Editing Feud

{{Short description|Long-running argument or fight}}
{{Other uses}}

A '''feud''' {{IPAc-en|f|juː|d}}, also known in more extreme cases as a '''blood feud''', '''vendetta''', '''faida''', '''clan war''', '''gang war''', '''private war''', or '''mob war''', is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially [[family|families]] or [[clan]]s. Feuds begin because one party perceives itself to have been attacked, insulted, injured, or otherwise wronged by another. Intense feelings of [[resentment]] trigger an initial [[Retributive justice|retribution]], which causes the other party to feel greatly aggrieved and [[revenge|vengeful]]. The dispute is subsequently fueled by a long-running cycle of retaliatory [[violence]]. This continual cycle of provocation and retaliation usually makes it extremely difficult to end the feud peacefully. Feuds can persist for [[generation]]s and may result in extreme acts of violence. They can be interpreted as an extreme outgrowth of social relations based in [[family honor]]. A mob war is a time when two or more rival families begin open warfare with one another, destroying each other's businesses and assassinating family members. Mob wars are generally disastrous for all concerned, and can lead to the rise or fall of a family.

Until the [[early modern period]], feuds were considered legitimate legal instruments<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manaraefan.co.uk/index_files/Page3400.htm |title=Revenue, Lordship, Kinship & Law |publisher=Manaraefan.co.uk |access-date=2012-07-26 |archive-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325033932/http://www.manaraefan.co.uk/index_files/Page3400.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and were regulated to some degree. For example, [[Montenegrin culture]] calls this ''[[krvna osveta]]'', meaning "blood revenge", which had unspoken{{dubious|date=January 2018}}<!-- if people didn't talk about the rules of ''krvna osveta'', how did they know about them? --> but highly valued rules.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boehm|first=Christopher|title=Blood Revenge: The Anthropology of Feuding in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies|year=1984|publisher=The University of Kansas|location=Lawrence, Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-0245-2}}</ref> In [[Culture of Albania|Albanian culture]] it is called ''[[Albanian blood feud|gjakmarrja]]'', which usually lasts for generations. In tribal societies, the blood feud, coupled with the practice of [[blood money (term)|blood wealth]], functioned as an effective form of social control for limiting and ending conflicts between individuals and groups who are related by [[kinship]], as described by anthropologist [[Max Gluckman]] in his article "The Peace in the Feud"<ref>Gluckman, Max. "The Peace in the Feud". ''Past and Present'', 1955, 8(1):1–14</ref> in 1955.

== Blood feuds ==
{{Redirect|Blood feud||Blood Feud (disambiguation)}}

A ''blood feud'' is a feud with a cycle of retaliatory violence, with the relatives or associates of someone who has been killed or otherwise wronged or [[honor|dishonored]] seeking vengeance by killing or otherwise physically punishing the culprits or their relatives. In the [[English-speaking world]], the Italian word ''vendetta'' is used to mean a blood feud; in Italian, however, it simply means (personal) 'vengeance' or 'revenge', originating from the [[Latin]] ''vindicta'' ([[wikt:vengeance|vengeance]]), while the word ''[[:wiktionary:faida|faida]]'' would be more appropriate for a blood feud. In the English-speaking world, "vendetta" is sometimes extended to mean any other long-standing feud, not necessarily involving bloodshed. Sometimes it is not mutual, but rather refers to a prolonged series of hostile acts waged by one person against another without reciprocation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vendetta |title=Definition of vendetta |work=Merriam-Webster dictionary online|publisher=Merriam-Webster.com |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref>

[[File:War deaths caused by warfare.svg|thumb|right|The percentages of men killed in war in eight tribal societies. ([[Lawrence H. Keeley]], Archeologist, ''[[War Before Civilization]]'')]]
The blood feud has certain similarities to the ritualized warfare found in many [[pre-industrial]] tribes. For instance, more than a third of [[Ya̧nomamö]] males, on average, died from [[Prehistoric warfare|warfare]]. The accounts of missionaries to the area have recounted constant infighting in the tribes for women or prestige, and evidence of continuous warfare for the [[enslavement]] of neighboring tribes, such as the [[Marueta people|Macu]], before the arrival of European settlers and government.<ref name="Keeley">Keeley, Lawrence H. ''[[War Before Civilization|War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage]]'' Oxford University Press, 1996</ref>

===History===
Blood feuds were common in societies with a weak rule of law (or where the state did not consider itself responsible for mediating this kind of dispute), where family and kinship ties were the main source of [[authority]]. An entire family was considered responsible for the actions of any of its members. Sometimes two separate branches of the same family even came to blows, or further, over some dispute.

The practice has mostly disappeared with more centralized societies where [[law enforcement]] and [[criminal law]] take responsibility for punishing lawbreakers.

====Feuds in Antiquity====
===== Ancient Greece =====
In [[Homeric]] [[ancient Greece]], the practice of personal vengeance against wrongdoers was considered natural and customary: "Embedded in the Greek morality of retaliation is the right of vengeance... Feud is a war, just as war is an indefinite series of revenges; and such acts of vengeance are sanctioned by the gods".<ref>{{citation |first=John Gwyn |last=Griffiths |title=The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions |year=1991 |page=90 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09231-0}}</ref>

===== Hebrew Law =====
In ancient [[Hebrew law]], it was considered the duty of the individual and family to avenge unlawful bloodshed, on behalf of God and on behalf of the deceased. The executor of the law of blood-revenge who personally put the initial killer to death was given a special designation: ''[[go'el haddam]]'', the blood-avenger or blood-redeemer ([[Book of Numbers]] 35: 19, etc.). Six [[Cities of Refuge]] were established to provide protection and [[due process]] for any unintentional manslayers. The avenger was forbidden from harming an [[:he:רוצח בשגגה|unintentional killer]] if the killer took refuge in one of these cities. As the ''Oxford Companion to the Bible'' states: "Since life was viewed as sacred ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 9.6), no amount of [[blood money (term)|blood money]] could be given as recompense for the loss of the life of an innocent person; it had to be [[lex talionis|"life for life"]] ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 21.23; [[Deuteronomy]] 19.21)".<ref>{{citation |title=The Oxford Companion to the Bible |first1=Bruce M. |last1=Metzger |first2=Michael D. |last2=Coogan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/68 68] |isbn=978-0-19-504645-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/68 }}</ref>

==== Early Confucianism ====
Confucius had demanded vengeance for the killing of parents, older brothers, and friends, and viewed this as a matter of duty.<ref>{{citation|title=The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism|first=Max|last=Weber|publisher=Free Press|year=1951|page=169|isbn=9780029344507}}</ref> ''[[Book of Rites]]'' quotes Confucius saying: "(a son whose parent was killed) should sleep on straw, with his shield for a pillow; he should not take office; he must be determined not to live with the slayer under the same heaven. If he meet with him in the marketplace or the court, he should not have to go back for his weapon, but instantly fight with him."<ref>{{citation|title=Sacred Books of the East|first=James|last=Legge|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1910|volume=27|chapter=The Than Kung|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East/Volume_27/The_Lî_Kî/Book_II}}</ref>

====Feuds in the Middle Ages and Renaissance era====
[[File:1673 Heintz Wettstreit auf der Ponte dei Pugni in Venedig anagoria.JPG|thumb|[[Ponte dei Pugni]] ('Bridge of Fists') in [[Venice]] was used for an annual fist fight competition between the inhabitants of different zones of the city.]]

=====Medieval Europe in general=====
According to historian [[Marc Bloch]]:

{{blockquote|The [[Middle Ages]], from beginning to end, and particularly the [[feudal]] era, lived under the sign of private [[revenge|vengeance]]. The [[Blame|onus]], of course, lay above all on the wronged individual; vengeance was imposed on him as the most sacred of duties ... The solitary individual, however, could do but little. Moreover, it was most commonly a death that had to be avenged. In this case the family group went into action and the ''faide'' (feud) came into being, to use the old Germanic word which spread little by little through the whole of Europe—'the vengeance of the kinsmen which we call ''faida''', as a German canonist expressed it. No moral obligation seemed more sacred than this ... The whole kindred, therefore, placed as a rule under the command of a [[chieftain]], took up arms to punish the murder of one of its members or merely a wrong that he had suffered.<ref>[[Marc Bloch]], trans. L. A. Manyon, ''Feudal Society'', Vol. I, 1965, p. 125–126</ref>}}

[[Rita of Cascia]], a popular 15th-century Italian saint, was canonized by the [[Catholic Church]] due mainly to her great effort to end a feud in which her family was involved and which claimed the life of her husband.

=====Northern Europe=====
The [[Celts|Celtic]] phenomenon of the ''blood feud'' demanded "an eye for an eye", and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between [[clan]]s might last for generations in Scotland and Ireland.

In [[Scandinavia]] in the [[Viking]] era, feuds were common, as the lack of a central government left dealing with disputes up to the individuals or families involved. Sometimes, these would descend into "blood revenges", and in some cases would devastate whole families. The ravages of the feuds as well as the dissolution of them is a central theme in several of the [[Icelandic saga]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindow |first1=J. |title=Bloodfeud and Scandinavian Mythology |url=https://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/4feud.pdf |publisher=Freie Universitãt, Berlin |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030526094341/https://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/4feud.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2003 |url-status=live }}</ref> An alternative to feud was ''[[blood money (term)|blood money]]'' (or ''[[weregild]]'' in the [[Norsemen|Norse]] culture), which demanded a set value to be paid by those responsible for a wrongful permanent disfigurement or death, even if accidental. If these payments were not made, or were refused by the offended party, a blood feud could ensue.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=William Ian |title=Bloodtaking and peacemaking : feud, law, and society in Saga Iceland |date=1990 |location=Chicago |isbn=0226526801 |access-date=}}</ref>

Violence was common in [[Viking Age]] [[Norway]]. An examination of Norwegian human remains from the Viking Age found that 72% of the examined males and 42% of the examined females had suffered weapon-related [[Injury in humans|trauma]]. Violence was less common in Viking Age Denmark, where society was more centralized and complex than the [[clan]]-based Norwegian society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bill |first1=Jan |last2=Jacobson |first2=David |last3=Nagel |first3=Susanne |last4=Strand |first4=Lisa Mariann |title=Violence as a lens to Viking societies: A comparison of Norway and Denmark |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |date=September 2024 |volume=75 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2024.101605 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416524000369#b0870|hdl=10852/114115 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In [[Iceland]], blood feuds occurred until the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |contributor=Helgi Þorláksson |contribution=Atrocious Icelanders versus Basques. Unexpected violence or not? |date=2017 |last1=Irujo |first1=Xabier |last2=Miglio |first2=Viola |title=Jón Guðmundsson lærði’s True Account and the Massacre of Basque Whalers in Iceland in 1615 |location=Reno, Nevada |publisher=Center for Basque Studies. University of Nevada, Reno |isbn=9781935709831 |page=90–92 |url=https://www.academia.edu/46954316/J%C3%B3n_Gu%C3%B0mundsson_l%C3%A6r%C3%B0i_s_True_Account_and_the_Massacre_of_Basque_Whalers_in_Iceland_in_1615}}</ref>

===== Holy Roman Empire =====
At the [[Holy Roman Empire]]'s [[Diet of Worms (1495)|''Reichstag'' at Worms in 1495 AD]], the right of waging feuds was abolished. The [[Imperial Reform]] proclaimed an "eternal [[public peace]]" (''[[Ewiger Landfriede]]'') to put an end to the abounding feuds and the anarchy of the [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robber baron]]s, and it defined a new [[standing army|standing imperial army]] to enforce that peace. However, it took a few more decades until the new regulation was universally accepted.<!-- non-reliable source <ref>{{NNDB|id=399/000096111|name=Maximilian I|accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref> -->{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} In 1506, for example, knight Jan Kopidlansky killed a family rival in [[Prague]], and the town councillors sentenced him to death and had him executed. His brother, Jiri Kopidlansky, declared a private war against the city of Prague.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krvavá msta Jiřího z Kopidlna |url=https://www.novinky.cz/historie/clanek/krvava-msta-jiriho-z-kopidlna-40387536 |work=Novinky.cz |date=6 March 2022 |language=Czech}}</ref> Another case was the [[Nuremberg v. Konrad Schott von Schottenstein|Nuremberg-Schott]] feud, in which Maximilian was forced to step in to halt the damages done by robber knight Schott.

===== Spain =====
In the Spanish [[Late Middle Ages]], the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Vascongadas]] was ravaged by the [[War of the Bands]], which were bitter partisan wars between local ruling families. In the region of [[Navarre]], next to Vascongadas, these conflicts became polarised in a violent struggle between the Agramont and Beaumont parties. In [[Biscay]], in Vascongadas, the two major warring factions were named Oinaz and Gamboa. (''Cf.'' the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]] in Italy). High defensive structures ("towers") built by local noble families, few of which survive today, were frequently razed by fires, and sometimes by royal decree.

====Samurai honours and feuds====
In Japan's feudal past, the [[samurai]] class upheld the honor of their family, clan, and their lord by ''katakiuchi'' ({{lang|ja|敵討ち}}), or revenge killings. These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. While some vendettas were punished by the government, such as that of the [[Forty-seven Ronin]], others were given official permission with specific targets.

===Feuds in modern times===
[[File:hoher atlas dadestal.jpg|thumb|A [[kasbah]] in the Dades valley, [[High Atlas]]. Historically, tribal feuding and banditry were a way of life for the [[Berber people|Berbers]] of Morocco.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=William H. |title=Feuding and social change in Morocco |journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution |date=March 1961 |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=43–54 |doi=10.1177/002200276100500106 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200276100500106?journalCode=jcrb|url-access=subscription }}</ref> As a result, hundreds of ancient kasbahs were built.]]
[[File:Jally Cultural Society - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The culture of inter-tribal warfare has long been present in [[New Guinea]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Papua New Guinea massacre of women and children highlights poor policing, gun influx |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-10/png-tribal-massacre-poor-policing-weapons-influx-fuel-violence/11297136 |work=ABC News |date=11 July 2019}}</ref>]]

{{Prose|date=September 2020}}
Blood feuds are still practised in some areas in:
* France (especially [[Corsica]] and within [[Sinti|Manush]] communities)
* [[Sardinia]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/feb/07/italy.johnhooper | title=Two more die in 56-year Sardinian feud | newspaper=The Guardian | date=7 February 2007 | last1=Hooper | first1=John }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/ten-killed-in-two-decade-family-feud-t7dspmtc5 | title=Ten killed in two-decade family feud | date=16 July 2023 | last1=Rome | first1=Tom Kington }}</ref> where a blood feud is called [[Sardinian language|in the local language]] "Disamistade". 
* Ireland (especially [[Dublin]] and [[Limerick]])
* Between [[Mafia in Italy|Mafia]] families in [[Southern Italy]] (especially [[Sicily]], [[Campania]], [[Calabria]], [[Apulia]] and other areas of the same territory)<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226231852/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/police-search-calabrian-village-as-murders-are-linked-to-clan-feud-461917.html |archive-date=2009-02-26 |url-status=dead |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/police-search-calabrian-village-as-murders-are-linked-to-clan-feud-461917.html |title=Police search Calabrian village as murders are linked to clan feud |work=The Independent}}</ref> and neighbouring [[Malta]]
* [[Greece]] ([[Mani Peninsula|Mani]] and [[Crete]])<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Brian |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19990114/2938763/vendetta-victims-people-a-village |title=Vendetta Victims: People, A Village – Crete's 'Cycle Of Blood' Survives The Centuries |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=1999-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tsantiropoulos, Aris |url=http://www.pbs.plymouth.ac.uk/solon/journal/issue%202.1/Tsantiropoulos_Article_final%5B1%5D%5B1%5D.pdf |title=Collective Memory and Blood Feud; The Case of Mountainous Crete |work=Crimes and Misdemeanours |volume=2/1 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Crete |issn=1754-0445 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331102316/http://www.pbs.plymouth.ac.uk/solon/journal/issue%202.1/Tsantiropoulos_Article_final%5B1%5D%5B1%5D.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-31 }}</ref> 
* Between [[White British]], [[British Asian]] or [[Black British]] working-class families, crime groups, street gangs, football firms and family clans throughout Britain and Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://local.stv.tv/glasgow/136848-men-jailed-for-clydebank-murder-following-family-feud/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419165923/http://local.stv.tv/glasgow/136848-men-jailed-for-clydebank-murder-following-family-feud/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-19 |title=Men jailed for Clydebank murder following family feud |work=STV News |date=2009-11-12 |access-date=2015-02-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/paddy-conroy-feud-sayers-family-1424350 |title=Paddy Conroy on his feud with Sayers family |author=Warburton, Dan |date=2013-02-26 |work=[[Evening Chronicle]] |publisher=ChronicleLive.co.uk |access-date=2015-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225001937/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/paddy-conroy-feud-sayers-family-1424350 |archive-date=2014-12-25 }}</ref> Feuds amongst [[White Gypsy or Irish Traveller|Traveller]] clans are also relatively common throughout Britain and Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/2018/05/12/news/father-and-son-jailed-over-traveller-feud-wedding-shooting-1328047/|title=Father and son jailed over fatal Traveller 'feud' wedding shooting|date=11 May 2018}}</ref> Multiple diaspora communities also partake in feuding, such as [[British Turks|Turkish]], [[Albanians in the United Kingdom|Albanian]] and [[British Kurds|Kurdish]] communities.
* Between rival [[Galician mafia|crime families]] in [[Galicia, Spain]]
* Between so-called ''[[Dutch Travellers|woonwagenbewoners]]'' (ethnic [[Dutch people]] who live in [[mobile homes]]) in the [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/leven/afschaffen-bepleit-van-aparte-aanpak-woonwagenbewoners-eigen-cultuur-van-bewoners-woonwagenkampen-is-illusie~a501678/|title=Afschaffen bepleit van aparte aanpak woonwagenbewoners 'Eigen cultuur van bewoners woonwagenkampen is illusie'|author=van Dinther, Mac|work=De Volkskrant|date=1997-07-22|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> 
* Among [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] and [[Turkish people|Turkish]] clans in [[Turkey]] (as well as between Kurdish clans in [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/24/world/threats-responses-northern-iraq-feud-between-kurdish-clans-creates-its-own-war.html |title=Feud Between Kurdish Clans Creates Its Own War |author=Chivers, C. J. |work=The New York Times |date=2003-02-24 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2008/0603/p01s01-wome.html |title=In Turkey, a lone peacemaker ends many blood feuds |author=Schleifer, Yigal |work=The Christian Science Monitor |publisher=CSMonitor.com |date=2008-06-03 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref> 
* Between [[Turkish Cypriots]]
* Between rival clans in northern [[Albania]] and [[Kosovo]]
* Between [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Canadian Aboriginal]] tribes
* Among [[Pashtuns]] in [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/independent-appeal-the-afghan-peace-mission-1837395.html |title=Independent Appeal: The Afghan peace mission |author=Sengupta, Kim |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent.co.uk |date=2009-12-10 |access-date=2012-07-26 |location=London}}</ref> 
* Among [[tribes of Montenegro]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2005/05/22/srpski/H05052101.shtml |title=Osvetio jedinca posle 14 godina [Revenge Killing after 14 years] |author=Veselin Konjević |work=Глас Jавности [Glas Javnosti] |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref>
* Among [[Somali clans]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Somali-feuding-tit-for-tat-20040119 |title=Somali feuding 'tit-for-tat' |publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]].com |location=[[South Africa]] |date=2004-01-19 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref>
* Among the [[Berber people|Berbers]] of [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Wilkin, Anthony. |title=Among the Berbers of Algeria |place=London |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |year=1900 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/amongberbersofal00wilk/page/253 253] |url=https://archive.org/details/amongberbersofal00wilk }}</ref> 
* [[Egypt]] (especially among the [[Saidi people]] in [[Upper Egypt]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.connectthecultures.com/revenge-killings-upper-egypt/ |title=The Tradition of Family Revenge Killings in Upper Egypt |first=Sabina |last=Lohr |website=Connect the Cultures|date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>)
* Between [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] clans over land in [[Nigeria]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L05457895.htm |title=Nigeria deploys troops after 14 killed in land feud |agency=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008013503/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L05457895.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2008 |url-status=dead |via=www.alertnet.org }}</ref> 
* Between clans in India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NF29Df02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628201015/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NF29Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2012-06-28|title=India's gangster nation|work=Asia Times Online|publisher=ATimes.com|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> and between rival tribes in the north-east Indian state of [[Assam]]
* Among [[Sikh]] clans in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/sandhu-1/|title=The Voice from the Rural Areas: Muslim-Sikh Relations in the British Punjab, 1940–47|publisher=Academy of the Punjab in North America (APNAorg.com)|access-date=2015-02-18|archive-date=2015-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218203944/http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/sandhu-1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
*[[Rayalaseema]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India
* Between [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpuri]] clans in [[Azad Kashmir]] (as well as between [[British Pakistanis]] of Mirpuri descent in [[England]])<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/21/british-family-shot-dead-pakistan | location=London | work=The Guardian | first1=Declan | last1=Walsh | first2=Helen | last2=Carter | first3=Paul | last3=Lewis | title=Mother, father and daughter gunned down in cemetery on visit to Pakistan | date=2010-05-21 | access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jan/21/tonythompson.theobserver | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Tony | last=Thompson | title=Asian blood feuds spill into Britain | date=2001-01-20 | access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref> 
* Among rival clans in China, and especially in [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]] provinces<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nb0NAAAAQAAJ&q=guangdong+++blood+feuds&pg=PA239|title=Chinese Democracy: The Self-government Movement in Local, Provincial and National Politics, 1905–1914|last=Fincher|first=John H.|publisher=Croom Helm|year=1981|access-date=18 February 2015|isbn=9780709904632}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/17/world/clan-feuds-an-old-problem-are-still-threatening-chinese.html |title=Clan Feuds, an Old Problem, Are Still Threatening Chinese |work=The New York Times |author=WuDunn, Sheryl |date=1993-01-17 |access-date=2015-08-29 |author-link=Sheryl WuDunn }}</ref> 
* In the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/world/asia/26iht-phils.1.8066447.html |title=Clan feuds fuel separatist violence in Philippines, study shows |author=Conde, Carlos H. |work=The New York Times |date=2007-10-26 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref> (especially in [[Mindanao]] between Muslim [[Moro people|Moro]] and Christian [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]] clans)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afrim.org.ph/minda-news-page.php?nid=1492|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124035502/http://www.afrim.org.ph/minda-news-page.php?nid=1492|archive-date = 2020-11-24|title = DotPH domains available portal}}</ref>
* Between [[Burakumin]] clans in Japan<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pdfy-2iKBao2PPKalVfeO |title=Burakumin and Shimazaki Tōson's ''Hakai'': Images of Discrimination in Modern Japanese Literature |author=Andersson, René |publisher=Lund University |place=Lund, Sweden |isbn=978-91-628-4538-4 |access-date=2015-08-29 |year=2000 |url-access=registration }}</ref> 
* In the lawless [[Va people|Wa]] territories of northern [[Burma]]{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} 
* Among the Arab [[Bedouins]] and other [[Arab]] tribes inhabiting the mountains of [[Yemen]]<ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/09/AR2007080902412.html |title=In the Land of the Blood Feuds |author=Raghavan, Sudarsan |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2007-08-10 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref> 
* Between [[Shiites]] and [[Sunnis]] in [[Iraq]]<ref name=WashingtonPost />
* Among [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] clans in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/focus-fierce-gunbattle-in-palestinian-blood-feud-claims-nine-lives-1.65408|title=Focus / Fierce Gunbattle in Palestinian Blood-feud Claims Nine Lives|author=Hass, Amira|date=2001-07-29|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> 
* Between [[Maronite]] clans,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19901031&id=PaRUAAAAIBAJ&pg=4435,4845805|title=Maronite power crumbles in Lebanon|author=Nassar, Farouk|date=1990-10-31|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref> and between [[Shiites]] and [[Sunnis]], in [[Lebanon]] 
* Between [[Mhallami]] clans in [[Lebanon]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taz.de/!29830/|title=Libanesische Familienclans: Mord mit Ankündigung|publisher=taz.de |work=Die Tageszeitung|date=2 February 2009|access-date=2015-02-18}}</ref>
* Among the [[Amhara people|Amhara]] in [[Ethiopia]]
* Among the highland tribes of [[New Guinea]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4181042.stm |title=Deadly twist to PNG's tribal feuds |author=Squires, Nick |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=2005-08-25 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref> 
* In [[Svaneti]], in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (especially between [[Svan people|Svan]] clans)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__10378/alias__Expertclub/lang__en/tabid__2546/default.aspx |title=Theoretical justification of ethnic cleansing in modern Abkhazian historiography |publisher=ExpertClub.ge |author=Toria, Malkhaz |date=2011-11-25 |access-date=2015-08-29 |archive-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052714/http://eng.expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__10378/alias__Expertclub/lang__en/tabid__2546/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In the mountainous areas of [[Dagestan]]{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} 
* Between [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] and [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] clans<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/20/kyrgyzstan-uzbekistan-ethnic-civil-war|title=Uzbeks in desperate plea for aid as full horror of ethnic slaughter emerges |author=Harding, Luke |work=The Guardian |publisher=TheGuardian.com |date=2010-06-26 |access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref>
* Between [[Yazidi]] clans in [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]<!-- neither reference is a reliable source: <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Armenians-Kinship.html|title=Kinship—Armenians|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Yezidis-Sociopolitical-Organization.html|title=Sociopolitical organization—Yezidis|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> -->{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
* In republics of the northern [[Caucasus]], such as [[Chechnya]] and [[Ingushetia]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Vatchagaev |first=Mairbek |date=2012-11-15 |url=https://jamestown.org/program/chechen-and-ingush-leaders-feud-over-burial-of-slain-insurgents-2/ |title=Chechen and Ingush Leaders Feud over Burial of Slain Insurgents |website=Eurasia Daily Monitor |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref> 
* Among [[Chechen people|Chechen]] [[teip]]s where those seeking retribution do not accept or respect the local law enforcement authority{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}
* Among the [[Madurese people]] in Indonesia (''carok'')

==== Gang warfare/mob war ==== 
[[File:Nobody Can Stop the War But Us Mural in Nickerson Gardens, Watts, Los Angeles.jpg|thumb|A mural referencing the [[Crips–Bloods gang war]] in Watts' [[Nickerson Gardens]] housing project, pictured in 2019]]
During a fight at a carnival celebration in 1991 two young men from the [['Ndrangheta]] crime organization were killed, leading to a [[San Luca feud|series of feud]]s between rival clans.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6949274.stm A mafia family feud spills over], BBC News, August 16, 2007</ref> Blood feuds within [[Russian mafia|Russian]] communities do exist (mostly related to criminal gangs), but are neither as common nor as pervasive as they are in the [[Caucasus]].{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} In the United States, [[gang]] warfare also often takes the form of blood feuds. A mob war is a time when two or more rival families/gangs begin open warfare with one another, destroying each other's businesses and assassinating family members. Mafia/Mob wars are generally disastrous for all concerned, and can lead to the rise or fall of a family or gang. [[African-American organized crime|African-American]], [[Italian-American Mafia|Italian-American]], [[Khmer people|Cambodian]], [[Cuban people|Cuban]] [[Marielito]], [[Trinitarios|Dominican]], [[Guatemalan people|Guatemalan]], [[Gang war in Haiti|Haitian]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]], Sino-Vietnamese [[Hoa people|Hoa]], [[Irish Mob|Irish-American]], [[Jamaican people|Jamaican]], [[Korean people|Korean]], [[Lao people|Laotian]], [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]], [[Salvadorans|Salvadoran]] and [[Vietnamese criminal underworld|Vietnamese]] gangs and organized crime conflicts very often have taken the form of blood feuds, in which a family member in the gang is killed and a relative takes revenge by killing the murderer as well as other members of the rival gang. This can also be observed in particular cases in conflicts among [[Organised crime in Colombia|Colombia]]n, [[Mexican drug war|Mexican]], [[List of criminal gangs in Brazil|Brazilian]], and other Latin American gangs, [[drug cartel]]s, and paramilitary groups; in turf wars among [[Cape Coloureds|Cape Coloured]] gangs in [[South Africa]]; in gang fights among [[Dutch Antilleans|Dutch Antillean]], [[Surinamese people|Surinamese]] and [[Moluccans|Moluccan]] gangs in the [[Netherlands]]; and in criminal feuds between [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[White British]], [[Black British|Black]] and [[Mixed British]] gangs in the [[UK]]. This has resulted in gun violence and murders in cities like [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Miami]], [[Ciudad Juarez]], [[Medellin]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Cape Town]], [[Amsterdam]], [[London]], [[Liverpool]], and [[Glasgow]], to name just a few. The Five Families of New York City New York go to great lengths to avoid a war, as not only do the families lose considerable money and valuable men, gangland killings also cause public outrage and can trigger mass crackdowns from authorities like the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI.

==== Southern United States ====
Blood feuds also have a long history within the [[White Southerners|White Southerner]] population (and in particular among the [[Scots-Irish American|"Scots-Irish" or Ulster Scots American]] population) of the [[Southern United States]], where it is called the "[[Culture of honor (Southern United States)|culture of honor]]", and still exists to the present day.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://untpress.unt.edu/catalog/3376|author=Parsons, Chuck|title=The Sutton-Taylor Feud: The Deadliest Blood Feud in Texas|publisher=University of North Texas Press|year=2013|pages=400|access-date=2015-08-29}}</ref> A series of prolonged violent engagements in late nineteenth-century [[Kentucky]] and [[West Virginia]] were referred to commonly as feuds, a tendency that was partly due to the nineteenth-century popularity of [[William Shakespeare]] and [[Sir Walter Scott]], both of whom had written [[historical fiction|semihistorical]] accounts of blood feuds. These incidents, the most famous of which was the [[Hatfield–McCoy feud]], were regularly featured in the newspapers of the eastern U.S. between the [[Reconstruction Era]] and the early twentieth century, and are seen by some as linked to a [[Culture of honor (Southern United States)|Southern culture of honor]] with its roots in the [[Scotch-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] forebears of the residents of the area.<ref>[[Malcolm Gladwell]], ''[[Outliers (book)|Outliers]]'' (2008), Chapter 6, citing, for example, [[David Hackett Fischer]], ''[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]]''.</ref> Another prominent example was the [[Regulator–Moderator War]], which took place between rival factions in the [[Republic of Texas]]. It is sometimes considered the largest blood feud in American history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasescapes.com/AllThingsHistorical/The-Worst-Feud-BB1006.htm |title=The Worst Feud |publisher=TexasEscapes.com |author=Bowman, Bob|date=2006-10-15 |access-date=2012-07-26}}</ref>

===== Greece =====
[[File:Vathia Mani Greece.jpg|thumb|[[Vatheia]], a typical Maniot village famous for its towers]]
In Greece, the custom of blood feud is found in several parts of the country, for instance in [[Crete]] and [[Mani Peninsula|Mani]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mani, Greece: A Destination of Unique Beauty and Rich History |url=https://greekreporter.com/2022/02/07/mani-greece-travel-history/ |work=Greek Reporter |date=7 February 2022}}</ref> Throughout history, the [[Maniots]] have been regarded by their neighbors and their enemies as fearless warriors who practice [[Maniots#Vendettas|blood feuds]], known in the Maniot dialect of Greek as "Γδικιωμός" (Gdikiomos). Many vendettas went on for months, some for years. The families involved would lock themselves in their towers and, when they got the chance, would murder members of the opposing family. The Maniot vendetta is considered the most vicious and ruthless;{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} it has led to entire family lines being wiped out. The last vendetta on record required the [[Greek Army]] with [[artillery]] support to force it to a stop. Regardless of this, the Maniot Greeks still practice vendettas, even today. Maniots in America, Australia, Canada and [[Corsica]] still have on-going vendettas which have led to the creation of [[mafia]] families known as "Γδικιωμέοι" (Gdikiomeoi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mani.org.gr/en/history/venteta.htm |title=Vendetta |publisher=Mani.org.gr |access-date=2012-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230081926/http://www.mani.org.gr/en/history/venteta.htm |archive-date=2006-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2015}}

===== Corsica =====
In [[Corsica]], vendettas were a social code (mores) that required Corsicans to kill anyone who wronged the family honor. Between 1821 and 1852, no less than 4,300 murders were perpetrated in Corsica.<ref>Gregorovius, Ferdinand. ''[https://archive.org/details/wanderingsincors01greg/page/196 Wanderings in Corsica: Its History and Its Heroes]''. (1855). p.&nbsp;196. Retrieved 2015-08-29.</ref>

==== Caucasus ====
[[File:Ushguli1.JPG|thumb|The defensive towers built by feuding clans of [[Svaneti]], in the [[Caucasus]] mountains]]
[[Leontiy Lyulye]], an expert on conditions in the [[Caucasus]], wrote in the mid-19th century: "Among the [[Peoples of the Caucasus|mountain people]] the blood feud is not an uncontrollable permanent feeling such as the vendetta is among the Corsicans. It is more like an obligation imposed by the public opinion." In the [[Dagestan]]i ''[[aul]]'' of [[Kadar, Russia|Kadar]], one such blood feud between two antagonistic clans lasted for nearly 260 years, from the 17th century until the 1860s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/russian-federation/chechen-society-and-mentality |title=Chechen society and mentality |author=Souleimanov, Emil Aslan |work=Prague Watchdog |date=2003-05-25 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref>

====Albania====
{{main|Gjakmarrja}}

[[File:Theth - LockInTower.jpg|thumb|A fortified tower used as refuge for men involved in a blood feud who are vulnerable to attack. Thethi, northern [[Albania]].]]
In [[Albania]], ''[[gjakmarrja]]'' (blood feuding) is a tradition. Blood feuds in Albania trace back to the [[Kanun (Albania)|Kanun]], this custom is also practiced among the Albanians of [[Kosovo]]. It returned to rural areas after more than 40 years of being abolished by Albanian Communists led by [[Enver Hoxha]].

In 1980, Albanian author [[Ismail Kadare]] published ''[[Broken April]]'', about the centuries-old tradition of hospitality, blood feuds, and [[revenge killing]] in the highlands of [[north Albania]] in the 1930s.<ref name="auto33">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/1024/dbapril.html|title=Albanian Revenge|date=24 October 1990|journal=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref name="auto26">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2021/winter/why-should-we-read-ismail-kadare-david-bellos|title=Why Should We Read Ismail Kadare?|author= David Bellos|date=15 December 2020|website=World Literature Today}}</ref> ''The New York Times'', reviewing it, wrote: "''Broken April'' is written with masterly simplicity in a [[bardic]] style, as if the author is saying: Sit quietly and let me recite a terrible story about a blood feud and the inevitability of death by gunfire in my country. You know it must happen because that is the way life is lived in these mountains. Insults must be avenged; family honor must be upheld...."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/books/books-of-the-times-an-albanian-tale-of-ineluctable-vengeance.html|title=Books of The Times; An Albanian Tale of Ineluctable Vengeance|first=Herbert|last=Mitgang|date=12 December 1990|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The novel was made into a 2001 movie entitled ''[[Behind the Sun (film)|Behind the Sun]]'' by filmmaker [[Walter Salles]], set in 1910 Brazil and starring [[Rodrigo Santoro]], which was nominated for a [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]] and a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/movies/at-the-movies.html|title=At the Movies|first=Dave|last=Kehr|date=21 December 2001|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

There are now more than 1,600 families who live under an ever-present death sentence because of feuds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0625/p01s02-woeu.html |title=Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania's blood feuds |work=The Christian Science Monitor |author=White, Jeffrey|publisher=CSMonitor.com |date=2008-05-25 |access-date=2015-08-29 }}</ref> and since 1991, some 12,000 people were killed in them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/the-european-nation-with-a-deadlier-gun-culture-than-the-us-albania | title=A European gun culture deadlier than America's | date=18 January 2016 }}</ref>

====Kosovo====
Blood feuds have also been part of a centuries-old tradition in [[Kosovo]], tracing back to the [[Kanun (Albania)|Kanun]], a 15th-century codification of Albanian customary rules. In the early 1990s, most cases of blood feuds were reconciled in the course of a large-scale reconciliation movement to end blood feuds led by [[Anton Çetta]].<ref name="BJC2017">{{cite journal |title=Did Nonviolent Resistance Fail in Kosovo? |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=58 |pages=218–236 |last1=Marsavelski |first1=Aleksandar |last2=Sheremeti |first2=Furtuna |last3=Braithwaite |first3=John |doi=10.1093/bjc/azx002 |year=2018 }}</ref> The largest reconciliation gathering took place at Verrat e Llukës on 1 May 1990, which had between 100,000 and 500,000 participants. By 1992, the reconciliation campaign ended at least 1,200 deadly blood feuds, and in 1993, not a single homicide occurred in Kosovo.<ref name="BJC2017"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Reconciliation of the Blood Feuds Campaign 1990-1991 |url=https://oralhistorykosovo.org/research/blood-feuds-reconciliations/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Oral History Kosovo}}</ref>

====Republic of Ireland====
Criminal gang feuds also exist in [[Dublin]], Ireland and in the Republic's third-largest city, [[Limerick]]. [[Irish Travellers|Traveller]] feuds are also common in towns across the country. Feuds can be due to personal issues, money, or disrespect, and grudges can last generations. Since 2001, over 300 people have been killed in feuds between different drugs gangs, [[dissident republican]]s, and [[Irish Travellers|Traveller]] families.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/garda%C3%AD-suspect-dublin-drug-feud-link-in-double-killing-1.477711 |title=Gardaí suspect Dublin drug feud link in double killing |author=Lally, Conor |newspaper=The Irish Times |publisher=IrishTimes.com |date=2012-03-09 |accessdate=2012-07-26}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2015}}

====Philippines====
Family and clan feuds, known locally as ''[[rido]]'', are characterized by sporadic outbursts of retaliatory violence between families and kinship groups, as well as between communities. It can occur in areas where the government or a central authority is weak, as well as in areas where there is a perceived lack of justice and security. ''Rido'' is a [[Maranao language|Maranao]] term commonly used in [[Mindanao]] to refer to clan feuds. It is considered one of the major problems in Mindanao because, apart from numerous casualties, ''rido'' has caused destruction of property, crippled local economies, and displaced families.

Located in the southern Philippines, Mindanao is home to a majority of the country's Muslim community, and includes the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]]. Mindanao "is a region suffering from poor infrastructure, high poverty, and violence that has claimed the lives of more than 120,000 in the last three decades."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiafoundation.org/2007/10/31/in-the-philippines-conflict-resolution-in-mindanao/ |title=In the Philippines: Conflict in Mindanao |author=Wilfredo Magno Torres III |date=31 October 2007 |access-date=September 16, 2016}}</ref> There is a widely held stereotype that the violence is perpetrated by armed groups that resort to terrorism to further their political goals, but the actual situation is far more complex. While the Muslim-Christian conflict and the state-rebel conflicts dominate popular perceptions and media attention, a survey commissioned by [[The Asia Foundation]] in 2002—and further verified by a recent [[Social Weather Stations]] survey—revealed that citizens are more concerned about the prevalence of ''rido'' and its negative impact on their communities than the conflict between the state and rebel groups.<ref name="Torres, Wilfredo M 2007" /> The unfortunate interaction and subsequent confusion of ''rido''-based violence with [[secession]]ism, [[communist]] [[insurgency]], banditry, military involvement and other forms of armed violence shows that violence in Mindanao is more complicated than what is commonly believed.

''Rido'' has wider implications for conflict in Mindanao, primarily because it tends to interact in unfortunate ways with separatist conflict and other forms of armed violence. Many armed confrontations in the past involving insurgent groups and the military were triggered by a local ''rido''. The studies cited above investigated the dynamics of ''rido'' with the intention of helping design strategic interventions to address such conflicts.

=====Causes=====
The causes of ''rido'' are varied and may be further complicated by a society's concept of [[Face (sociological concept)|honor and shame]], an integral aspect of the social rules that determine accepted practices in the affected communities. The triggers for conflicts range from petty offenses, such as theft and jesting, to more serious crimes, like homicide. These are further aggravated by land disputes and political rivalries, the most common causes of ''rido''. Proliferation of firearms, lack of law enforcement and credible mediators in conflict-prone areas, and an inefficient justice system further contribute to instances of ''rido''.

=====Statistics=====
Studies on ''rido'' have documented a total of 1,266 ''rido'' cases between the 1930s and 2005, which have killed over 5,500 people and displaced thousands. The four provinces with the highest numbers of ''rido'' incidences are: [[Lanao del Sur]] (377), [[Maguindanao]] (218), [[Lanao del Norte]] (164), and [[Sulu Province|Sulu]] (145). Incidences in these four provinces account for 71% of the total documented cases. The findings also show a steady rise in ''rido'' conflicts in the eleven provinces surveyed from the 1980s to 2004. According to the studies, during 2002–2004, 50% (637 cases) of total ''rido'' incidences occurred, equaling about 127 new ''rido'' cases per year. Out of the total number of ''rido'' cases documented, 64% remain unresolved.<ref name="Torres, Wilfredo M 2007">{{cite book |editor=Torres, Wilfredo M.  |year=2007 |title=Rido: Clan Feuding and Conflict Management in Mindanao |location=[[Makati]] |publisher=[[The Asia Foundation]] |pages=348 |isbn=978-971-92445-2-3 }}</ref>

===== Resolution =====
''Rido'' conflicts are either resolved, unresolved, or reoccurring. Although the majority of these cases remain unresolved, there have been many resolutions through different conflict-resolving bodies and mechanisms. These cases can utilize the formal procedures of the Philippine government or the various indigenous systems. Formal methods may involve official courts, local government officials, police, and the military. Indigenous methods to resolve conflicts usually involve elder leaders who use local knowledge, beliefs, and practices, as well as their own personal influence, to help repair and restore damaged relationships. Some cases using this approach involve the payment of [[blood money (term)|blood money]] to resolve the conflict. Hybrid mechanisms include the collaboration of government, religious, and traditional leaders in resolving conflicts through the formation of collaborative groups. Furthermore, the institutionalization of traditional conflict resolution processes into laws and ordinances has been successful with the hybrid method approach. Other conflict-resolution methods include the establishment of ceasefires and the intervention of youth organizations.<ref name="Torres, Wilfredo M 2007"/>

== Well-known blood feuds==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:HatfieldClan.jpg|thumb|The [[Hatfield-McCoy feud|Hatfield]] clan in 1897]]

* [[Three Kingdoms period]], feuding [[warlord]]s during the fall of the [[Han dynasty]] (184–280 AD; China)
* [[Njál's saga]], an Icelandic account of a [[Norsemen|Norse]] blood feud (960–1020; Iceland, Ireland and Norway)
* {{Ill|Svyatoslavychi Feud|uk|Усобиця Святославичів}} (975/977–980) in [[Kyivan Rus']]
* The [[Clan Mackintosh|Mackintosh]]-[[Clan Cameron|Cameron]] [[Stand-off at the Fords of Arkaig|feud]] (1290s–1665; Scotland)
* The [[Battle of the North Inch]]; the battle is fictionalised in the novel ''[[The Fair Maid of Perth]]'' by [[Sir Walter Scott]] ([[Michaelmas]] 1396; Scotland)
* The [[Krummedige-Tre Rosor feud]] (1448–1502; Norway)
* The [[Bonville–Courtenay feud]] (1450s; England)
* The [[Percy–Neville feud]] (1450s; England)
* The [[Wars of the Roses]] (1455–1487; England)
* The [[Viscount Lisle|Talbot]]–[[Baron Berkeley|Berkeley]] feud (1455–1485 England; concurrent with the [[Wars of the Roses]])
* The [[Clan Gunn|Gunn]]–[[Clan Keith|Keith]] feud (1464–1978; Scotland)
* The [[Clan Campbell|Campbell]]–[[Clan MacDonald|MacDonald]] feud, including the [[Massacre of Glencoe]] (1692; Scotland)
* The [[Clan Forbes]]–[[Clan Gordon]] feud, (1500s–1571; Scotland)
* The [[Clan Forbes]]–[[Clan Leslie]] feud, (1520s–1530s; Scotland)
* The [[Clan Kerr]]-[[Clan Scott]] feud, (1526–1565; Scotland)
* The [[Clan Forbes]]–citizens of [[Aberdeen]] feud, (1529–1539; Scotland)
* The [[Regulator-Moderator War]], (1839–1844; [[Republic of Texas]])
* The [[Punti–Hakka Clan Wars]], (1855–1868; [[Guangdong]], China)
* The [[Black Donnellys#The feud|Donnelly–Biddulph community feud]] (1857–1880; [[Ontario]], Canada)
* The [[Lincoln County War]] (1878–1881; [[New Mexico]], United States)
* The [[Lincoln County Feud]] (1878–1890; [[West Virginia]], United States)
* The [[Hatfield-McCoy feud]] (1878–1891; [[West Virginia]] & [[Kentucky]], United States)
* The [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral|Clanton/McLaury–Earp feud]] (see also [[Earp Vendetta Ride]]), also known as the "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" (1881; [[Arizona]], United States)
* The [[Pleasant Valley War]], also known as the "Tonto Basin Feud" (1882–1892; [[Arizona]], United States)
* The [[Al Capone|Capone]]–[[Bugs Moran|Moran]] feud, including the [[St. Valentine's Day massacre]] (1925–1930; [[Chicago, Illinois]], United States)
* The [[Castellammarese War]] (1929–1931; [[New York City, New York]] United States)
* The [[Cohen crime family|Battle of the Sunset Strip]] (1947–1951; [[Los Angeles, California]] United States) 
* The First [[Colombo crime family|Colombo Family]] War (1960–1963; [[New York City]], United States)
* The Second Colombo Family War (1971–1975; [[New York City]], United States)
* The [[Philadelphia crime family|Riccobene War]] (1982–1984; [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], United States) 
* The Internal [[Patriarca crime family|Patriarca]] War (1991–1996; [[Boston, Massachusetts]], United States)
* [[Second Mafia War|Great Mafia War]] (1981–1983; [[Sicily]], Italy)
* The [[Feud of Scampia]] (2004–2005; [[Naples]], Italy)
* The [[Maguindanao Massacre]] (2009; [[Ampatuan, Maguindanao|Ampatuan]], [[Philippines]])
* The [[Limerick feud]] (2000–present; [[Limerick]], Ireland)
* The [[Rizzuto crime family|Montreal Mafia]] War (2009–present; mostly the [[Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]])
* The fictional feud between the House of Capulet and the House of Montague in [[Romeo and Juliet]]

==See also==
* [[Bedouin systems of justice#Blood feud protocols|Bedouin blood feud]]
* [[Blood Law]]
* [[Communal conflicts in Nigeria]]
* [[Dassler brothers feud]]
* [[Endemic warfare]]
* [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan]] 
* [[Feud (professional wrestling)]]
* [[Frontier justice]]
* [[Gjakmarrja]] 
* [[Kin punishment]]
* [[List of feuds in the United States]]
* [[Mobbing]]
* [[Punti–Hakka Clan Wars]]
* [[San Luca feud]]
* [[Sippenhaft]]
* [[Sudanese nomadic conflicts]]
* [[Warrior]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Boehm, Christopher. 1984. [https://books.google.com/books/about/Blood_revenge.html?id=yU4MAQAAMAAJ ''Blood Revenge: The Anthropology of Feuding in Montenegro and Other Tribal Societies'']. [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]]: University of Kansas.
* {{Cite journal |last=Grutzpalk |first=Jonas |date=July 2002 |title=Blood Feud and Modernity: Max Weber's and Émile Durkheim's Theories |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1468795X02002002854 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211045931/http://club.fom.ru/books/grutzpark04_3.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2006 |journal=Journal of Classical Sociology |volume=2 |issue=2
|doi=10.1177/1468795X02002002854 |pages=115–134 |s2cid=145146459 }}
* Hyams, Paul. 2003. ''Rancor and Reconciliation in Medieval England''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
* Kreuzer, Peter. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091229133630/http://www.hsfk.de/downloads/PRIF-71.pdf "Political Clans and Violence in the Southern Philippines"]. Frankfurt: [[Peace Research Institute Frankfurt]].
* Miller, William Ian. 1990. ''Bloodtaking and peacemaking: feud, law, and society in Saga Iceland''. Chicago: [[The University of Chicago Press]].
* Torres, Wilfredo M. (ed.). 2007. [http://asiafoundation.org/publications/pdf/1349 ''Rido: Clan Feuding and Conflict Management in Mindanao'']. [[Makati]]: [[The Asia Foundation]]. 
* Torres, Wilfredo M. 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110124235205/http://www.adrrn.net/recentupdates/Challenges%20to%20Human%20Security%20in%20Complex.pdf "Letting a Thousand Flowers Bloom: Clan Conflicts and Their Management"]. ''Challenges to Human Security in Complex Situations: The Case of Conflict in the Southern Philippines''. Kuala Lumpur: Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network (ADRRN).

==External links==
{{External links|section|date=February 2023}}
{{Wiktionary|feud}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/in_pictures/4562071.stm BBC: "In pictures: Egypt vendetta ends"]. May 2005. "One of the most enduring and bloody family feuds of modern times in Upper Egypt has ended with a tense ceremony of humiliation and forgiveness. [...] Police are edgy. After lengthy peace talks, no one knows if the penance—and a large payment of blood money—will end the vendetta which began in 1991 with a children's fight."
* [http://www.mindanews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2836&Itemid=75 15 clan feuds settled in Lanao; rido tops cause of evacuation more than war], from the MindaNews website. Posted on 13 July 2007.
* [http://www.mindanews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3737&Itemid=50 2 clans in Matanog settle rido, sign peace pact], from the MindaNews website. Posted on 30 January 2008.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223744/http://meero.worldvision.org/news_article.php?newsID=527 Albania: Feuding families…bitter lives]
* [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/892435.html Bedouin family feud]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009030600/http://www.peaceinthecaucasus.org/background/bg_society.htm Blood feud in Caucasus]
* [http://www.c3.hu/scripta/books/98/34/zanic.htm Blood feud in Medjugorje, 1991-1992]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/4273020.stm Blood feuds blight Albanian lives]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/03/israel Blood feuds tearing Gaza apart]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140549/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101720424-213669,00.html Blood in the Streets: Subculture of Violence]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/6947247.stm Calabrian clan feud suspected in slayings]
* [http://coalitionfordarfur.blogspot.com/2007/03/chad-clan-feuds-creating-tinderbox-of.html Chad: Clan Feuds Creating Tinderbox of Conflict]
* [http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/education/view.php?db=1&article=20070929-91528 Children as teacher-facilitators for peace]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, from the Inquirer website. Posted on 29 September 2007.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090718223236/http://www.usd.edu/anth/crow/crow1.html Crow Creek Massacre]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/northern_ireland/7531880.stm Family Feud in Ireland Involves 200 Rioters]
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2036580,00.html Gang mayhem grips LA]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/6942086.stm Gangs clash in Nigerian oil city]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001060540/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article347806.ece Iraq's death squads: On the brink of civil war]
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20070330/ai_n18789763 Mafia feuds bring bloodshed to Naples' streets]
* [https://jamalashley.wordpress.com/2015/07/08/mranaos-and-their-maratrabat/ Maratabat and the Maranaos], from the blog of Datu Jamal Ashley Yahya Abbas, originally in "Reflections on the Bangsa Moro." Posted on 1 May 2007.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/americas/6563051.stm Mexico drugs cartels feud erupts]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012141041/http://abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/05/06/1915520.htm NZ authorities fear retaliatory attacks between rival gangs]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090804000401/http://ridomap.com/ Rido]'', from [[The Asia Foundation]]'s ''[[Rido]]'' Map website.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091128013415/http://www.balaymindanaw.org/bmfi/essays/2007/02rido.html ''Rido'' and its Influence on the Academe, NGOs and the Military], an essay from the website of the Balay Mindanaw Foundation, Inc. Posted on 28 February 2007.
* [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view/20061118-33325/%91Rido%92_seen_major_Mindanao_security_concern?ModPagespeed=noscript 'Rido' seen &#91;as&#93; major Mindanao security concern]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, from the Inquirer website. Posted on 18 November 2006.
* [http://www.nbc6.net/news/9337747/detail.html State Attorney: Problems Posed By Haitian Gangs Growing]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613063502/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F03%2Fwfeud03.xml Thousands fear as blood feuds sweep Albania]
* [http://www.head-hunter.com/warfare.html Tribal Warfare and Blood Revenge]
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-6Z87A2?OpenDocument Tribal warfare kills nine in Indonesia's Papua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617175331/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-6Z87A2?OpenDocument |date=2009-06-17 }}
*  [http://www.mindanews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3181&Itemid=50 Villages in "rido" area return home], from the MindaNews website. Posted on 1 November 2007.
* [http://moderntribalist.blogspot.com/2005/10/violent-ethnic-war-looms-between.html Violent ethnic war looms between Filipino and Vietnamese gangs]
* [http://www.stippy.com/japan-news-and-media/a-yakuza-war-has-started-in-central-tokyo/ A "Yakuza War" has started in Central Tokyo]

{{Mafia}}
{{American Mafia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Feuds| ]]
[[Category:Gangland warfare tactics]]
[[Category:Interpersonal conflict]]
[[Category:Revenge]]
[[Category:Violence]]
[[Category:Violent crime]]