Editing Flick trial

{{Short description|1947 war crimes trial against German industrialist Friedrich Flick}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}
[[Image:Flick Sentence.jpg|right|thumb|400px|[[Friedrich Flick]] receives his sentence in the Flick Trial.]]

'''''The United States of America vs. Friedrich Flick, et al.''''' or '''Flick trial''' was the fifth of twelve Nazi [[war crimes]] trials held by [[United States]] authorities in their occupation zone in Germany ([[Nuremberg]]) after [[World War II]]. It was the first of three trials of leading [[industrialists]] of [[Nazi Germany]]; the two others were the [[IG Farben Trial]] and the [[Krupp Trial]].

These trials were all held before American [[military tribunals]]. The Flick trial was one of the 12 [[Subsequent Nuremberg Trials]] of the military, political, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, held after the [[Nuremberg Trials]] (the "Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal"), the most well-known trial which tried 22 of the most important captured Nazis. Like the other trials, the Flick trial took place at the [[Palace of Justice (Nuremberg)|Palace of Justice]].

The defendants in this case were [[Friedrich Flick]] and five other high-ranking directors of Flick's group of companies, ''Flick [[Kommanditgesellschaft]]'', or ''Flick KG''. The charges centered on [[slave labor]] and plundering, but Flick and the most senior director, [[Otto Steinbrinck]], were also charged for their membership in the "Circle of Friends of Himmler." The circle was a group of influential German industrialists and bankers&mdash;founded in 1932 by [[Wilhelm Keppler]] and taken over by Himmler in 1935&mdash;for the purpose of giving financial support to the Nazis. Its members "donated" annually about 1 million [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] to a "Special Account S" in favor of [[Heinrich Himmler]].

The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal IV, were [[Charles B. Sears]] (presiding judge), former Chief Judge of the [[New York Court of Appeals]]; [[William C. Christianson]], former [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] justice; [[Frank Richman]], former [[Indiana Supreme Court]] justice; and [[Richard D. Dixon]], former [[North Carolina]] Superior Court judge, as an alternate judge.

The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was [[Telford Taylor]], and the lead Prosecutor in this case was Joseph M. Stone, Esq., a labor lawyer on leave from the U.S. Department of Labor in Washington, D.C. The [[indictment]] was filed on February 8 and amended on March 18, 1947; the trial lasted from April 19 to December 22, 1947. Friedrich Flick was sentenced to seven years of imprisonment, two of the other defendants received shorter sentences, and the remaining three were acquitted.

== Indictment ==
[[File:Flick Trial judges (Military Tribunal IV).jpg|thumb|Flick Trial judges (Military Tribunal IV)]]
# [[War crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]] by participating in the deportation and enslavement of the civilian populations of countries and territories under the belligerent occupation of or otherwise controlled by Germany, and of [[concentration camp]] inmates, for use in [[slave labor]] in Flick mines and factories.
# War crimes and crimes against humanity through the plundering and spoliation of occupied territories, and the seizure of plants both in the west (France) and the east (Poland, Russia).
# Crimes against humanity through participation in the persecution of Jews and the "aryanization" of their properties.
# Membership in the [[NSDAP]] and the "Circle of Friends of Himmler".
# Membership in a criminal organization, the [[SS]].

Count 2 excluded Terberger, count 3 applied to Flick, Steinbrinck, and Kaletsch, count 4 to Flick and Steinbrinck, while count 5 applied only to Steinbrinck, who had been an SS ''[[Brigadeführer]]''. The SS had been declared a criminal organization previously by the IMT.

All defendants pleaded "not guilty".

The court dismissed count 3, stating that the evidence presented (which was all for cases prior to September 1939) fell outside its jurisdiction as the tribunal had a mandate only for acts committed during World War II, i.e., from September 1939 to May 1945.

== Defendants ==

{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Photo
!align="left"|Name
!colspan="5"|Charges
!align="left"|Sentence
|-
!&nbsp;
!&nbsp;
!1!!2!!3!!4!!5
!&nbsp;
|-
|[[File:Friedrich Flick Nuremberg.JPG|75px]]
|[[Friedrich Flick]]
|G||G||I||G||&nbsp;
|7 years, incl. time already served. Died on 20 July 1972.
|-
|[[File:Otto Steinbrinck.jpg|75px]]
|[[Otto Steinbrinck]]
|I||I||I||G||G
|5 years, incl. time already served. Died in prison on 16 August 1949.
|-
|[[File:Bernhard Weiss.jpg|75px]]
|[[Bernhard Weiss (industrialist)|Bernhard Weiss]]
|G||I||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|2.5 years, released from prison in 1949. Died in 1973.
|-
|[[File:Odilo Burkart.jpg|75px]]
|[[Odilo Burkart]]
|I||I||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|Acquitted
|-
|[[File:Konrad Kaletsch.png|75px]]
|[[Konrad Kaletsch]]
|I||I||I||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|Acquitted
|-
|
|[[Hermann Terberger]]
|I||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;
|Acquitted
|}
'''I''' &mdash; Indicted&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''G''' &mdash; Indicted and found guilty

== References ==
*[http://www.mazal.org/archive/nmt/06/NMT06-C001.htm Trial proceedings] from the Mazal Library.
*[https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1058557 Flick Trial] from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
* [[Kevin Jon Heller]]: ''The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law.'' Oxford University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-19-955431-7}}.
*Janosch Kuner:[http://etd.uwc.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11394/3063/Kuner_LLM_2010.pdf?sequence=1  The War Crimes Trial Against German Industrialist Friedrich Flick et al - A Legal Analysis and Critical Evaluation], [[University of the Western Cape]], 2010.
*L. M. Stallbaumer: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041219072628/http://www.adl.org/braun/dim_13_2_flick_print.asp Frederick Flick's Opportunism and Expediency], in: DIMENSIONS, Vol. 13, No. 2.

{{Nuremberg Trials}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1947 in Germany]]
[[Category:1940s trials]]
[[Category:Flick family]]
[[Category:German white-collar criminals|Flick]]
[[Category:United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals]]