sea level, but it closed in 2014. The lowest railroad station not inside a tunnel is {{cvt|120|m|0}} below sea level, at [[Beit She'an railway station]] in [[Israel]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
* The '''[[List of lowest airports|lowest airfield]]''' is the [[Bar Yehuda Airfield]], near [[Masada]], [[Israel]], at {{cvt|378|m|0}} below sea level.
* The '''lowest international airport''' is [[Atyrau Airport]], near [[Atyrau]], [[Kazakhstan]], at {{cvt|22|m|0}} below sea level, in the basin of the [[Caspian Sea]].
* The '''lowest major city''' is [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], located {{cvt|28|m}} below sea level, which makes it the lowest-lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.

===Table of extreme elevations and air temperatures by continent===
{{See also|List of elevation extremes by region|List of weather records}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" | '''Continent'''
| colspan="3" | '''[[Elevation]] (height [[Above mean sea level|above]]/below [[sea level]])'''{{Ref|A|A}}
| colspan="2" | '''[[Temperature|Air temperature]] (recorded)'''<ref name="WMO">[http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] World Meteorological Organization</ref>{{Ref|B|B}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Highest'''
| '''Lowest'''
| '''Highest'''
| '''Lowest'''
|-
| [[Africa]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|5893|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanzania]]<ref>The Kilimanjaro 2008 Precise Height Measurement Expedition. ''[http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2009/papers/ts08c/ts08c_fernandes_teamkili2008_3438.pdf Precise Determination of the Orthometric Height of Mt. Kilimanjaro]''</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Kilimanjaro01.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−155|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]], [[Djibouti]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Harter |first=Pascale |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9254468.stm |title=A life of constant thirst beside Djibouti's Lake Assal |work=BBC News |date=4 December 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|55|C}} (disputed<ref name="temp" />)<br />[[Kebili]], [[French Tunisia]]<br />7 July 1931{{Ref|C|C}}|| style="text-align:left;" |{{convert|-23.9|C}}<br />[[Ifrane]], [[French Morocco]]<br />11 February 1935
|-
| [[Antarctica]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|4892|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Vinson Massif]]<ref name=gnismtv>{{cite gnis|id=18890|type=antarid|name=Mount Vinson|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Vinson Massif from space.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|-50|m|abbr=in|0}}<ref>[http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/soe/display_indicator.cfm?soe_id=62 Indicator 62 - Water levels of Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705115923/http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/soe/display_indicator.cfm?soe_id=62 |date=5 July 2009 }}, Australian Antarctic Data Centre. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</ref><br />Deep Lake, [[Vestfold Hills]]<br />(compare the [[#Deepest ice|deepest ice]] section below) || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|20.75|C}}<br />[[Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station]]<br />9 February 2020 || style="text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|−89.2|C}}<br />[[Vostok Station]]'''<br />'''21 July 1983'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;" | [[Asia]] || rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|8848.86|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Mount Everest]], [[Tibet]]–[[Nepal]] Border <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163 |title=The 'Highest' Spot on Earth? |website=NPR.org |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>''' || rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | [[Image:Everest, Himalayas.jpg|right|100px]] || rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|−424|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Dead Sea]], [[Israel]]–[[Jordan]]–[[Palestine]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremescience.com/dead-sea.htm |title=Lowest Elevation: Dead Sea |publisher=Extremescience.com |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|54|C}} <!--(disputed?!) rather: 53.9°C / 129°F Mitribah, Kuwait, on July 21, 2016--><br />[[Tirat Zvi]], [[Israel]] (then in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]])<br />21 June 1942|| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−67.7|C}}<small> Measured</small><br />[[Oymyakon]], [[Siberia]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />6 February 1933<ref name="Stepanova">{{cite web|author=N.A. Stepanova |title=On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/086/mwr-086-01-0006.pdf |publisher=Docs.lib.noaa.gov
|access-date=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|54|C}} <!--(disputed?!)--><br />[[Ahvaz]] Airport, [[Iran]]<br />29 June 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−71.2|C}}<small> Extrapolated</small><br />[[Oymyakon]], [[Siberia]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />26 January 1926<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0512_040512_tvoymyakon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040517011512/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0512_040512_tvoymyakon.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2004 |title=Life Is a Chilling Challenge in Subzero Siberia from the National Geographic |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Europe]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|5642|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Mount Elbrus]], [[Russian Federation]]<ref>[http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10381 Mount Elbrus] at peakbagger.com</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Mount Elbrus May 2008.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−28|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Caspian Sea]] shore, [[Russian Federation]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul A Tucci|author2=Mathew Todd Rosenberg|title=The Handy Geography Answer Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzUpZd_D1cUC&pg=PA9|year=2009|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-1-57859-272-2|page=9}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | 48.8&nbsp;°C
(119.8&nbsp;°F)
[[Floridia]], [[Italy]]<br>
11 August 2021
| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−58.1|C}}<br />[[Ust-Shchuger]], [[Soviet Union]]<br />31 December 1978
|-
| style="vertical-align:center;" | [[North America]] || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|6190.5|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Denali]] (federally designated as Mount McKinley), [[Alaska]], [[United States]]<ref name=ADN>{{cite press release | url=http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/new-elevation-for-nations-highest-peak/?from=title | publisher=USGS | title=New Elevation for Nation's Highest Peak | author1=Mark Newell | author2=Blaine Horner | date=2 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref> || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | [[Image:Denali Mt McKinley.jpg|right|100px]] || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | {{convert|−85|m|abbr=in}}<br />[[Badwater Basin]], [[California]], [[United States]]<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) - National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=21 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|url-status=dead}}</ref> || style="vertical-align:center; text-align:left;" | '''{{convert|134.1|F|1|order=flip}}<br />[[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]] (then named [[Furnace Creek, California#History|Greenland Ranch]]), [[Death Valley]], [[California]], [[United States]]<br />10 July 1913'''{{Ref|C|C}} (<small>[[List of weather records#Highest temperatures ever recorded|disputed while still official]], but up to 54.4&nbsp;°C (129.9&nbsp;°F)<ref name="temp">{{cite web|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2021/07/temperature-reaches-130f-at-death-valley-california/|title=Temperature reaches 130&nbsp;°F (54.4&nbsp;°C) at California's Death Valley|date=10 July 2021}}</ref> has also been recorded there in 2020 and 2021, not yet verified by WMO; and {{convert|54.0|C|F}} which is verified.</small>) <!-- The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations. --> || style="text-align:left;" | -69.6&nbsp;°C (-93.3&nbsp;°F)
[[Summit Camp]], [[Greenland]]<br />22 December 1991
|-
| [[Oceania]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|4884|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Puncak Jaya]] (Carstensz Pyramid), [[Indonesia]]<br>(compare [[Mount Wilhelm]], [[Aoraki / Mount Cook]] and [[Mount Kosciuszko]])<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11360 Carstensz Pyramid, Indonesia] at peakbagger.com</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Puncak Jaya icecap 1972.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−15|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Lake Eyre]], [[South Australia]], Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/au.htm |title=Oceaina |publisher=Worldatlas.com |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|50.7|C}}<br/>[[Oodnadatta, South Australia|Oodnadatta]], [[South Australia]], Australia<br/>2 January 1960{{Ref|G|G}}
{{convert|50.7|C}}<br/>''[[Onslow, Western Australia]],'' Australia

13 January 2022<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2022|title=Australia equals hottest day on record at 50.7C|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-59977193|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−25.6|C}}<br>[[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Otago]], [[New Zealand]]<br>17 July 1903
|-
| [[South America]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|6962|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Aconcagua]], [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], [[Argentina]]<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8594 Aconcagua, Argentina] at peakbagger.com</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | [[Image:Aconcagua heli 3.jpg|right|100px]] || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−105|m|abbr=in|0}}<br />[[Laguna del Carbón]], [[Argentina]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/extremes_2.htm |title=Lowest Points on Land |publisher=Geography.about.com |date=20 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515142205/http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/extremes_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|48.9|C}}<br />[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]], [[Argentina]]<br />11 December 1905 || style="text-align:left;" | {{convert|−32.8|C}}<br />[[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]], [[Argentina]]<br /> 1 June 1907
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" |
<div style="font-size:99%;">
:A.{{Note|A}} Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, however, is [[Chimborazo]] in [[Ecuador]] ({{convert|6267|m|abbr=in|0}}). This is due to the Earth's [[oblate spheroid]] shape, with points near the [[Equator]] being farther out from the centre than those at the poles.
:B.{{Note|B}} All temperatures from the [[World Meteorological Organization]] unless noted.
:C.{{Note|C}} The former record of {{Convert|57.7|C}} recorded at [[Al 'Aziziyah]], [[Libya]] on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process.<ref>{{cite web|author=PWMU |url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |title=Ninety-year-old World temperature record in El Azizia (Libya) is invalid Improved data strengthens Climate knowledge |publisher=Wmo.int |access-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053728/http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |archive-date=6 April 2016 }}</ref> The 1913 reading is, however, [[List of weather records#Highest temperatures ever recorded|itself controversial]], and a measurement of {{Convert|54.0|C}} at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places.
:E.{{Note|E}} Temperatures greater than {{convert|50|C}} in Spain and [[Portugal]] were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit {{convert|48.0|C}} during the [[2003 European heat wave|2003 heat wave]].<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-highest-temperature Europe: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629061515/http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-highest-temperature |date=29 June 2009 }} WMO</ref>
:F.{{Note|F}} Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 (Europe).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/western-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Western Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=Wmo.asu.edu |date=9 January 1954 |access-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518042137/http://wmo.asu.edu/western-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=Wmo.asu.edu |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>
:G.{{Note|G}} A temperature of {{convert|53.1|C}} was recorded in [[Cloncurry, Queensland|Cloncurry]], [[Queensland]] on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2003/s1015670.htm|title=Queensland to bake on Christmas Day|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|work=[[AM (ABC Radio)|AM]]|date=24 December 2003|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104034004/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2003/s1015670.htm|archive-date=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Trewin|first=Blair|date=December 1997|title=Another look at Australia's record high temperature|journal=Australian Meteorological Magazine|volume=46|issue=4|pages=251–256|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jshess/docs/1997/trewin.pdf}}</ref></div>
|}

==Humans and biogeography==
[[File:Mollweide Cycle.gif|thumb|400px|On land, vegetation appears on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (heavy vegetation); at the ocean surface, phytoplankton are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high).]]

[[File:WorldCenterOfPopulation.png|thumb|400px|For representational purposes only: The point on earth closest to everyone in the world on average was calculated to be in Central Asia, with a mean distance of {{convert|5000|km|sigfig=1|sp=us}}. Its [[antipodes|antipodal point]] is correspondingly the ''farthest'' point from everyone on earth, and is located in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]] near [[Easter Island]], with a mean distance of {{convert|15000|km|sp=us}}. The data used by this figure is lumped at the country level, and is therefore precise only to country-scale distances, larger nations heavily skewed. Far more granular data -- kilometer level, is now available -- compares with this old "textbook" example.]]

In contrast to places with the highest density of life, like terrestrial<ref name="Bar-On Phillips Milo pp. 6506–6511">{{cite journal | last1=Bar-On | first1=Yinon M. | last2=Phillips | first2=Rob | last3=Milo | first3=Ron | title=The biomass distribution on Earth | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=115 | issue=25 | date=21 May 2018 | issn=0027-8424 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1711842115 | pages=6506–6511| pmid=29784790 | pmc=6016768 | bibcode=2018PNAS..115.6506B | doi-access=free }}</ref> tropical regions, and beside local extreme conditions, which might only be overcome by [[extremophiles]], there are areas of extreme low amounts of life.

Next to terrestrial lifeless areas like the [[Antarctic desert]]'s [[McMurdo Dry Valleys]] and its [[Don Juan Pond]], the most lifeless area in the ocean studied (other than the more general [[Dead zone (ecology)|dead zones]]) is the [[South Pacific Gyre]],<ref name="sediment">{{cite journal|last=D'Hondt|first=Steven|date=July 2009|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=28|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090622171408.htm|title = Subseafloor Sediment In South Pacific Gyre One Of Least Inhabited Places On Earth|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1073/pnas.0811793106|pmid=19561304|pages=11651–11656|pmc=2702254|bibcode=2009PNAS..10611651D|doi-access=free}}</ref> corresponding to the [[Point Nemo|oceanic pole of inaccessibility]].

The oceanic pole of inaccessibility is also the [[Antipodes|antipodal]] area of the human [[center of population]] which lies today around southern [[Central Asia]]. Similarly the [[world economy|world's economic]] center of gravity has been drifting since [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]] from Central Asia to Northern Europe and contemporarily back to Central Asia.<ref name="Kabashkin Mikulko p.">{{cite journal | last1=Kabashkin | first1=Igor | last2=Mikulko | first2=Jelena | title=Model of Decision Support for Alternative Choice in the Large Scale Transportation Transit System | journal=Unpublished | year=2014 | doi=10.13140/2.1.1874.9440 | url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/2.1.1874.9440 | access-date=28 August 2022 | page=}}</ref> The related centre of gravity of the worlds [[carbon emission]] has shifted from Britain during the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the Atlantic, back again and contemporarily into Central Asia.<ref name="Kommenda 2021">{{cite web | last=Kommenda | first=Niko | title=UK, US, China: how the world's carbon 'centre of gravity' moved over 200 years | website=the Guardian | date=13 October 2021 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2021/oct/13/uk-us-china-how-the-worlds-carbon-centre-of-gravity-moved-over-200-years | access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref>

==Remoteness==
===Poles of inaccessibility===
{{main|Pole of inaccessibility}}
Each continent has its own [[Pole of inaccessibility#Continental poles of inaccessibility|continental pole of inaccessibility]], defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own [[Pole of inaccessibility#Oceanic pole of inaccessibility|oceanic pole of inaccessibility]], defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land.
[[File:Distancia a la costa.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Map of distance to the nearest coastline<ref name="Garcia2007">{{cite journal |last1=Garcia-Castellanos |first1=Daniel |last2=Lombardo |first2=Umberto |title=Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth |doi=10.1080/14702540801897809 |periodical=Scottish Geographical Journal |access-date=10 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629230429/http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2014|url-status=dead|date=September 2007 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=227–233 |bibcode=2007ScGJ..123..227G |s2cid=55876083 |url=http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf }}</ref> (including oceanic islands, but not lakes) with red spots marking the poles of inaccessibility of main [[landmass]]es, [[Great Britain]], and the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and a blue dot marking the oceanic pole of inaccessibility. Thin isolines are {{convert|250|km|abbr=on}} apart; thick lines {{convert|1000|km|abbr=on}}. [[Mollweide projection]].]]

====Continental====
* The '''most distant point from an ocean''' is the Eurasian Pole of Inaccessibility (or "EPIA") {{Coord|46|17|N|86|40|E|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility}}, in [[China]]'s [[Xinjiang]] region near the border with Kazakhstan. Calculations have shown that this point, located in the [[Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert]], is {{cvt|2645|km}} from the nearest coastline. The nearest settlement to the EPIA is Suluk at {{Coord|46|15|N|86|50|E|name=Suluk}}, about {{cvt|11|km|mi|sigfig=1}} to the east.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} A 2007 study suggests that the historical calculation of the EPIA failed to recognize the point where the [[Gulf of Ob]] joins the Arctic Ocean, and proposes instead that varying definitions of coastline could result in other locations for the EPIA:
** EPIA1, somewhere between {{Coord|44|17|N|82|11|E|name=EPIA1.1}} and {{Coord|44|29|N|82|19|E|name=EPIA1.2}}, is about {{cvt|2510|+/-|10|km}} from the nearest ocean.
** EPIA2, somewhere between {{Coord|45|17|N|88|08|E|name=EPIA2.1}} and {{Coord|45|28|N|88|14|E|name=EPIA2.2}}, is about {{cvt|2514|+/-|7|km}} from the nearest ocean.<ref name="PIA"/>
:If adopted, this would place the final EPIA roughly {{cvt|130|km|mi|sigfig=1}} closer to the ocean than the point that is currently agreed upon.<ref name="PIA">{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14702540801897809 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=227–233 |last1=Garcia-Castellanos |first1=Daniel |first2=Umberto |last2=Lombardo |title=Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth |journal=Scottish Geographical Journal |issn=1470-2541 |year=2007 |url=http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos,%20Lombardo,%202007,%20SGJ.pdf |publisher=Informa UK |bibcode=2007ScGJ..123..227G |s2cid=55876083 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803055158/http://cuba.ija.csic.es/~danielgc/papers/Garcia-Castellanos%2C%20Lombardo%2C%202007%2C%20SGJ.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2014 }}</ref> Coincidentally, EPIA1, or EPIA2, and the most remote of the [[Pole of inaccessibility#Oceanic pole of inaccessibility|Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility]] (specifically, the point in the [[South Pacific Ocean]] that is farthest from land) are similarly remote; EPIA1 is less than {{cvt|200|km}} closer to the ocean than the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility is to land.
* The continental poles of inaccessibility for the other continents are as follows:
** [[Africa]]: {{Coord|5.65|N|26.17|E|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Africa}},<ref name="PIA"/> close to the [[tripoint]] of the [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
** [[Australia (continent)|Australia]]: either {{Coord|23|2|S|132|10|E|name=Australian Pole of Inaccessibility}},<ref>[http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/centre.htm Centre of Australia, States and Territories] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822124000/https://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/centre.htm |date=22 August 2008 }}, Geoscience Australia</ref> or {{Coord|23.17|S|132.27|E|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia}},<ref name="PIA"/> near [[Papunya]], [[Northern Territory]]
** [[North America]]: {{Coord|43.36|N|101.97|W|name=Pole of Inaccessibility North America}},<ref name="PIA"/> between [[Kyle, South Dakota]] and [[Allen, South Dakota]], [[United States]].
** [[South America]]: {{Coord|14.05|S|56.85|W|name=Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America}},<ref name="PIA"/> near [[Arenápolis]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Brazil]]

====Oceanic====
* The '''most distant point from land''' is the Pacific pole of inaccessibility (also called "[[Point Nemo]]", in a region known as the [[spacecraft cemetery]]), which lies in the [[South Pacific Ocean]] at {{Coord|48|52.6|S|123|23.6|W|type:landmark|name=Point Nemo}}, about {{cvt|2688|km|0}} from the nearest land (equidistant from [[Ducie Island]] in the [[Pitcairn Islands]] to the north, [[Motu Nui]] off [[Rapa Nui]] to the northeast, and Maher Island off [[Siple Island]] near [[Marie Byrd Land]], [[Antarctica]], to the south).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nemo.html |title=Where is Point Nemo? |work=NOAA |access-date=20 February 2015}}
</ref> The centre of the Pacific Ocean and the [[Water Hemisphere]] lie west to it, closer to [[Oceania]], off the coast of [[Kiribati]] at {{Coord|47.411667|N|2.620833|W|format=dms|type:landmark_region:FR_scale:10000|display=inline}} and [[New Zealand]] at {{Coord|47.411667|S|177.379167|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:FR_scale:10000|display=inline}} respectively.

===Other places considered the most remote===
[[Image:Bouvet Island ISS017-E-16161 no text.JPG|thumb|[[Bouvet Island]]]]
* The '''most remote island''' is [[Bouvet Island]], a small, uninhabited island in the [[South Atlantic Ocean]] that is a [[dependencies of Norway|dependency]] of [[Norway]]. It lies at coordinates {{Coord|54|26|S|3|24|E|type:landmark|name=most remote island}}. The nearest land is the uninhabited [[Queen Maud Land]], [[Antarctica]] (also claimed by Norway), over {{cvt|1600|km|mi|sigfig=1}} to the south. The nearest inhabited lands are [[Gough Island]], {{cvt|1845|km|0}} away, [[Tristan da Cunha]], {{cvt|2260|km|0}} away, and the coast of [[South Africa]], {{cvt|2580|km|0}} away.
* The title for '''most remote inhabited island or archipelago''' (the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place) depends on how the question is interpreted. If the south Atlantic island [[Tristan da Cunha]] (population about 300) and its dependency [[Gough Island]] (with a small staffed research post), which are {{cvt|399|km|0}} from each other, are considered part of the same archipelago, or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents, then Tristan da Cunha is the world's most remote inhabited island/archipelago: the main island, also called Tristan da Cunha, is {{cvt|2434|km|0}} from the island [[Saint Helena]], {{cvt|2816|km|0}} from [[South Africa]], and {{cvt|3360|km}} from South America. It is {{cvt|2260|km|0}} away from uninhabited [[Bouvet Island]]. However, if Gough and [[Tristan da Cunha]] are considered separately, they disqualify each other, and the most remote inhabited island is [[Easter Island]] in the South Pacific Ocean, which lies {{cvt|2075|km|mi}} from [[Pitcairn Island]] (about 50 residents in 2013), {{cvt|2606|km|0}} from [[Rikitea]] on the island of [[Mangareva]] (the nearest town with a population over 500), and {{cvt|3512|km|mi}} from the coast of [[Chile]] (the nearest continental point and the country of which Easter Island is part). The [[Kerguelen Islands]] in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender, lying {{cvt|1340|km|mi}} from the small [[Alfred Faure]] scientific station in [[Île de la Possession]], but otherwise more than {{cvt|3300|km|mi}} from the coast of [[Madagascar]] (the nearest permanently inhabited place), {{cvt|450|km|0}} northwest of the uninhabited [[Heard Island]] and [[McDonald Islands]] (both a part of [[Australia]]), and {{cvt|1440|km|mi}} from the non-permanent scientific station located in [[Île Amsterdam]].
* '''Remote cities'''
** The most remote city with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], {{cvt|2168.9|km|mi}} away.<ref>[http://www.daftlogic.com/projects-google-maps-distance-calculator.htm Draft Logic – Google Maps Distance Calculator], accessed 4 September 2011</ref>
** The most remote city with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000 is [[Perth]], Australia, located {{cvt|2138|km}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelmath.com/flying-distance/from/Perth,+Australia/to/Adelaide,+Australia |title=Flight Distance from Perth, Australia to Adelaide, Australia |work=travelmath.com}}</ref> away from [[Adelaide]], Australia.
** The most remote city with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city with a population in excess of 100,000 is [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], United States. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is [[San Francisco]], {{cvt|3850|km}} away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityextremes.com/isolated.php |title=The Most Isolated Cities of the World |work=cityextremes.com}}</ref>
** The most remote national capitals are [[Wellington]], New Zealand, and [[Canberra]], Australia, which are {{cvt|2326|km|0}} apart from each other and neither is closer to another capital. 
* The '''most remote airport in the world''' from another airport is [[Mataveri International Airport]] (IPC) on [[Easter Island]], which has a single runway for military and public use. It is located {{cvt|2603|km|0}} from [[Totegegie Airport]] (GMR; very few flights) in the [[Gambier Islands]], [[French Polynesia]] and {{cvt|3759|km|0}} from [[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport|Santiago, Chile]] (SCL; a fairly large airport). In comparison, the airport at the [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]] (NZSP) is not very remote at all, being located only {{cvt|1355|km|mi|0}} from [[Williams Field]] (NZWD) near [[Ross Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=IPC-SCL%2CIPC-GMR%2CNZWD-NZSP&DU=km |title=Great Circle Mapper |work=gcmap.com}}</ref><!--but is it the most remote airport from city/inhabited place, or if not, which one is? especially when compare to Tibet's 2nd highest airport at 2011.-->

==Centre==
{{Main|Geographical center of Earth}}
{{Other uses|Axis mundi}}
Since the Earth is a [[spheroid]], its centre (the [[core of the Earth|core]]) is thousands of kilometres beneath its [[Crust (geology)|crust]]. Still, there have been attempts to define various "centrepoints" on the Earth's surface.
* The '''centre of the standard geographic model''' as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0°, 0° (the [[coordinates]] of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude), which is located in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] about {{cvt|614|km}} south of [[Accra]], [[Ghana]], in the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. It lies at the intersection of the [[Equator]] and the [[IERS Reference Meridian|Prime Meridian]], is marked with a buoy, and is sometimes called [[Null Island]]. However, the selection of the Prime Meridian as the 0° longitude meridian depended on cultural and historical factors and is therefore geographically arbitrary (any of the Earth's meridians could, in principle, be defined as 0° longitude); consequently, the position of the "Null Island" centrepoint is also arbitrary.
* The '''[[Centre of population#World|centre of population]]''', the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world, could also be considered a "centre of the world". This point is located in the north of the [[Indian subcontinent]], although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet.

==Geophysical extremes==
===Tallest mountain===
{{Further|List of tallest mountains in the Solar System}}
* [[Mauna Kea]], tallest mountain from base-to-peak, with a dry [[prominence]] of {{convert|9330|m|abbr=on|0}} and a wet prominence above sea level of {{convert|4,207.3|m|abbr=on|0}}.
* [[Denali]] (federally designated as Mount McKinley), tallest mountain from base-to-peak on land, measuring {{convert|5500|meter|feet|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Helman2005">{{cite book|author=Adam Helman|title=The Finest Peaks: Prominence and Other Mountain Measures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr8AM-w8IFQC|access-date=9 December 2012|date=2005|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4120-5995-4|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031053845/https://books.google.com/books?id=kr8AM-w8IFQC|url-status=live}} On p. 20 of Helman (2005):"the base to peak rise of Mount McKinley is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level, some {{convert|18000|feet|meter|abbr=on}}"</ref>

===Greatest vertical drop===
{{further|List of tallest cliffs}}
{| class="wikitable"
| Greatest purely vertical drop || {{cvt|4100|ft|order=flip}}<br />[[Mount Thor]], [[Auyuittuq National Park]], [[Baffin Island]], [[Nunavut]], Canada (summit elevation {{convert|1675|m|abbr=on|0}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/03/mount-thor-the-greatest-vertical-drop-on-earth.html |title=Mount Thor -The Greatest Vertical Drop on Earth! |publisher=Dailygalaxy.com |date=9 March 2010 |access-date=25 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312051404/https://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/03/mount-thor-the-greatest-vertical-drop-on-earth.html |archive-date=March 12, 2010}}</ref><ref name=bivouac>{{cite bivouac|id=4155|name=Thor Peak|access-date=30 November 2009}}</ref> || [[Image:Mount Thor Peak 1997-08-07.jpg|right|100px]]
|-
| Greatest nearly vertical drop || {{convert|1340|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Trango Towers]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan ]] (summit elevation {{convert|6286|m|abbr=on|0}}) || [[Image:GreatTrango.jpg|right|100px]]
|-
| Greatest mountain face || {{convert|4600|m|abbr=on|0}} <br /> [[Nanga Parbat]], Rupal Face, [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Kashmir, Pakistan]] || [[File:Nanga Parbat Rupal Base camp, Gilgit Baltistan.JPG|right|100px]]
|-
| Greatest ocean cliff || [[Kermadec Trench]], with cliffs around {{convert|8000|m|abbr=on}} tall || [[File:Kermadec Arc.jpg|right|100px]]
|}

=== Longest ===

* [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]], South Africa is the longest surface escarpment at 5,000&nbsp;km long<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) The Great Escarpment of Southern Africa: A New Frontier for Biodiversity Exploration |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234834352_The_Great_Escarpment_of_Southern_Africa_A_New_Frontier_for_Biodiversity_Exploration |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231020235044/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234834352_The_Great_Escarpment_of_Southern_Africa_A_New_Frontier_for_Biodiversity_Exploration |archive-date=2023-10-20 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>

=== Subterranean ===
{{Further|Mining#Records|List of deepest caves}}
{| class="wikitable"
| Deepest [[Mining|mine]] below ground level|| {{convert|4000|m|abbr=on}}<br />[[Mponeng Gold Mine]], [[Gauteng Province]], [[South Africa]]
|-
| Deepest mine below sea level|| {{convert|2733|m|abbr=on|0}} below sea level<br />[[Kidd Mine]], [[Ontario]], Canada
|-
| Deepest [[open-pit mine]] below ground level|| {{convert|1200|m|abbr=on}}<br />[[Bingham Canyon Mine]], [[Utah]], United States
|-
| Deepest open-pit mine below sea level|| {{convert|293|m|abbr=on|0}} below sea level<br />[[Tagebau Hambach]], Germany
|-
| Deepest [[cave]] (measured from the entrance) || {{convert|2204|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Veryovkina Cave|Veryovkina]], [[Arabika Massif]], [[Abkhazia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gulden|first1=Bob|author-link=Robert Gulden |title=World's Deepest Caves|url=http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022112054/http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 October 2021|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Deepest [[pitch (vertical space)|pitch]] (single vertical drop) || {{convert|1026|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Xiaozhai Tiankeng|Tian Xing Cave]], China<ref>{{cite web|last1=Starritt|first1=Alex|title=Climbers explore one of world's deepest underground shafts|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3284948/Climbers-explore-one-of-worlds-deepest-underground-shafts.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3284948/Climbers-explore-one-of-worlds-deepest-underground-shafts.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=Daily Telegraph|date=30 October 2008 |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited|access-date=22 September 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| Deepest [[borehole]] || {{convert|12261|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Kola Superdeep Borehole]], Russia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/kola-superdeep-borehole|title=Kola Superdeep Borehole|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref>
|-
| Deepest  [[borehole]] by depth below sea level || {{convert|11944 |m|abbr=on|0}} (10,685 m well at 1,259 m deep seabed)<br />The Tiber well, [[Gulf of Mexico]], United States <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/79913/bp_makes_giant_deepwater_discovery_with_tiber/ |title=BP Deepeater Well|website=Rigzone}}</ref>
|}

===Greatest oceanic depths===
{| class="wikitable"
| [[Atlantic Ocean]] || {{convert|8376|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/home/expedition/atlantic/|title=Atlantic Ocean|website=Five Deeps Expedition|language=en-GB|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref><br />[[Milwaukee Deep]] (within the [[Brownson Deep]]), [[Puerto Rico Trench]]
|-
| [[Arctic Ocean]] || {{convert|5550|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Molloy-Press-Release-final.pdf|title=Five Deeps Expedition is complete after historic dive to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean}}</ref><br />[[Molloy Deep]], [[Fram Strait]]
|-
| [[Indian Ocean]] || {{convert|7192|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/JT-Diamantina-Press-Release-FINAL-UPDATED.pdf|title=Deep sea pioneermakes history again as first human to dive to the deepest point in the Indian Ocean, the Java Trench}}</ref><br />[[Sunda Trench]]
|-
|[[Mediterranean Sea]] || {{convert|5267|m|abbr=on|0}}<br />[[Calypso Deep]], [[Hellenic Trench]]
|-
| [[Pacific Ocean]] || '''{{convert|10928|m|abbr=on|0}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/FDE-Challenger-Release-FINAL-5132019.pdf|title=Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep}}</ref>'''<br />[[Challenger Deep]], [[Mariana Trench]]'''<ref name="Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA">{{cite news|url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/Reports/Archives/KMreportJuneJuly2009.html |title=Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009 |date=4 June 2009 |publisher=University of Hawaii Marine Center |access-date=4 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524194643/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/Reports/Archives/KMreportJuneJuly2009.html |archive-date=24 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Southern Ocean]] || {{convert|7433.6|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FDE-SST-Press-Release-Final.pdf|title=Explorer makes history as first human to successfully dive to the deepest point in the Southern Ocean, in the South Sandwich Trench}}</ref><br />[[South Sandwich Trench]] (southernmost portion, at {{coordinates|60|28.46|S|025|32.32|W|display=inline}})
|}

===Deepest ice===
Ice sheets on land, but having the base below sea level. Places under ice are not considered to be on land.
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Denman Glacier|Denman Subglacial Trench]]|| {{convert|−3500|m|abbr=on}} || [[Antarctica]]
|-
|Trough beneath [[Jakobshavn Isbræ]] || {{convert|-1512|m|abbr=on|0}}<ref>Plummer, Joel. [https://www.cresis.ku.edu/~plummer/jakob.html#Bed_1 Jakobshavn Bed Elevation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627071506/https://www.cresis.ku.edu/~plummer/jakob.html |date=27 June 2010 }}, Center for the Remote Sensing of the Ice Sheets, Dept of Geography, University of Kansas.</ref>|| [[Greenland]], [[Denmark]]
|}

==Meteorological extremes==
===Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth===
{| class="wikitable"
| Hottest inhabited place || [[Dallol, Ethiopia]] (Amharic: ዳሎል), whose annual mean temperature was recorded from 1960 to 1966 as {{convert|34.4|C}}.<ref>p. 9, ''Weather Experiments'', Muriel Mandell and Dave Garbot, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2006, {{ISBN|1-4027-2157-9}}.</ref> The average daily maximum temperature during the same period was {{convert|41.1|C}}.<ref>Average of table on p. 26, ''Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book'', Christopher C. Burt and Mark Stroud, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007, {{ISBN|0-393-33015-X}}.</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|Coldest inhabited place ||[[Oymyakon]] (Russian: Оймяко́н), a rural locality (selo) in Oymyakonsky District of the [[Sakha Republic]], the Russian Federation, has the coldest monthly mean, with {{convert|-45.7|C|F|abbr=}} the average temperature in January, the coldest month. [[Eureka, Nunavut|Eureka]], Nunavut, Canada has the lowest annual mean temperature at {{convert|-19.7|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=1750&lang=e&dCode=1&StationName=EUREKA&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12 |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 |publisher=Climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
|The [[South Pole]] and some other places in [[Antarctica]] are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants.
|}

===Ground temperatures===
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name=running2011>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1|title=Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth|year=2011|last1=Running|first1=Steven W.|last2=Zhao|first2=Maosheng|last3=Mildrexler|first3=David J.|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=92|issue=7|pages=855–860|bibcode=2011BAMS...92..855M|doi-access=free}}</ref> A ground temperature of 84&nbsp;°C (183.2&nbsp;°F) has been recorded in [[Port Sudan]], [[Sudan]].<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|1139500244}}.</ref> A ground temperature of 93.9&nbsp;°C (201&nbsp;°F) was recorded in [[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[California]], United States on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.<ref>A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.</ref> The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100&nbsp;°C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.<ref>[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}.</ref>

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7&nbsp;°C (159.3&nbsp;°F), which was recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]]. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.<ref name=running2011 />

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2&nbsp;°C (−136&nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2&nbsp;°C.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref>

==Extreme points by region==
===Afro-Eurasia===
*[[Extreme points of Afro-Eurasia]]
**[[Extreme points of Africa|Africa]]
**::{{hlist|[[Geography of Algeria#Extreme points|Algeria]]
| [[Geography of Angola#Extreme points|Angola]]
| [[Geography of Benin#Extreme points|Benin]]
| [[Geography of Botswana#Extreme points|Botswana]]
| [[Geography of Burkina Faso#Extreme points|Burkina Faso]]
| [[Geography of Burundi#Extreme points|Burundi]]
| [[Geography of Cameroon#Extreme points|Cameroon]]
| [[Geography of Cape Verde#Extreme points|Cape Verde]]
| [[Geography of Central African Republic#Extreme points|Central African Republic]]
| [[Geography of Chad#Extreme points|Chad]]
| [[Geography of Comoros#Extreme points|Comoros]]
| [[Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo#Extreme points|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
| [[Geography of the Republic of the Congo#Extreme points|Republic of Congo]]
| [[Geography of Côte d'Ivoire#Extreme points|Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Geography of Djibouti#Extreme points|Djibouti]]
| [[Geography of Egypt#Extreme points|Egypt]]
| [[Geography of Equatorial Guinea#Extreme points|Equatorial Guinea]]
| [[Geography of Eritrea#Extreme points|Eritrea]]
| [[Extreme points of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
| [[Geography of Gabon#Extreme points|Gabon]]
| [[Geography of the Gambia#Extreme points|Gambia]]
| [[Geography of Ghana#Extreme points|Ghana]]
| [[Geography of Guinea#Extreme points|Guinea]]
| [[Geography of Guinea-Bissau#Extreme points|Guinea-Bissau]]
| [[Geography of Kenya#Extreme points|Kenya]]
| [[Geography of Lesotho#Extreme points|Lesotho]]
| [[Geography of Liberia#Extreme points|Liberia]]
| [[Geography of Libya#Extreme points|Libya]]
| [[Geography of Madagascar#Extreme points|Madagascar]]
| [[Geography of Malawi#Extreme points|Malawi]]
| [[Geography of Mali#Extreme points|Mali]]
| [[Geography of Mauritania#Extreme points|Mauritania]]
| [[Geography of Mauritius#Extreme points|Mauritius]]
| [[Geography of Morocco#Extreme points|Morocco]]
| [[Geography of Mozambique#Extreme points|Mozambique]]
| [[Geography of Namibia#Extreme points|Namibia]]
| [[Geography of Niger#Extreme points|Niger]]
| [[Geography of Nigeria#Extreme points|Nigeria]]
| [[Geography of Rwanda#Extreme points|Rwanda]]
| [[Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe#Extreme points|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
| [[Geography of Senegal#Extreme points|Senegal]]
| [[Geography of Seychelles#Extreme points|Seychelles]]
| [[Geography of Sierra Leone#Extreme points|Sierra Leone]]
| [[Geography of Somalia#Extreme points|Somalia]]
| [[Geography of South Africa#Extreme points|South Africa]]
| [[Geography of Sudan#Extreme points|Sudan]]
| [[Geography of South Sudan#Extreme points|South Sudan]]
| [[Geography of Swaziland#Extreme points|Swaziland]]
| [[Geography of Tanzania#Extreme points|Tanzania]]
| [[Geography of Togo#Extreme points|Togo]]
| [[Geography of Tunisia#Extreme points|Tunisia]]
| [[Geography of Uganda#Extreme points|Uganda]]
| [[Geography of Western Sahara#Extreme points|Western Sahara]]
| [[Geography of Zambia#Extreme points|Zambia]]
| [[Geography of Zimbabwe#Extreme points|Zimbabwe]]}}
** [[Extreme points of Eurasia|Eurasia]]
***[[Extreme points of Asia|Asia]]
***:{{hlist| [[Geography of Afghanistan#Extreme points|Afghanistan]]
| [[Geography of Armenia#Extreme points|Armenia]]
| [[Extreme points of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
| [[Extreme points of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| [[Extreme points of Bhutan|Bhutan]]
| [[Geography of Cambodia#Extreme points|Cambodia]]
| [[Extreme points of China|China]]
| [[Geography of Georgia (country)#Extreme points|Georgia]]
| [[Extreme points of India|India]]
| [[Extreme points of Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| [[Extreme points of Iran|Iran]]
| [[Geography of Israel#Extreme points|Israel]]
| [[Extreme points of Japan|Japan]]
| [[Extreme points of Jordan|Jordan]]
| [[Extreme points of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
| [[Geography of Kyrgyzstan#Extreme points|Kyrgyzstan]]
| [[Geography of Laos#Extreme points|Laos]]
| [[List of extreme points of Malaysia|Malaysia]]
| [[Geography of the Maldives#Extreme points|Maldives]]
| [[Extreme points of Mongolia|Mongolia]]
| [[Geography of Myanmar#Extreme points|Myanmar]]
| [[Geography of Nepal#Extreme points|Nepal]]
| [[Geography of North Korea#Extreme points|North Korea]]
| [[Extreme points of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| [[Extreme points of the Philippines|Philippines]]
| [[Extreme points of Russia|Russia]]
| [[List of extreme points of Singapore|Singapore]]
| [[Extreme points of South Korea|South Korea]]
| [[Extreme points of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Extreme points of Taiwan|Taiwan]]
| [[Geography of Tajikistan#Extreme points|Tajikistan]]
| [[Extreme points of Thailand|Thailand]]
| [[Extreme points of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]]
| [[Geography of Uzbekistan#Extreme points|Uzbekistan]]
| [[Geography of Vietnam#Extreme points|Vietnam]] }}
***[[Extreme points of Europe|Europe]]
***: {{hlist| [[Extreme points of the European Union|European Union]]
| [[Extreme points of Albania|Albania]]
| [[Extreme points of Andorra|Andorra]]
| [[Extreme points of Austria|Austria]]
| [[Extreme points of Belarus|Belarus]]
| [[Extreme points of Belgium|Belgium]]
| [[Extreme points of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| [[Extreme points of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
| [[Extreme points of Croatia|Croatia]]
| [[Extreme points of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
| [[Extreme points of Denmark|Denmark]]
| [[Extreme points of Estonia|Estonia]]
| [[Extreme points of Finland|Finland]]
| [[Extreme points of France|France]]
| [[Extreme points of Germany|Germany]]
| [[Extreme points of Greece|Greece]]
| [[Extreme points of Hungary|Hungary]]
| [[Extreme points of Iceland|Iceland]]
| [[Extreme points of Ireland|Ireland]]
| [[List of extreme points of Italy|Italy]]
| [[Geography of Kosovo#Extreme points|Kosovo]]
| [[Extreme points of Latvia|Latvia]]
| [[Extreme points of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
| [[Extreme points of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
| [[Extreme points of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
| [[Extreme points of Malta|Malta]]
| [[Extreme points of Moldova|Moldova]]
| [[Extreme points of Monaco|Monaco]]
| [[Extreme points of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
| [[Extreme points of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
| [[Extreme points of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]]
| [[Extreme points of Norway|Norway]]
| [[Extreme points of Poland|Poland]]
| [[Extreme points of Portugal|Portugal]]
| [[Extreme points of Romania|Romania]]
| [[Extreme points of Russia|Russia]]
| [[Extreme points of San Marino|San Marino]]
| [[Extreme points of Serbia|Serbia]]
| [[Extreme points of Slovakia|Slovakia]]
| [[Extreme points of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
| [[Extreme points of Spain|Spain]]
| [[Extreme points of Sweden|Sweden]]
| [[Extreme points of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
| [[Extreme points of Turkey|Turkey]]
| [[Extreme points of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
| [[Extreme points of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| [[Extreme points of Vatican City|Vatican City]] }}

===The Americas===
*[[Extreme points of the Americas]]
**[[Extreme points of North America|North America]]
**::{{hlist| [[Extreme points of Canada|Canada]] <!--
-->([[Extreme points of Canadian provinces|provinces]], <!--
-->[[Extreme communities of Canada|communities]])
| [[Extreme points of Greenland|Greenland]]
| [[Extreme points of Mexico|Mexico]]
| [[Extreme points of the United States|United States]] <!--
-->([[Extreme points of U.S. states|states]], <!--
-->[[Extreme points of New England|New England]]) }}
***[[Extreme points of Central America|Central America]]
***: {{hlist| [[Geography of Belize#Extreme points|Belize]]
| [[Geography of Costa Rica#Extreme points|Costa Rica]]
| [[Geography of El Salvador#Extreme points|El Salvador]]
| [[Geography of Guatemala#Extreme points|Guatemala]]
| [[Geography of Honduras#Extreme Points|Honduras]]
| [[Geography of Nicaragua#Extreme points|Nicaragua]]
| [[Geography of Panama#Extreme points|Panama]] }}
***[[Extreme points of the Caribbean|The Caribbean]]
***: {{hlist |[[Extreme points of Cuba|Cuba]]
| [[Geography of the Dominican Republic#Statistics|Dominican Republic]]
| [[Geography of Jamaica#Extreme points|Jamaica]] }}
**[[Extreme points of South America|South America]]
**:: {{hlist| [[Extreme points of Argentina|Argentina]]
| [[Geography of Bolivia#Extreme points|Bolivia]]
| [[Extreme points of Brazil|Brazil]]
| [[Extreme points of Chile|Chile]]
| [[Extreme points of Colombia|Colombia]]
| [[Geography of Ecuador#Extreme points|Ecuador]]
| [[Geography of French Guiana#Extreme points|French Guiana]]
| [[Geography of Guyana#Extreme points|Guyana]]
| [[Extreme points of Paraguay|Paraguay]]
| [[Extreme points of Peru|Peru]]
| [[Geography of Suriname#Extreme points|Suriname]]
| [[Extreme points of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
| [[Geography of Venezuela#Extreme points|Venezuela]] }}

===Oceania===
*[[Extreme points of Oceania]]
*::: {{hlist| [[Extreme points of Australia|Australia]]
| [[Geography of Fiji#Extreme points|Fiji]]
| [[Geography of Guam#Extreme points|Guam]]
| [[Extreme points of Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| [[Geography of Kiribati#Extreme points|Kiribati]]
| [[Geography of the Marshall Islands#Extreme points|Marshall Islands]]
| [[Geography of Federated States of Micronesia#Extreme points|Micronesia]]
| [[Geography of Nauru#Extreme points|Nauru]]
| [[Extreme points of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| [[Geography of Niue#Extreme points|Niue]]
| [[Extreme points of the Northern Mariana Islands|the Northern Mariana Islands]]
| [[Geography of Palau#Extreme points|Palau]]
| [[Extreme points of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
| [[Geography of Tuvalu#Extreme points|Tuvalu]] }}

===Antarctica===
*[[Extreme points of Antarctica]]

===Arctic===
*[[Extreme points of the Arctic]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Earth sciences}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Geographical centre]]
* [[Lists of extreme points]]
; Latitude and longitude
* [[List of northernmost items]] (city, capital, island, etc.)
* [[List of southernmost items]] (city, capital, island, etc.)
* [[List of countries by northernmost point]]
* [[List of countries by southernmost point]]
* [[Northernmost settlements]]
* [[Southernmost settlements]]
; Elevation
* [[List of elevation extremes by country]]
* [[List of elevation extremes by region]]
* [[List of highest towns by country]]
; Geophysical features
* [[List of deepest caves]]
* [[Oceanic trench#Deepest oceanic trenches|List of deepest oceanic trenches]]
* [[List of deserts by area]]
* [[List of highest mountains on Earth]]
** [[List of volcanoes by elevation]]
* [[List of impact craters on Earth]]
* [[List of islands by area]]
* [[List of lakes by area]]
* [[List of lakes by depth]]
* [[List of rivers by length]]
* [[List of waterfalls by height]]
; Meteorology and climate
* [[List of weather records]]
; Beyond Earth
* [[List of Solar System extremes]]
* [[List of extrasolar planet extremes]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020927021958/http://www0.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html United States National Climatic Data Center]
*[http://www.atoplists.com/awow-548 AWOW Top List World Top 10 Hottest Places] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027074743/http://atoplists.com/awow-548 |date=27 October 2017 }}

{{records}}
{{Earth}}

[[Category:Mountains]]
[[Category:Extreme points of Earth| ]]
[[Category:Weather extremes of Earth|Earth]]
[[Category:Lists of extreme points|*]]