Editing Finlandization

{{Short description|Concept in political science}}
{{Distinguish|Finnicization}}
[[File:Suomi_n%C3%B6yryytet%C3%A4%C3%A4n.jpg|thumb|right|[[Urho Kekkonen]] and [[Leonid Brezhnev]] in 1960 during Kekkonen's state visit to the Soviet Union.]]

'''Finlandization''' ({{langx|fi|suomettuminen}}) is the process by which one powerful country makes a smaller neighboring country refrain from opposing the former's foreign policy rules, while allowing it to keep its nominal independence and its own political system.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Asia's Cauldron|last=Kaplan|first=Robert D.|publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8129-8480-4|location=USA|page=26}}</ref> The term means "to become like Finland", referring to the influence of the Soviet Union on Finland's policies during the [[Cold War]].<ref name="standish18"/>

The term is often considered [[pejorative]]. It originated in the [[West Germany|West German]] political debate of the late 1960s and 1970s. As the term was used in West Germany and other [[NATO]] countries, it referred to the decision of a country not to challenge a more powerful neighbor in foreign politics, while maintaining national [[sovereignty]].  It is commonly used in reference to Finland's policies in relation to the Soviet Union during the Cold War, but it can refer more generally to similar international relations, such as Denmark's attitude toward Germany between 1871 and 1940, or the policies of the Swiss government towards [[Nazi Germany]] until the end of World War II.

== Origin and international usage ==
[[File:Kekkonen-Loikkanen-Khruschev-1960.jpg|thumb|Finland's President [[Urho Kekkonen]], translator Kustaa Loikkanen and General Secretary [[Nikita Khrushchev]] talking, at Kekkonen's 60th birthday]]

In Germany, the term was used mainly by proponents of closer adaptation to US policies, chiefly [[Franz Josef Strauss]], but was initially coined in scholarly debate, and made known by the German political scientists [[Richard Löwenthal]], [[Walter Hallstein]] and [[Kurt Birrenbach]], reflecting feared effects of withdrawal of US troops from Germany.<ref name="baurkot14">{{cite book |last1=Baurkot |first1=Samuel J. Jr. |title=Kurt Birrenbach and the Evolution of German Atlanticism |date=2014 |publisher=COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY |location=New York |doi=10.7916/D8QR54JV |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8QR54JV/download}}</ref> It came to be used in the debate of the NATO countries in response to [[Willy Brandt]]'s attempts to [[Ostpolitik|normalise relations with East Germany]], and the following widespread scepticism in Germany against NATO's [[Dual-Track Decision]].<ref name=baurkot14/> Later, after the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], the term has been used in Finland for the post-1968 radicalization in the latter half of the [[Urho Kekkonen]] era.<ref name="fields19">{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004416420_009 |chapter=Into a New Era, 1961–1970 |title=Defending Democracy in Cold War Finland |year=2019 |pages=350–388 |isbn=978-90-04-41642-0 |s2cid=212811095 |last1=Fields |first1=Marek }}</ref><ref name="standish18"/>

In the 1990s, Finlandization was also discussed as a potential strategy that the Soviet Union under [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] may have attempted to revise its relationship with the [[Warsaw Pact]] states from 1989 to 1991, as a way to transition from [[informal empire]] to a looser [[sphere of influence]] model, which was precluded by the fall of the USSR.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Lebow |first1=Richard Ned |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mssws7JttrcC |title=International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War |last2=Risse-Kappen |first2=Thomas |date=1995 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10195-0 |pages=146–148, 155–157 }}</ref>

As early as 2010 [[Shinzo Abe]] feared the Finlandization of Japan and South Korea to China, because of its growing influence and power.<ref name="abe10t">{{cite news |last1=Abe |first1=Shinzo |title=Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe on U.S.-Japanese Relations |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.hudson.org/files/publications/AbeEventTranscript.pdf |issue=The Capital Hilton Washington, D.C |publisher=Hudson Institute |date=15 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="abe10v">{{cite news |last1=Abe |first1=Shinzo |title=U.S.-Japan Relations |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?296035-1/us-japan-relations |agency=C-SPAN |publisher=National Cable Satellite Corporation |date=15 October 2010}}</ref>

The term has also been used in discussing other countries, for example as a potential outcome of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Juntunen |first1=Tapio |title=Helsinki Syndrome: The Parachronistic Renaissance of Finlandization in International Politics |journal=New Perspectives |date=2017 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=55–83 |doi=10.1177/2336825X1702500103|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Finnish perception==
[[File:1970 - Lenin.jpg|thumb|upright|In April 1970, a Finnish stamp was issued in honour of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin and the Lenin Symposium held that year in Tampere.]]

Finns have, and had, a wide variety of reactions to the term "Finlandization".<ref name="NYT2922">{{cite news |author1=Jason Horowitz |title=Finns Don't Wish 'Finlandization' on Ukraine (or Anyone) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/09/world/europe/finlandization-ukraine-russia-nato.html |access-date=February 10, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=February 9, 2022}}</ref> Some have perceived the term as blunt criticism,{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} stemming from an inability to understand the practicalities of how a small nation needs to deal with an adjacent superpower without losing its [[sovereignty]]. These practicalities existed primarily because of the lingering effect of Russian rule in the time before the [[Finns]] first gained sovereignty; and because of the precarious power balance eastwards, springing from a geographically extended yet sparsely populated state with a traditionally imperialist superpower right across the border.

The reason Finland engaged in Finlandization was primarily [[Realpolitik]]: to survive. On the other hand, the threat of the Soviet Union was also used in Finland's domestic politics in a way that possibly deepened Finlandization (playing the so-called {{langx|fi|idänkortti|lit=east card|label=none}}). Finland made such a deal with [[Joseph Stalin]]'s government in the late 1940s, and it was largely respected by both parties—and to the gain of both parties—until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. While the Finnish political and intellectual elite mostly understood the term to refer more to the foreign policy problems of other countries, and meant mostly for domestic consumption in the speaker's own country, many ordinary Finns considered the term highly offensive.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} The Finnish political cartoonist [[Kari Suomalainen]] once explained Finlandization as "the art of bowing to the East without [[mooning]] the West".<ref name="standish18">{{cite news |last1=Standish |first1=Reid |title=The Meaning of a U.S.-Russia Summit in Helsinki |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/06/finland-helsinki-russia-trump-united-states-summit/564074/ |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |date=28 June 2018}}</ref>

===Historical background===
Finland's foreign politics before this deal had been varied: independence from [[Imperial Russia]] with support of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] in 1917; participation in the [[Russian Civil War]] (without official declaration of war) alongside the [[Triple Entente]] 1918–1920; a non-ratified alliance with Poland in 1922; association with the neutralist and democratic Scandinavian countries in the 1930s ended by the 1939 [[Winter War]] against the Soviet Union, in which the Finns thwarted the Soviet attempt to conquer Finland, albeit with the cession of 9% of Finnish territory; and finally in 1940, a rapprochement with [[Nazi Germany]], the only power able and willing to help Finland against the expansionist Soviet Union, which led to Finland's [[Continuation War|re-entry into the Second World War]] in 1941.

===Paasikivi doctrine===
{{see also|Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine}}
[[File:Urho Kekkonen and Juho Kusti Paasikivi in Kultaranta, 1955.jpg|thumb|[[Urho Kekkonen]] and [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]]]]
[[File:Ahti-Karjalainen-1980 (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ahti Karjalainen]] was one of the influential figures in [[Politics of Finland|Finnish politics]] during the [[Cold War]] and especially for its good relations with the East]]

After the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaty]] of 1947, Finland succeeded in retaining democracy and [[parliamentarism]], despite the heavy political pressure on Finland's foreign and internal affairs by the Soviet Union. [[Foreign relations of Finland|Finland's foreign relations]] were guided by the doctrine formulated by [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]], emphasising the necessity to maintain a good and trusting relationship with the Soviet Union.

Finland signed an [[Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948|Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance]] with the Soviet Union in April 1948, under which Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by "Germany or its allies" against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland, and, if necessary, ask for Soviet military aid to do so. At the same time, the agreement recognised Finland's desire to remain outside [[Great Power|great power]] conflicts, allowing the country to adopt a policy of [[neutral country|neutrality]] during the [[Cold War]].

As a consequence, Finland did not participate in the [[Marshall Plan]] and took neutral positions on Soviet overseas initiatives. By keeping very cool relations to NATO and western military powers in general, Finland could fend off Soviet pressure for affiliation to the Warsaw Pact.

===Self-censorship and excessive Soviet adaptation===

Only after the ascent of Mikhail Gorbachev to Soviet leadership in 1985 did mass media in Finland gradually begin to criticise the Soviet Union more. When the Soviet Union allowed non-communist governments to take power in Eastern Europe, Gorbachev suggested they could look to Finland as an example to follow.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Keller|first1=Bill|date=1989-10-26|title=Gorbachev, in Finland, Disavows Any Right of Regional Intervention (Published 1989)|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/26/world/gorbachev-in-finland-disavows-any-right-of-regional-intervention.html|access-date=2021-03-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Censorship ===
Between 1944 and 1946, the Soviet part of the allied control commission demanded that Finnish public libraries should remove from circulation more than 1,700 books that were deemed anti-Soviet, and bookstores were given catalogs of banned books.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ekholm |first=Kai |year=2001 |title=Political Censorship in Finnish Libraries in 1944–1946 |journal=Libraries & Culture |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=51–57 |doi=10.1353/lac.2001.0008|s2cid=152952804 }}</ref><ref>Mäkinen, Ilkka (2001). [http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/kirjasto/oppimiskeskus/verkkoaineisto/inf/makinen.pdf "The golden age of Finnish public libraries: institutional, structural and ideological background since the 1960s"]. p. 131</ref> The [[Valtion elokuvatarkastamo|Finnish Board of Film Classification]] likewise banned films that it considered to be anti-Soviet.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Banned films included ''[[One, Two, Three]]'' (1961), directed by [[Billy Wilder]]; ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (1962), directed by [[John Frankenheimer]]; ''[[One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (film)|One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich]]'' (1970), by Finnish director [[Caspar Wrede]]; and ''[[Born American]]'' (1986), by Finnish director [[Renny Harlin]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

The censorship never took the form of purging. Possession or use of anti-Soviet books was not banned, but the reprinting and distribution of such materials was prohibited. Especially in the realm of radio and television self-censorship, it was sometimes hard to tell whether the motivations were even political. For example, once a system of blacklisting recordings had been introduced, individual policy makers within the national broadcaster, [[Yle]]isradio, also utilized it to censor songs they deemed inappropriate for other reasons, such as some of those featuring sexual innuendo or references to alcohol.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}

=== End of Finlandization === 
{{See also|Finland–NATO relations}}

After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 and the end of the Cold War, the Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 was replaced by a new bilateral treaty between Finland and the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] on a more equal footing, ending the Paasikivi-Kekkonen doctrine. Finland joined the [[European Union]] in [[1995 enlargement of the European Union|1995]], adopting its [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]. Since joining the [[Partnership for Peace]] program of NATO in 1994, there has been increasing cooperation with NATO, including interoperability and participation in NATO missions.

Despite these changes, Finland initially remained militarily non-aligned and attempted to retain good relations with Russia. However, the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] caused a dramatic increase of public and political support in Finland for full membership in NATO. The [[Finland–NATO relations#Application|application for membership]] was formally submitted on 18 May,<ref>{{cite web | url= https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12440949 | title= Valtioneuvosto ja presidentti viimeistelivät Nato-ratkaisun – ulkoministeri Haavisto allekirjoitti hakemuksen | date = 17 May 2022 | work = [[Yle]] | access-date = 18 May 2022 | language= fi}}</ref> and after all 30 NATO members ratified the application, Finland became the 31st member of NATO on 4 April 2023.<ref name="finland-and-nato">[https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/finland-and-nato Finland and Nato]. Finnish Government 3 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</ref> The notion of "end of Finlandization" has been applied both to the changing circumstances resulting from the end of the Cold War and to Finland's decision to join NATO.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Md Himel Rahman |title=THE DE-FINLANDIZATION OF FINLAND |url=https://fairbd.net/the-de-finlandization-of-finland/ |access-date=May 9, 2023 |work=Foreign Affairs Insights & Review |date=February 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Bradley Reynolds |title=Finland's Long Road West |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/finlands-long-road-west |access-date=May 9, 2023 |work=The Wilson Center |date=April 6, 2023}}</ref>

== Finlandization in other countries ==
=== Ukraine ===
{{See also|Russia–Ukraine relations|Ukraine–NATO relations}}
[[Ukraine]] has been seen as adhering to Finlandization due to its proximity to [[Russia]]. Until 2014, Ukraine officially identified itself as a non-aligned "non-bloc" nation. Under the presidency of [[Viktor Yanukovych]], Ukraine was neutral but pursued stronger links with Russia. Yanukovych signed into law a bill that prevented Ukraine from formally joining any military alliance, including NATO, while allowing cooperation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10229626 |title=Ukraine's parliament votes to abandon Nato ambitions |website=[[BBC Online]] |date=June 3, 2010 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810121142/https://www.bbc.com/news/10229626 |archive-date=August 10, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the outbreak of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] in 2014, and the subsequent annexation of [[Crimea]] by Russia, Ukraine renounced its neutral status; [[Petro Poroshenko]], then-President of Ukraine, submitted a legislative amendment to join NATO in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-parliament-abandons-neutrality/26758725.html |title=Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality, Set Sights On NATO |website=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=December 23, 2014 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916123108/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-parliament-abandons-neutrality/26758725.html |archive-date=September 16, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> This was seen as the end of Finlandization in Ukraine.<ref name="KirbyVox">{{Cite web |last=Kirby |first=Jen |url=https://www.vox.com/22996058/ukraine-neutrality-war-russia |title=What, exactly, is a "neutral" Ukraine? |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=March 30, 2022 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426181157/https://www.vox.com/22996058/ukraine-neutrality-war-russia |archive-date=April 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ukraine formally applied for NATO membership in September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001000623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory |archive-date=1 October 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Russia escalated the Russo-Ukrainian War by [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invading Ukraine in February 2022]]. As a result, it has been suggested that Ukraine re-adopt Finlandization to end the war.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/02/11/what-is-finlandisation |title=What is "Finlandisation"? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=February 11, 2022 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130115747/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/02/11/what-is-finlandisation |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gergun |first=Artem |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/ukraine-between-realism-and-liberalism-avoiding-the-trap-finlandization |title=Ukraine Between Realism and Liberalism: Avoiding The Trap of "Finlandization" |website=Wilson Center |date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eckel |first=Mike |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-finlandization-macron-zelenskiy-helsinki/31697728.html |title='Finlandization' For Ukraine? Macron's Reported Comment Hits A Nerve In Kyiv, Stirs Up Bad Memories In Helsinki |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> [[Germany|German]] Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] announced he opposes Ukrainian membership in NATO, calling on Ukraine to return to neutrality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamedov |first=Eldar |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/western-leader-blurts-out-what-was-once-taboo-on-ukraine/ar-AA1tIDfY |title=Western leader blurts out what was once taboo on Ukraine |website=[[MSN]] |date=November 8, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref> [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump's]] victory in the [[2024 United States presidential election]] has raised concerns that a Trump administration may force Ukraine to accept a neutral, non-aligned Finlandization policy, due to Trump's intent to end the conflict as quickly as possible.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Irish |first1=John |last2=Kauranen |first2=Anne |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-dismisses-finlandisation-model-ukraine-2024-11-11/ |title=Finland dismisses 'Finlandisation' model for Ukraine |website=[[Reuters]] |date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref>

International responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine have also reflected Finlandization from some countries, particularly in Asia. [[India]] did not formally condemn the invasion, owing in part to its history of positive relations with Russia. It was also noted that [[Bangladesh]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Laos]], [[Mongolia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Vietnam]] did not have strong responses to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, "reflecting pressures from Russia and China."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ito |first=Takatoshi |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2022/05/30/2003778999 |title=Asian countries moving toward Finlandization |website=Taipei Times |date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref>

=== Mongolia ===
[[Mongolia]] has been perceived as following a policy of Finlandization, due to its geographic location being surrounded by Russia and [[China]]. Since Mongolia is considered to act as a buffer state between Russia and China, as well as being dependent on the latter, Mongolian foreign policy tends to be neutral and avoids hostility towards China or Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schaller |first=Peter |url=http://baabar.mn/article/https-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-finlandization |title=Finlandisation of Mongolia - A Model for the Future? |website=Babaar.mn |date=September 17, 2022 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918053302/http://baabar.mn/article/https-en-wikipedia-org-wiki-finlandization |archive-date=September 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Taiwan ===
{{See also|Cross-strait relations}}
Some scholars have argued that [[Taiwan]] has developed a policy of Finlandization with China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=So-Heng |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/10042010-is-taiwan-moving-toward-finlandization/ |title=Is Taiwan Moving Toward Finlandization? |website=Eurasia Review |date=April 10, 2010 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029200157/https://www.eurasiareview.com/10042010-is-taiwan-moving-toward-finlandization/ |archive-date=October 29, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taipei City Councillor Hsu Chiao-hsin suggested that Taiwan could learn from Finland's policy of Finlandization in the Cold War era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2022/03/04/2003774145 |title=EDITORIAL: 'Finlandization' no way for Taiwan |website=[[Taipei Times]] |date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323210616/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2022/03/04/2003774145 |archive-date=March 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1985-6/documents/FinlandsRelationswiththeSovietUnion1940-1986.pdf "Finland's Relations with the Soviet Union, 1940–1986"] by Peter Botticelli
* [http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/14/esau-55.pdf {{"'}}Finlandization" in action: Helsinki's experience with Moscow"]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001201/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/14/esau-55.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} presented at the Web site of the CIA
* [http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0501balkanization.htm "Three Cheers for Balkanization!"]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227214839/http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0501balkanization.htm |date=2021-02-27 }} by Bruce Walker, re-evaluating the Finlandization concept
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040909012249/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.1/br_158.html ''The Silenced Media: The Propaganda War Between Russia and the West in Northern Europe'']—review by [[Jussi Hanhimäki]] of a book by Esko Salminen
* [http://www.halldor.demon.co.uk/estate.htm "The Silent Estate?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003053336/http://www.halldor.demon.co.uk/estate.htm |date=2019-10-03 }}—review by David McDuff of the same book by Esko Salminen
* [https://www.kallipolis.co.uk/finnish-neutrality A tale of polar diplomacy and suppressed sorrow: The end of an era for Finland and the world]

{{Finland topics}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1960s neologisms]]
[[Category:Cold War terminology]]
[[Category:Film censorship in Finland]]
[[Category:Finland–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Finland–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Former client states]]
[[Category:Former vassal states]]
[[Category:Metaphors referring to places]]
[[Category:Political history of Finland]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Politics of Finland]]
[[Category:Power (international relations)]]