Editing Female reproductive system

{{About|the human female reproductive system|the female reproductive systems of other organisms|reproductive system}}
{{Additionalcitations|date=November 2019}}
{{Short description|Reproductive system of female humans}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name        = Female reproductive system (human)
| Latin       = systema genitale femininum
| Image       = File:Female reproductive system lateral 1.png
| Caption     = Pictorial illustration of the female reproductive system and nearby organs
| Width       = 
| Caption2    = 
| Precursor   = 
| System      = 
| Artery      = 
| Vein        = 
| Nerve       = 
| Lymph       = 
}}
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[[File:Scheme female reproductive system-number-full-cropped.svg|thumb|
{{{1|}}}
1. '''[[Vulva]]''':
2.&nbsp;[[Labia majora]];
3.&nbsp;[[Labia minora]];
4.&nbsp;[[Vulval vestibule|Vestibule]];
5.&nbsp;'''[[Clitoris]]''': (with
6.&nbsp;Glans and
7.&nbsp;Body).
8.&nbsp;[[Bulb of vestibule]]<br>
9. '''[[Vagina]]''':
10.&nbsp;[[Hymen]];
11.&nbsp;Lumen;
12.&nbsp;Wall;
13.&nbsp;[[Vaginal fornix|Fornix (lateral)]]<br>
14. '''[[Uterus]]''':
'''Parts''':
15.&nbsp;[[Cervix]];
16.&nbsp;[[Body of the uterus|Body]] and
17.&nbsp;[[Fundus uteri|Fundus]].
18.&nbsp;Orifices: external and internal;
19.&nbsp;[[Cervical canal]];
20.&nbsp;[[Uterine cavity]];
'''Layers''':
21.&nbsp;[[Endometrium]];
22.&nbsp;[[Myometrium]] and
23.&nbsp;[[Perimetrium]]<br>
24. '''[[Fallopian tube]]''':   
25.&nbsp;[[Isthmus of Fallopian tube|Isthmus]];
26.&nbsp;[[Ampulla of Fallopian tube|Ampulla]];
27.&nbsp;[[Infundibulum of uterine tube|Infundibulum]];
28.&nbsp;[[Fimbriae of uterine tube|Fimbriae]] (with
29.&nbsp;Fimbria ovarica)<br>
30. '''[[Ovary]]'''<br>
31. '''Visceral pelvic [[peritoneum]]''':
32.&nbsp;[[Broad ligament of the uterus|Broad ligament]] (with
33.&nbsp;[[Mesosalpinx]];
34.&nbsp;[[Mesovarium]] and
35.&nbsp;[[Mesometrium]])<br>
'''Ligaments''':
36.&nbsp;[[Round ligament of uterus|Round]];
37.&nbsp;[[Ovarian ligament|Ovarian]];
38.&nbsp;[[Suspensory ligament of ovary|Suspensory of ovary]]<br>
'''Blood vessels''':
39.&nbsp;[[Ovarian artery]] and [[Ovarian vein|vein]];
40.&nbsp;[[Uterine artery]] and [[Uterine veins|veins]];
41.&nbsp;[[Vaginal artery]] and [[Vaginal venous plexus|veins]]<br>
'''Other''':
42.&nbsp;[[Ureter]];
43.&nbsp;[[Pelvic floor]] ([[Levator ani]]);
44.&nbsp;[[Femoral head]]; 
45.&nbsp;[[Hip bone]]; 
46.&nbsp;[[Internal iliac artery|Internal iliac vessels]] (anterior branches);
47.&nbsp;[[External iliac artery|External iliac vessels]];
48.&nbsp;[[Abdominal cavity]]]]
The human '''female reproductive system''' is made up of the internal and external [[sex organ]]s that function in the [[Human reproduction|reproduction]] of new [[offspring]]. The reproductive system is immature at birth and develops at [[puberty]] to be able to release matured [[ova]] from the [[ovary|ovaries]], facilitate their [[Human fertilization|fertilization]], and create a protective environment for the developing [[fetus]] during [[pregnancy]]. The '''female reproductive tract''' is made of several connected internal sex organs—the [[vagina]], [[uterus]], and [[fallopian tube]]s—and is prone to infections.<ref name="cdc1">{{cite journal |last1=Scoullar |first1=Michelle J. L. |last2=Boeuf |first2=Philippe |last3=Peach |first3=Elizabeth |title=Mycoplasma genitalium and Other Reproductive Tract Infections in Pregnant Women, Papua New Guinea, 2015–2017 - Volume 27, Number 3—March 2021 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/3/20-1783_article |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=2021 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=894–904 |access-date=9 October 2022 |language=en-us |doi=10.3201/eid2703.201783 |pmid=33622474 |pmc=7920647 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009103800/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/3/20-1783_article |url-status=live }}</ref> The vagina allows for [[sexual intercourse]] and [[childbirth]], and is connected to the uterus at the [[cervix]].  The uterus (or womb) accommodates the [[embryo]] by developing the [[uterine lining]].

The uterus also produces secretions which help the transit of [[sperm]] to the fallopian tubes, where sperm fertilize the ova. During the [[menstrual cycle]], the ovaries release an ovum, which transits through the fallopian tube into the uterus. If an egg cell meets with sperm on its way to the uterus, a single sperm cell can enter and merge with it, creating a [[zygote]]. If no fertilization occurs, [[menstruation]] is the process by which the uterine lining is shed as blood, mucus, and tissue.

Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of [[human embryogenesis|embryogenesis]]. The zygote will then [[Mitosis|divide]] over enough generations of cells to form a [[blastocyst]], which [[implantation (embryo)|implants]] itself in the wall of the uterus. This begins the period of [[gestation]] and the embryo will continue to [[prenatal development|develop]] until [[pregnancy#Childbirth maturity stages|full-term]]. When the [[Fetal viability|fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus]], the cervix dilates, and [[Childbirth|contractions of the uterus propel it through the birth canal]] (the vagina), where it becomes a [[newborn]]. The [[breasts]] are not part of the reproductive system, but [[mammary gland]]s were essential to nourishing infants until the modern advent of [[infant formula]].

Later in life, a woman goes through [[menopause]] and menstruation halts. The ovaries stop releasing eggs and the uterus stops preparing for pregnancy.

The external sex organs are also known as the ''genitals'', and these are the organs of the [[vulva]], including the [[labia]], [[clitoris]], and [[vulval vestibule|vestibule]].<ref name="Ellis 2013">{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Harold |title=Clinical anatomy: applied anatomy for students and junior doctors |last2=Mahadevan |first2=Vishy |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-37376-7 |edition=13th |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK}}</ref> The corresponding equivalent among males is the [[human male reproductive system|male reproductive system]].

==External genitalia==
[[File:Michaela.JPG|thumb|External human female genitalia]]
===Vulva===
{{Main|Vulva}}
[[File:Vaginal_opening_description-en.svg|thumb|320px|Labeled anatomy of the human vulva and nearby structures]]
The vulva is of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Female Reproductive System: Structure & Function |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> 

*[[Clitoris]]: an organ located at the top of the vulva. It consists of the [[Clitoris#Body|body]] and its pea-shaped [[Clitoris#Glans|glans]] that is protected by the [[clitoral hood]]. The [[Corpus cavernosum of clitoris|corpora cavernosa]] are tissues of the clitoris that aid in [[Clitoral erection|erection]] by filling with blood during [[sexual arousal]].
*[[Labia]]: two types of vertical folds of skin called the [[labia majora]] (thick and large outer folds that protect other parts of the vulva) and the [[labia minora]] (thin and small inner folds that protect the vestibule from dryness, infections and irritation).
*[[Mons pubis]]: a mass of [[Adipose tissue|fatty tissue]] where the [[pubic hair]] grows.
*[[Vulval vestibule]]: an almond-shaped area between the labia minora that contains the openings.
*[[Urinary meatus]]: the opening of the [[Urethra#Female|urethra]] for [[urine]] to pass through.
*[[Human vagina#Vaginal opening and hymen|Vaginal opening]]: entrance to the vagina.
*[[Hymen]]: [[connective tissue]] that covers the vaginal opening.
* Vestibular gland openings: two pairs of openings in the vulval vestibule for the [[Bartholin's gland|Bartholin's]] and [[Skene's gland]]s.

==Internal genitalia==
[[File:Blausen 0400 FemaleReproSystem 02.png|thumb|Labeled illustration of the human internal female genitalia (sagittal view)]]
[[File: Scheme female reproductive system-en.svg|thumb|Schematic drawing of reproductive organs (frontal view)]]

===Vagina===
{{Main|Vagina}}
The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) [[Human vagina#Structure|canal]] leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of [[pregnancy]]. The vagina accommodates a [[human penis|penis]] during [[sexual intercourse]]. [[Semen]] containing [[spermatozoon|spermatozoa]] is [[ejaculation|ejaculated]] from the penis at [[orgasm]], into the vagina potentially enabling [[Human fertilization|fertilization]] of the [[egg cell]] (ovum) to take place.

===Cervix===
{{Main|Cervix}}

The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina. It is [[cylindrical]] or [[cone (geometry)|conical]] in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall. Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery.

===Uterus===
{{Main|Uterus}}

The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]. The uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery). In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.

The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement. The [[uterosacral ligament]]s keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The [[Round ligament of uterus|round ligament]]s restrict posterior movement of the uterus. The [[cardinal ligament]]s also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus.

The uterus is a pear-shaped [[muscle|muscular]] organ. Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum, which becomes implanted into the [[endometrium]], and derives nourishment from blood vessels, which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an [[embryo]], develops into a [[fetus]] and gestates until [[childbirth]]. If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus, the female begins [[menstruation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genital Tract {{!}} SEER Training |url=https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/female/tract.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=training.seer.cancer.gov}}</ref>

===Fallopian tubes===
{{Main|Fallopian tube}}

The fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus. On maturity of an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and enter the fallopian tube. There it travels toward the uterus, pushed along by movements of [[cilia]] on the inner lining of the tubes. This trip takes hours or days.  If the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube, then it normally implants in the [[endometrium]] when it reaches the uterus, which signals the beginning of [[pregnancy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fallopian Tubes: Location, Anatomy, Function & Conditions |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23184-fallopian-tubes |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref>

===Ovaries===
{{Main|Ovary}}

The ovaries are small, paired [[gonad]]s located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. These organs are responsible for the production of the [[egg cell]]s (ova) and the secretion of hormones.  The process by which the egg cell (ovum) is released is called [[ovulation]]. The speed of ovulation is [[Frequency|periodic]] and impacts the length of a [[menstrual cycle]].

After ovulation, the egg cell travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus. If fertilization is going to occur, it often happens in the fallopian tube; the fertilized egg can then implant on the uterus's lining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Female Reproductive System: Structure & Function |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ovaries: Anatomy, Function, Hormones & Conditions |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22999-ovaries |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref> During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface. The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can begin.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Alberts |first1=Bruce |title=Fertilization |date=2002 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26843/ |work=Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition |access-date=2023-12-19 |publisher=Garland Science |language=en |last2=Johnson |first2=Alexander |last3=Lewis |first3=Julian |last4=Raff |first4=Martin |last5=Roberts |first5=Keith |last6=Walter |first6=Peter}}</ref>

===Vestibular glands===
{{Main|Bartholin's gland|Skene's gland}}

The vestibular glands, also known as the female accessory glands, are the Bartholin's glands, which produce a [[Mucus|mucous]] fluid for [[vaginal lubrication]], and the Skene's glands for the [[Female ejaculation|ejaculation]] of fluid as well as for lubricating the meatus.

==Function==
The female reproductive system functions to [[Human reproduction|produce]] [[offspring]].

In the absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through [[menstruation]].

The reproductive tract can be used for various [[transluminal procedure]]s such as [[fertiloscopy]], [[intrauterine insemination]], and transluminal [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]].

[[Oocyte]]s residing in the [[folliculogenesis|primordial follicle]] of the ovary are in a non-growing [[prophase]] arrested state, but are capable of highly efficient [[homologous recombination]]al repair of [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damages]] including double-strand breaks.<ref name = Stringer2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stringer JM, Winship A, Zerafa N, Wakefield M, Hutt K |title=Oocytes can efficiently repair DNA double-strand breaks to restore genetic integrity and protect offspring health |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=117 |issue=21 |pages=11513–11522 |date=May 2020 |pmid=32381741 |pmc=7260990 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2001124117 |url=}}</ref>  This capability allows [[genome]] integrity to be maintained and offspring health to be protected.<ref name = Stringer2020/>

==Development==
{{Main|Development of the reproductive system}}
Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at [[Human fertilization|conception]]. This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited. Since the mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y [[chromosome]], it is the male who determines the fetus' sex. If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a female. In this case, [[testosterone]] is not made and the [[Wolffian duct]] will degrade thus, the [[Müllerian duct]] will develop into female sex organs. The [[clitoris]] is the remnants of the Wolffian duct. On the other hand, if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a male. The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct, which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baby2see.com/gender/internal_genitals.html|title=Details of genital development|access-date=August 6, 2010|archive-date=February 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225042349/http://baby2see.com/gender/internal_genitals.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Clinical significance==
{{Further |Vulva disease}}

=== Vaginitis ===
[[Vaginitis]] is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection. It is the most common gynaecological condition presented.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Egan ME, Lipsky MS | title = Diagnosis of Vaginitis | journal = American Family Physician | year = 2000 | url = https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0901/p1095.html | volume = 62 | issue = 5 | pages = 1095–104 | pmid = 10997533 | access-date = 7 July 2020 | archive-date = 6 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606054114/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000901/1095.html | url-status = live }}</ref> It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and method of microbial identification. Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a [[sexually transmitted infection]] as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions. Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge, which can have a certain color, odor, or quality.<ref name="Zaino">{{cite book |last1=Zaino |first1=Richard J. |title=Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract |last2=Robboy |first2=Stanley J. |last3=Bentley |first3=Rex |last4=Kurman |first4=Robert J. |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4419-0488-1 |pages=105–154 |chapter=Diseases of the Vagina |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0489-8_3}}</ref>

=== Bacterial vaginosis ===
{{Main|Bacterial vaginosis}}
This is a vaginal infection in women. It differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation. Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting of many [[bacteria]] species. The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present: (1) Homogenous, thin discharge, (2) a [[pH]] of 4.5 in the vagina, (3) [[epithelial cells]] in the vagina with bacteria attached to them, or (4) a fishy odor. It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as [[endometritis]].<ref name=Zaino />

=== Yeast infection ===
{{Main|Vaginal yeast infection}}
This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] at least 75% of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime. Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as [[Candidiasis|Candida]]. Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina, which is usually acidic. Other factors such as pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems, tight fitting clothing, or [[douching]] can also be a cause. Symptoms of yeast infections include itching, burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like discharge from the vagina. Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well. Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection. Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus.<ref name=Zaino />

===Genital mutilation===
{{Main|Female genital mutilation}}
There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures. The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are [[clitoridectomy]], the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the [[Clitoral hood|clitoral prepuce]]. They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as [[bleeding]], irreparable tissue damage, and [[sepsis]], which can sometimes prove fatal.

===Genital surgery===
{{Main|Genitoplasty}}
[[Genitoplasty]] refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment.
There are also [[Elective surgery|elective surgical]] procedures, which change the appearance of the external genitals.

===Birth control===
{{Main article|Birth control}}

There are many types of birth control available to females.  Birth control can be hormonal or physical in nature.  Oral contraception can assist with management of various medical conditions, such as menorrhagia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=V |last2=Farquhar |first2=C |last3=Jepson |first3=R |editor1-first=Vadeihi |editor1-last=Iyer |title=Oral contraceptive pills for heavy menstrual bleeding. |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |date=2000 |issue=2 |pages=CD000154 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000154 |pmid=10796696}}</ref>  However, oral contraceptives can have a variety of side effects, including depression.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Wit |first1=AE |last2=Booij |first2=SH |last3=Giltay |first3=EJ |last4=Joffe |first4=H |last5=Schoevers |first5=RA |last6=Oldehinkel |first6=AJ |title=Association of Use of Oral Contraceptives With Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents and Young Women |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |year=2020 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=52–59 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2838 |pmid=31577333|pmc=6777223 }}</ref>

==Reproductive rights==
{{main|Reproductive rights}}

The [[International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics]] was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care. As of 2010, there were 124 countries involved.

[[Reproductive rights]] are legal rights related to reproduction and [[reproductive health]]. Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health. Violation of these rights include [[forced pregnancy]], [[forced sterilization]], [[forced abortion]] and [[female genital mutilation|genital mutilation]]. Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female's external [[genitals]].

==History==
It is claimed in the [[Hippocrates|Hippocratic]] writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception; otherwise, children would not resemble either or both of their parents. Four hundred years later, [[Galen]] identified the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs.<ref>Anwar, Etin. "The Transmission of Generative Self and Women's Contribution to Conception." Gender and Self in Islam. London: Routledge, 2006. 75. Print.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Human fertilization|Conception]]
* [[Development of the reproductive system]]
* [[Evolution of sexual reproduction]]
* [[Female infertility]]
* [[Oogenesis]]
* {{section link|Human sexuality|Female anatomy and reproductive system}}
* {{section link|Orgasm|Females}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Human female reproductive system}}
{{Wikibooks|Human Physiology|The female reproductive system}}
* [http://www.the-human-body.net/female-reproductive-system.html Female reproductive system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527021058/http://www.the-human-body.net/female-reproductive-system.html |date=2019-05-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180328045745/http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HowTheBodyWorks/SexDevelopmentAnOverview/Pages/FemaleGenitalAnatomy.aspx Interactive diagram of female reproductive system]

{{Women's health|state=collapsed}}
{{Human systems and organs}}
{{Female reproductive system|state=collapsed}}
{{Menstrual cycle}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Female Reproductive System (Human)}}
[[Category:Human female reproductive system| ]]