Editing Ferrari Colombo engine

{{More citations needed|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox automobile engine
| name          = Ferrari Colombo engine
| image         = 1961 Ferrari 250 TR 61 Spyder Fantuzzi engine.jpg
| caption       = Colombo engine in a 1961 [[Ferrari TR|250TR Spider]]
| manufacturer  = [[Ferrari]]
| aka           =
| production    = 1947–1988
| predecessor   = 
| successor     = [[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Ferrari Lampredi V12 engine]]<br>[[Ferrari flat-12 engine]]<br>[[Ferrari F116/F133 engine|Ferrari F116 engine]]
| configuration = 60° [[V12 engine|V12]]
|bore={{ubl |{{cvt|55|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|60|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|65|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|68|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|73|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|77|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|81|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|82|mm|in|1}} }}
|stroke={{ubl |{{cvt|52.5|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|58.8|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|71|mm|in|1}}|{{cvt|78|mm|in|1}} }}
|displacement={{ubl |{{cvt|1497|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|1995|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|2341|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|2563|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|2953|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|3286|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|3967|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|4390|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|4823|cc|L|1|order=flip}}|{{cvt|4943|cc|L|1|order=flip}} }}
| block         = [[Aluminium alloy|Aluminium]]
| head          = Aluminium
| valvetrain    = [[SOHC]], 24-valve<br />[[DOHC]], 24-valve
| compression   = 7.5:1 - 9.8:1
| supercharger  = [[Roots-type supercharger|Roots-type]]<br />(in some versions)
| turbocharger  = 
| fuelsystem    = [[Weber carburetor]]<br />[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Jetronic#K-Jetronic (1973–1994)|K-Jetronic]] [[Fuel injection|FI]]
| management    = 
| fueltype      = [[Petrol]]
| oilsystem     = [[Wet sump]]<br />[[Dry sump]]
| coolingsystem = [[Water cooling (engines)|Water-cooled]]
| power         = {{cvt|116-395|hp|kW PS|0}}
| specpower     = 
| torque        = {{cvt|90-240|lbft|Nm|0}}
| length        = 
| width         = 
| height        = 
| weight        = 
}}

The '''Ferrari Colombo engine''' is a [[Petrol engine|petrol fueled]], [[Water cooling (engines)|water cooled]], [[Carburetor|carburetted]] 60° [[V12 engine]] designed by [[Gioacchino Colombo]] and produced in numerous iterations by Italian automaker [[Ferrari]] between 1947 and 1988. The maker's first homegrown engine, its linear successor is the [[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi V12]],<ref name="fcom">{{cite web|url=https://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/125-s/|title=Ferrari 125 S|website=ferrari.com|access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref> which it far outlived, the last Lampredi being made in 1959.

Colombo, who had previously designed [[Alfa Romeo]]s for [[Enzo Ferrari]], placed bore centres at 90&nbsp;mm apart, allowing for significant expansion. Displacements ranged from the diminutive {{cvt|1497|cc|L CID|1}} debut that powered the [[Ferrari 125 S|125S]] racer to the {{cvt|4943|cc|L CID|1}} unit in the 1986 [[Ferrari 412|412i]] [[grand tourer]]. Significant updates were made in 1963 for the [[Ferrari 330|330 series]], featuring a redesigned block with wider, 94&nbsp;mm, bore spacing.<ref name="330gt">{{cite web|url=http://auto.ferrari.com/en_EN/sports-cars-models/past-models/330-gt-22/|title=Ferrari 330 GT 2+2|publisher=Ferrari|access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="330gt-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hemmings.com/hmn/stories/2014/09/01/hmn_feature6.html|title=1964 Ferrari 330 GT|first=Terry|last=Shea|work=Hemmings Motor News|publisher= [[American City Business Journals]]|date=September 2014|access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>

Enzo Ferrari had long admired the V12 engines of [[Packard]], [[Auto Union]], and [[Alfa Romeo]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Ferrari: A Complete Guide to All Models | last = Acerbi | first=Leonardo|year=2006|publisher=Motorbooks |isbn=9780760325506|page=5}}</ref> (where he was long employed), but his first car, the 1940 [[Auto Avio Costruzioni 815]], used a [[Fiat]] derived [[straight-8]]. Development of the V12 Colombo engine continued long after Colombo had been replaced by [[Aurelio Lampredi]] as the company's marquee engine designer. Although the Lampredi V12 was a real force for the company, it was Colombo's engine which powered Ferrari to the forefront of high-performance automobiles through the 1950s and 1960s.

{{clear left}}
__TOC__

==125==
[[Image:1947 Enzo Ferrari engine dept.jpg|thumb|left|[[Enzo Ferrari]] and his engine department work on the 125 S engine in 1947]]
[[File:Ferrari 125 F1 engine.jpg|thumb|left|The V12 engine used in the 125 F1 (early version)]]
[[File:1947 Ferrari 125 S.jpg|left|thumb|125 S at the [[Museo Casa Enzo Ferrari]]]]
The first Ferrari-designed engine was the {{cvt|1496.77|cc|L CID|1}} V12 '''125''', the work of Gioacchino Colombo and assistants [[Giuseppe Busso]] and {{ill|Luigi Bazzi|it}}.<ref name=fcom/> The engine's name, and the car powered by it, the [[Ferrari 125 S|125 S]] sports racer, were derived from the tiny {{cvt|124.73|cc|1}} {{cvt|55|mm|2}} by {{cvt|52.5|mm|2}} [[Cylinder (engine)|cylinders]]. The [[single overhead camshaft]] 60° V design had one cam on each [[cylinder bank]], two valves per cylinder, and three 30DCF [[Weber carburetor]]s. A 7.5:1 [[compression ratio]] yielded {{cvt|118|PS|hp kW|0}} at 6800&nbsp;rpm. First appearing May 11, 1947, the engine allowed the company to claim six victories in 14 races that year.

Colombo and Ferrari had designed the engine with [[Formula One]] regulations in mind, and introduced it the next year in the company's first F1 car, the [[Ferrari 125 F1|125 F1]]. This time, it was [[supercharged]], in accordance with F1 dictates, for a total output of {{cvt|230|PS|hp kW|0}} at 7,000&nbsp;rpm. However, the single-stage [[Roots-type supercharger|Roots-type]] supercharger was incapable of producing the high-end power required to compete with the strong eight-cylinder [[Alfa Romeo 158]] and four-cylinder [[Maserati 4CLT]]. Nevertheless, strong driving and a nimble chassis allowed the company to place third in its first outing, at the Valentino Grand Prix on September 5, 1948 and the company persevered in racing.

For 1949, the engine was further modified with [[dual overhead camshaft]]s (though still two valves per cylinder) and a two-stage supercharger.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jbrcapital.com/ferrari-finance/v12-ferraris-the-engine-that-made-ferrari/|title=The Story of the V12: The Engine That Made Ferrari|work=JBR Capital|access-date=2018-04-23|language=en-GB}}</ref> This combination gave the car better top-end performance and the resulting {{cvt|280|PS|hp kW|0}} gave it five Grand Prix wins. Development continued the following year, but the problematic superchargers were dropped in favor of larger [[Engine displacement|displacement]] and Lampredi's [[Ferrari Lampredi engine|275 engine]] superseded the original Colombo design.

Applications:
* 1947 [[Ferrari 125 S]] &mdash; {{cvt|118|PS|hp kW|0}}
* 1948 [[Ferrari 125 F1]] &mdash; Single supercharger, {{cvt|230|PS|hp kW|0}}
* 1949&ndash;1950 [[Ferrari 125 F1]] &mdash; Dual-stage supercharger, {{cvt|280|PS|hp kW|0}}

==58.8 mm stroke==
[[Image:Ferrari212 motor.JPG|thumbnail|right|[[Ferrari 212]] 2.6&nbsp;L engine]]
[[File:Ferrari Colombo V-12.jpg|thumb|Early road cars had a single carburetor and log manifold as the standard option.]]
[[Image:RL 1958 Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa engine.jpg|right|thumb|Colombo Testa Rossa engine in a 1958 [[Ferrari TR|250TR]]]]
[[Image:1962 Ferrari 250 GTO engine.jpg|right|thumb|Colombo engine in a 1962 [[Ferrari 250 GTO|250 GTO]]]]

The early 166, 195, and 212 cars used Colombo V12s of varying sizes. All shared the same {{cvt|58.8|mm|in|2}} [[Stroke (engine)|stroke]], with 60, 65, and {{cvt|68|mm|in|2}} [[Bore (engine)|bores]] giving displacements of {{cvt|1995|cc|L CID|1}} in the [[Ferrari 166|166]], {{cvt|2341|cc|L CID|1}} in the [[Ferrari 195|195]] and {{cvt|2563|cc|L CID|1}} in the [[Ferrari 212|212]], respectively. Output ranged from {{cvt|105|PS|hp kW|0}} to {{cvt|165|PS|hp kW|0}}.

===250===
One of the most common Colombo engines is the '''250''', which debuted in 1952 in the [[Ferrari 250|250S]] and lasted through the 1963 [[Ferrari 330|330 America]]. It used a {{cvt|73|mm|in|2}} bore with the common Colombo stroke of {{cvt|58.8|mm|in|2}} for a total of {{cvt|2953|cc|L|1}}.

Beginning with the famous 250 TR, "Testa Rossa" racing car, Ferrari began a new series of modifications to the Colombo 250 engine. The spark plugs were moved to the outside of the cylinder head, near the exhausts. This enabled Ferrari to introduce separate individual intake ports to use with the six two barrel Weber carburetors. Four cylinder head bolts per cylinder were introduced (instead of three) to cope with the added power.<ref name="OutsidePlug#1">{{cite web|url=http://www.finesportscars.com/ferrari_cars/250gt_zagato.html|title=Ferrari 250 GT Zagato|publisher=FineSportsCars.com|access-date=2020-05-31|archive-date=2021-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108150916/http://www.finesportscars.com/ferrari_cars/250gt_zagato.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

These changes eventually were incorporated into the Ferrari road cars, beginning with the 250 GT SWB and the 250 GT Series II Pininfarina cars.<ref name="OutsidePlug#2">{{cite web|url=https://myautoworld.com/ferrari/cars/history/1950s/59-250gt/59-250gt.html|title=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Passo Corto|publisher=myAutoWorld|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref><ref name="OutsidePlug#3">{{cite web|url=http://collezionebymag.com/portfolio/1961-250-gt-cabriolet-series-ii-by-pininfarina-2341/|title=Ferrari 250 GT Series II Story|publisher=Collezione by MS|access-date=2020-05-31|archive-date=2018-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827143017/http://collezionebymag.com/portfolio/1961-250-gt-cabriolet-series-ii-by-pininfarina-2341/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===275===
The final {{cvt|58.8|mm|in|2}} Colombo Ferrari was the [[Ferrari 275|275]]. It used a {{cvt|3286|cc|L CID|1}} variant of the V12 with a wide {{cvt|77|mm|in|2}} bore for up to {{cvt|300|PS|hp kW|0}}.

==330==
The 1960 [[Ferrari America|400 Superamerica]] replaced the previous model's Lampredi engine with a {{cvt|3967|cc|L CID|1}} Colombo. It diverged from the standard {{cvt|58.8|mm|in|2}} stroke with a {{cvt|71|mm|in|2}} stroke and {{cvt|77|mm|in|2}} bore. Output was {{cvt|340|to|400|PS|hp kW|0}} with triple Weber carburetors.

Although the 1963 [[Ferrari 330|330 series]] also used a {{cvt|3967|cc|L CID|1}} engine with the same bore and stroke as the 400 Superamerica, this {{cvt|300|PS|kW hp|0}} engine was quite different. It used a wider bore spacing, paving the way for future displacement increases. The [[spark plug]]s were moved and a new water pump was used. The dynamo on the prior versions was replaced by an [[alternator (automotive)|alternator]].

==Four-cam==
The Colombo V12 was substantially reworked for 1967's [[Ferrari 275#Four-cam models|275 GTB/4]]. It still used two valves per cylinder, but [[dual overhead cam]]s were now used as well. In a departure from previous Ferrari designs, the valve angle was reduced three degrees to 54° for a more-compact head. The dual camshafts also allowed the valves to be aligned "correctly" (perpendicular to the camshaft) instead of offset as in [[SOHC]] Ferraris. It was a dry-sump design with a huge {{cvt|16|L|USqt|0}} capacity. The engine retained the bore and stroke dimensions of the 275 model for {{cvt|3286|cc|L CID|1}} of displacement. Output was {{cvt|330|PS|hp kW|0}} at 8000&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|240|lbft|0}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 6000&nbsp;rpm with six 40 DCN 9 Weber carburetors.

==365==
The 330 Colombo engine was enlarged with an {{cvt|81|mm|in|2}} bore to {{cvt|4390.35|cc|L CID|1}} for 1966's [[Ferrari 365|365 California]], retaining single overhead cams and [[wet sump]] lubrication. A reworked engine with four [[camshaft]]s was used in the ''GT/4'' models.
The [[Ferrari Daytona|365 GTB/4 Daytona]] was the only 365 engined car featuring [[dry sump]] lubrication.

Applications:
* 1966&ndash;1967 [[Ferrari 365|365 California]]
* 1968&ndash;1970 [[Ferrari 365|365 GTC]]
* 1968&ndash;1972 [[Ferrari 365|365 GT 2+2]]
* 1968&ndash;1973 [[Ferrari Daytona|365 GTB/4 Daytona]], 365 GTS/4 Daytona
* 1969 [[Ferrari 365 GTS|365 GTS]]<ref>https://www.colomboandco.com/chronicles/colombo-engine</ref>
* 1971&ndash;1972 [[Ferrari 365 GTC/4|365 GTC/4]]
* 1972&ndash;1976 [[Ferrari 365 GT4 2+2|365 GT4 2+2]]

=={{anchor|F101}} 400, 412==
The wet sump, four-cam, 365 Colombo engine was enlarged again to {{cvt|4823.16|cc|L CID|1}} for 1976's [[Ferrari 400|400]] with the same {{cvt|81|mm|in|2}} bore and a {{cvt|78|mm|in|2}} stroke. The carburetors were replaced with [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Jetronic#K-Jetronic (1973–1994)|K-Jetronic]] [[fuel injection]] in 1979. In 1986 the engine was bored to {{cvt|82|mm|2}} giving a displacement of {{cvt|4943.03|cc|L CID|1}}.

Applications:
* 1976&ndash;1979 [[Ferrari 400|400]]
* 1979&ndash;1985 [[Ferrari 400|400i]]
* 1986&ndash;1988 [[Ferrari 400|412i]]

==See also==
*[[List of Ferrari engines]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Ferrari Colombo engine}}
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Colombo |first1=Gioachino |title=Origins of the Ferrari Legend |date=1985 |publisher=Haynes Publishing Group |location=Sparkford Nr. Yeovil, Somerset |isbn=0-85429-624-7}}

{{Ferrari}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrari Colombo Engine}}
[[Category:Ferrari engines|Colombo]]
[[Category:Formula One engines]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]
[[Category:V12 engines]]