Editing Feldsher

{{Short description|Health care professional}}
{{Expand German|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Ambulanz zu Fröschweiler August 1870 - deutscher Feldscher.jpg|thumb|German Feldscher in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] 1870]]
[[File:Amputation 1540.jpg|thumb|A feldsher performing an amputation. Engraving from 1540]]

A '''feldsher''' ({{langx|de|link=no|Feldscher}}, {{langx|pl|Felczer}}, {{langx|cs|Felčar}}, {{Langx|hu|Felcser}}, {{langx|ru|link=no|фельдшер}}, {{langx|sv|Fältskär}}, {{Langx|fi|Välskäri}}) is a [[health care professional]] who provides various medical services limited to emergency treatment and ambulance practice.<ref name="WHOrg"/> As such, a feldsher is one kind of [[mid-level practitioner|mid-level medical practitioner]]. 

In Russia, [[Ukraine]] and in other countries of the former [[Soviet Union]], feldshers provide primary-, obstetric- and surgical-care services in many rural medical centres and clinics across Russia,<ref>[http://www.ccjm.org/content/70/11/937.full.pdf Farmer R et al., "The Russian Health Care System Today. ''Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine'', 2003; 70(11) (PDF)]</ref> [[Armenia]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051421/http://www.who.int/nha/country/arm/nha2006.pdf World Health Organization. ''National Health Accounts of the Republic of Armenia 2006''. Yerevan, 2007 -  (PDF)]</ref> [[Kazakhstan]],<ref name="Kazak">{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/95115/E67903.pdf |title=European Observatory on Health Care Systems: ''Health Care Systems in Transition: Kazakhstan''. Copenhagen, 1999 (PDF) |access-date=2011-03-15 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014035/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/95115/E67903.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kyrgyzstan]],<ref>[https://www.who.int/surgery/Report_Kyrgyzstan_Facilitators_workshop.pdf World Health Organization and Ministry of Health, Kyrgyzstan. ''Integrated Management on Emergency and Essential Surgical Care (IMEESC)''. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 2005 (PDF)]</ref> [[Mongolia]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mongolia health system review|date=2013|publisher=World Health Organization, on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies|others=T︠S︡olmongėrėl, T︠S︡. (T︠S︡ilaazhavyn), Kwon, Soonman., Richardson, Erica., Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.|isbn=9789290616092|location=Copenhagen, Denmark|oclc=849860631}}</ref> and Uzbekistan.

Similar types of mid-level practitioners are known by different titles in different countries, including [[advanced practitioner]] (United Kingdom), [[clinical associates|clinical associate]]/[[clinical officer]] (in parts of [[sub-Saharan Africa]]), [[Community_health_worker#Community_Health_Officer_(CHO)|community health officer]] (India), [[medical assistant]] (United States), [[nurse practitioner]] (Australia, Canada and US), and [[physician assistant]] (Canada and US). The [[International Standard Classification of Occupations]], 2008 revision, collectively groups such workers under the category [[paramedic|paramedical practitioners]].<ref name="WHOrg">
{{cite journal 
|author= World Health Organization 
|title= Occupation group: Paramedical practitioners. Feldsher (Examples of occupations) 
|journal= Classifying Health Workers |location= Geneva |year= 2010 
|at= page 4/14 in PDF |quote= Ambulance workers. ISCO code: 2240. 
|url=https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf
}}
</ref>

==History==
The word ''Feldsher'' is derived from the German ''[[:de:Feldscher|Feldscher]]'', which was coined in the 15th century. ''Feldscher'' (or ''Feldscherer'') literally means "(battle-)field shearer" and was the term used for [[barber surgeon]]s in the German and Swiss armies from the 17th century until professional military medical services were established, first by Prussia in the early 18th century. Today, Feldshers do not exist in Germany anymore, but the term was exported with Prussian officers and nobles to Russia. An All-Russia Union of Feldshers was founded in 1905.  They were regarded as "Middle Medical Workers".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khwaja|first1=Barbara|title=Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia|url=https://www.sochealth.co.uk/2017/05/26/health-reform-revolutionary-russia/|access-date=26 May 2017|publisher=Socialist Health Association|date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

The Feldsher system of rural primary care provided some of the inspiration for China's ''[[barefoot doctor]]s.''

Today feldshers can be found in every medical setting from primary to intensive care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/Health-systems/primary-health-care/facts-and-figures|work=World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe|title=Primary Health Care|access-date=15 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531125506/http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/Health-systems/primary-health-care/facts-and-figures|archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref>  They are often the first point of contact with health professionals for people in rural areas.

==Education and training==
Training for feldshers can include up to four years of post-secondary education, including medical diagnosis and prescribing.<ref name="Kazak"/> They have clinical responsibilities that may be considered midway between physicians and nurses. They do not have full [[healthcare provider requisites|professional qualifications]] as physicians.<ref>[http://www.ccjm.org/content/70/11/937.full.pdf Floyd K et al. Health-systems Efficiency in the Russian Federation: Tuberculosis Control. ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization'' 2006; 84(1): 1-80 (PDF)]</ref>

The training program typically includes basic pre-clinical sciences: [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[pharmacology]], [[microbiology]], laboratory subjects, etc.; and advanced clinical sciences: [[internal medicine]] and [[therapeutics]], [[neurology]] and [[psychiatry]], [[obstetrics]], [[infectious disease]]s and [[epidemiology]], [[preventive medicine]], [[surgery]], and [[Major trauma#Specialized care|trauma]], [[anesthesiology]] and [[intensive care]], [[pediatrics]], and other clinical subjects such as [[ophthalmology]], [[otorhinolaryngology]], [[dermatology]], and [[sexually transmitted infection]]s, [[ambulance service]] and [[pre-hospital emergency medicine]], and [[battlefield medicine]].

== See also ==
*[[Allied health professions]]
*[[Clinical officer]], a similar category of health care provider in sub-Saharan Africa
*[[Health care provider]]s
*[[Medical assistant]]
*[[Mid-level practitioner]]
*[[Nurse practitioner]]
*[[Physician assistant]], a similar category of health care provider in the United States

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Kossoy E. & Ohry A. The Feldsher: Medical, Sociological and Historical Aspects of Practitioners of Medicine with below University Level Education, the Magnes  Press, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1992. ({{ISBN|965-223-789-2}}).

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[[Category:Health care occupations]]