Editing First Saudi state

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ar|otherarticle=الدولة السعودية الأولى|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{short description|1727–1818 state ruled by the House of Saud}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Emirate of Dir'iyah
| native_name            = {{native name|AR|إِمَارَةُ الدِّرْعِيَّةِ}}
| common_name            = First Saudi state
| year_start             = 1744
| year_end               = 1818
| event_start            = Diriyah Established
| event1                 = [[Diriyah Pact]]
| date_event1            = 1744
| event_end              = [[Siege of Diriyah]]
| p1                     = Sheikhdom of Diriyah
| p2                     = Habesh Eyalet{{!}}Hejaz Eyalet
| flag_p2                = Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg
| p3                     = Bani Khalid Emirate
| p4                     = Omani Empire
| flag_p4                = Flag of Oman (1954–1959).svg
| p5                     = Qasimid State
| s1                     = Egypt Eyalet
| flag_s1                = Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg
| s2                     = Mu'ammarid Imamate
| flag_s2                = 
| image_flag             = Flag of the First and Second Saudi State (1744-1891).svg
| flag_type              = [[Flag of Saudi Arabia#Past flags|Flag of the Emirate of Diriyah]]
| image_map              = File:The First Saudi State Greatest Extent.png
| map_width              = 250px
| capital                = [[Diriyah]]
| common_languages       = [[Arabic]]
| status                 = [[Emirate]]
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]]
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
| flag_p3                = Flag of Bani Khalid Emirate.svg
| flag_p1                = Green Flag.svg
| currency               = [[Diriyah Riyal]]
| image_map2             = 
| image_map2_caption     = 
| s3                     = 
| today                  = {{unbulleted list|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}|{{flag|Qatar}}|{{Flag|Kuwait}}|{{Flag|UAE}}|{{Flag|Bahrain}}|{{Flag|Yemen}}
}}
}}
{{History of Saudi Arabia}}
The '''first Saudi state''' ({{Langx|ar|الدَّوْلَةُ السُّعُودِيَّةُ الْأُولَىٰ|Ad-Dawlatul Sa'udiyyatul Uwlah}}), officially the '''Emirate of Diriyah''' ({{Langx|ar|إمارة الدرعية|Imāratul Dir'iyyah}}),<ref>James Norman Dalrymple Anderson. ''The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia''. Stacey International, 1983. p. 77.</ref> was established in 1744,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anishchenkova |first=Valerie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkrEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%2522First+Saudi+state%2522+1744+&pg=PA40 |title=Modern Saudi Arabia |date=2020-06-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-4408-5705-8 |pages=40 |language=en |quote=The first Saudi state was the Emirate of Diriyah, established in 1744}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Almogren |first=Nawaf Bin Ayyaf(Nawaf Bin Abdulaziz Bin Ayyaf) |title=Diriyah narrated by Its built environment : the story of the first Saudi State (1744-1818) |date=2020-01-01 |hdl=1721.1/127856 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/127856}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kostiner |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7-RZx_QIOsC&dq=%2522First+Saudi+state%2522&pg=PR9 |title=The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State |date=1993-12-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536070-7 |language=en |quote=The first two Saudi states (1744-1818 and 1821-91)}}</ref> when the emir of a Najdi town called [[Diriyah]], [[Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin|Muhammad I]], and the religious leader [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] signed a [[Diriyah Pact|pact]] to found a socio-religious reform movement to propagate the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] religious doctrine under the political leadership of the [[House of Saud]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Madawi Al Rasheed|author-link=Madawi Al Rasheed|title=A History of Saudi Arabia|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-74754-7 |ref=Ras10}}</ref><ref>[[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab#Met92|Metz 1992]]</ref>

==History==

===Early establishment===
The [[House of Saud]] and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering [[Najd]], and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from [[Kuwait]] down to the northern borders of [[Oman]]. Saud's forces also captured the highlands of [[Asir]], while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to join [[jihad]]. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to [[Wahhabi sack of Karbala|gain command]] of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[holy city]] of [[Karbala]] in 1801. Here they destroyed the [[dargah|shrine]] of the saints and monuments and killed over 5,000 civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karbala|title=Karbala|website=iranicaonline.org|access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref> In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd.

Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after his death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)|Saud bin Abdulaziz]], sent out forces to bring the region of [[Hejaz]] under his rule.<ref>[http://www.islamlife.com/religion2/component/content/article/69-later-scholars/672-biography-of-imam-muhammad-bin-abdul-wahhab Sauds's campaign for Hejaz and the two holy cities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914081717/http://www.islamlife.com/religion2/component/content/article/69-later-scholars/672-biography-of-imam-muhammad-bin-abdul-wahhab|date=14 September 2010}}, ''Islam Life'' online magazine</ref> [[Taif]] was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517.

===Decline of sovereignty===
The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]], [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], by the Ottomans. This initiated the [[Wahhabi war|Ottoman–Saudi War]], in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Najd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son [[Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud|Abdullah I]], was unable to prevent the recapture of the region.<ref name="ibnsaud">[http://www.ibnsaud.info/main/9456.htm Abdullah bin Saud's capture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106111328/http://ibnsaud.info/main/9456.htm|date=6 January 2010}}, King Abdullah Ibn Saud Information Resource</ref> Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah. He placed it under [[Siege of Diriyah|siege]] for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the [[House of Saud]] to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, [[Constantinople]] (modren day [[Istanbul]]). Abdullah I was later executed in the Ottoman capital, with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the [[Bosporus]], marking the end of what was known as the first Saudi state.<ref name="ibnsaud"/> However, both the followers of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi movement]] and the remaining members of the House of Saud stayed committed. They founded the [[Second Saudi state|Second Saudi State]] that lasted until 1891. Before the unification of modern Saudi Arabia, several emirates and kingdoms were established in the region, eventually paving the way for the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref name="ibnsaud" />

==List of rulers==
{{main|List of Saudi rulers}}
* Emir [[Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin|Muhammad bin Saud]] 1727–1765 (1139–1179 H)
* Emir [[Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud|Abdulaziz bin Muhammad]] 1765–1803 (1179–1218 H)
* Emir [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)|Saud bin Abdulaziz]] 1803–1814 (1218–1229 H)
* Emir [[Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud|Abdullah bin Saud]] 1814–1818 (1229–1233 H)

==See also==
*[[Saudi Founding Day]]
*[[List of Sunni dynasties]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=William Facey|author2=Philip Hawkins|title=Dirʻīyyah and the first Saudi state |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkzBAAAAIAAJ|access-date=26 December 2011|date=10 March 1997|publisher=Stacey International|isbn=978-0-905743-80-6|ref=Fac97}}

{{Authority control}}{{coord|24|44|N|46|34|E|type:county|display=title}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Diriyah, Emirate of}}
[[Category:18th-century establishments in the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:19th century in the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:1744 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1818 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-Ottomanism]]
[[Category:Diriyah]]
[[Category:Former Arab states]]
[[Category:Former countries in West Asia]]
[[Category:Former emirates]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of West Asia]]
[[Category:History of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:History of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:House of Saud]]
[[Category:Ottoman Arabia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1744]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1818]]