Editing Flinders Ranges

{{Short description|Mountain range in South Australia}}
{{About|the mountain range|the national park|Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park|other uses|Flinders Ranges (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain
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| name = Flinders Ranges
| native_name =
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| photo = Flinders Ranges SA 5434, Australia - panoramio (21).jpg
| photo_caption = The Flinders Ranges
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| country = Australia
| state = South Australia
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| highest = [[St Mary Peak]]
| elevation = {{convert|3842|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name=EB>{{cite book|title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=9781593394929|page=682|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&q=%22st+mary+peak%22&pg=PA682|access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref>
| coordinates =
| range_coordinates = {{coord|30|55|S|138|37|E|type:mountain_region:AU_scale:300000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| length = {{convert|265|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}<ref name=Schultz>{{cite book|last1=Schultz|first1=Patricia|title=1,000 Places to See Before You Die|date=2011|publisher=Workman Publishing|isbn=9780761168713|page=658}}</ref>
| length_orientation = north/south
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| map =South Australia
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The '''Flinders Ranges''' are the largest mountain ranges in [[South Australia]], which starts about {{convert|125|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} north of [[Adelaide]]. The ranges stretch for over {{convert|265|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} from [[Port Pirie]] to [[Lake Callabonna]].

The [[Adnyamathanha|Adnyamathanha people]] are the [[Aboriginal Australian|Aboriginal]] group who have inhabited the range for tens of thousands of years.

Its most well-known landmark is [[Wilpena Pound|Wilpena Pound / Ikara]], a formation that creates a natural [[amphitheatre]] covering {{convert|31|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}} and containing the range's highest peak, [[St Mary Peak]] ({{convert|3842|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}). The ranges include several [[national park]]s, the largest being the [[Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park]], as well as other [[protected area]]s.

It is an area of great geological and palaeontological significance, and includes the oldest fossil evidence of animal life was discovered. The [[Ediacaran]] Period and [[Ediacaran biota]] take their name from the [[Ediacara Hills]] within the ranges. In August 2022, a nomination for the Flinders Ranges to be named a [[World Heritage Site]] was lodged.

== History ==
[[Image:Flinders Ranges - near Rawnsley's Bluff.JPG|thumb|The Flinders Ranges at the southern end of [[Wilpena Pound]]]]
===Traditional owners===
The first humans to inhabit the Flinders Ranges were the [[Adnyamathanha]] people (meaning "[[hill people]]" or "rock people") whose descendants still reside in the area,<ref name=":0" /> and the [[Ngadjuri]] (Ndajurri) people,<ref name="discover">{{cite book |title=Discover Australia's National Parks |last=Hema Maps |year=1997 |publisher=[[Random House]] Australia |location=[[Milsons Point, New South Wales]] |isbn=1-875992-47-2 |pages=320–321 }}</ref><ref name=koolmatrie/> They inhabited the range for tens of thousands of years<ref name=":0"/><ref name=koolmatrie>{{cite web | title=Histories written in the land: a journey through Adnyamathanha Yarta|first=Jacinta |last=Koolmatrie | website=The Adelaide Review | date=11 March 2020 | url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/latest/opinion/2020/03/11/histories-written-in-the-land-a-journey-through-adnyamathanha-yarta/}}</ref>  before being dispersed by [[British colonisation of South Australia|European settlement after colonisation]].<ref>{{Cite book| chapter = Coming back to country: A conversation at Firewood Creek | last1 = Birt | first1 = Peter | last2 = Copley | first2 = Vincent | year = 2004 | title = Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonising Theory and Practice | editor1-last = Smith | editor1-first = Claire | editor2-last = Wobst | editor2-first = H. Martin | publisher = [[Routledge]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MylyVq_dMoIC&pg=PA249 | pages = 249–264 | isbn = 978-1-134-39155-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| chapter = Cultural landscape and Sense of Place: Community and Tourism Representations of the Barossa | last = Leader-Elliott | first = Lyn | year = 2014 | title = Making Sense of Place: Multidisciplinary Perspectives | editor1-last = Convery | editor1-first = Ian | editor2-last = Corsane | editor2-first = Gerard | editor3-last = Davis | editor3-first = Peter | publisher = Boydell & Brewer | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zszCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210 | pages = 207–218 | isbn = 978-1-843-83899-9}}</ref> [[Cave painting]]s, [[rock engraving]]s and other [[cultural artefact]]s indicate that the Adnyamathana and Ndajurri lived in the Flinders Ranges for tens of thousands of years. Occupation of the [[Warratyi]] rock shelter dates back approximately 49,000 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-03/rock-shelter-shows-early-aboriginal-settlement-in-arid-australia/7983864|title=Oldest known evidence of Aboriginal settlement in arid Australia found in Flinders Ranges rock shelter|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=2016-11-03|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/11/first-discovery-of-50000-year-old-human-settlements-in-australian-interior/|title=First discovery of 50,000-year-old human settlements in Australian interior|publisher=[[Ars Technica]]|date=2016-03-11|author=Annalee Newitz|access-date=2016-11-05}}</ref>

===19th century: European explorers and settlement===
The first European explorers were an exploration party from [[Matthew Flinders]]' seagoing visit to upper [[Spencer Gulf]] aboard [[HMS Investigator (1801)|HMS ''Investigator'']]. They climbed Mount Brown in March 1802. In the winter of 1839 [[Edward John Eyre]], with five men, two drays and ten horses, [[Eyre's 1839 expeditions|further explored]] the region, setting out from [[Adelaide]] on 1 May. The party set up a depot near Mount Arden, and then explored the surrounding region and upper Spencer Gulf, before heading east to the [[Murray River]] and returning to [[Adelaide]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Flinders Ranges, A Portrait|isbn= 0-949773-37-9| year=1986 | publisher=Little Hills Press |location =[[St Peters, South Australia]] | last= Domin |first = Eduard R. |author2=Mincham H. |author3=Swinbourne R. |author4=Cook J.  |pages =12–19}}</ref>
[[Image:Flinders Ranges South Australia wide.jpg|thumb|The Flinders Ranges as seen from the [[Stuart Highway]]]]

There are records of [[squatting (Australian history)|squatters]] in the [[Quorn, South Australia|Quorn]] district as early as 1845;{{cn|date=November 2022}} however, the first three [[pastoral lease]]s in the central Flinders Ranges were only marked out in 1851. These were [[Wilpena Station|Wilpena]], [[Arkaba Station|Arkaba]], and [[Aroona Station|Aroona]], which were developed as [[sheep station]]s. The leases were initially granted for 14 years by the government of the [[Colony of South Australia]], over land dubbed "unoccupied waste lands".<ref>{{cite web | title=Rawnsley Park history | website=Rawnsley Park Station | url=https://www.rawnsleypark.com.au/about-us/rawnsley-park-history/ | access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

====Aroona and the Brachina Gorge massacre (1852)====
{{anchor|brachinamassacre}}<!---anchor for redirect--->The name ''Aroona'' is derived from an [[Adnyamathanha language|Adnyamathanha]] word meaning "running water", or "place of frogs". Aroona Valley is a long open valley that lies around {{cvt|25| km}} north of Wilpena Pound, between the Heysen Range and ABC Ranges. The lease was taken up first by the Brownes, and then by Johnson Frederick Hayward in the 1850s. Hayward had arrived in 1847 from [[Somerset]], and was initially overseer of [[Pekina Station]]. Hayward Bluff, False Mount Hayward, South Mount Hayward, and Mount Hayward, in the Heysen Range, are all named after him.<ref name=aroona1>{{cite web | title=Aroona Valley | website=A biography of the Australian continent | url=https://austhrutime.com/aroona_valley.htm | access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> The Aroona head station was built next to a waterhole used by local Adnyamathanha people for its permanent supply of fresh water, but the Aboriginal people were not welcome on the station during Hayward's time there.<ref name=saf/> He was implicated in a [[Indigenous Australian massacres|massacre of Aboriginal people]] near [[Brachina Gorge]]. At least 15 men, women, and children were killed in a dawn attack on 17 March 1852, in retaliation for the murder of [[stockman (Australia)| stockman]] Robert Richardson on 14 March.<ref name=carbone2023>{{cite web | last=Carbone | first=Isabella | title=Brachina Gorge massacre behind Lavene Ngatokorua's truth-telling art of Flinders Ranges' violent past | website=ABC News | date=11 November 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-11/lavene-ngatokorua-aroona-flinders-ranges-massacre-sa/103026546 | access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= Brachina Gorge Flinders Ranges | website=Centre For 21st Century Humanities |series=Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930| publisher= [[University of Newcastle (Australia)]]| url=https://c21ch.newcastle.edu.au/colonialmassacres/detail.php?r=695 | access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> Hayward said that he was obliged to defend his men, due to the absence of police, and that he was attempting to "capture the murderers", firing at them in "self-defence". Sergeant Major Rose, who was in the district at the time with the [[Protector of Aborigines]], [[Matthew Moorhouse]], arrested two Aboriginal men called Bill and Jemmy, but they were released after being held for some time owing to lack of evidence and problems finding an interpreter.<ref name=saf>{{cite web | title=Aroona case study | website=The South Australian Frontier and its Legacies |publisher= [[University of Adelaide]] | url=https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/4755c59ae93447a9b0acf9b2b0b265f6/page/Aroona-Case-Study/#data_s=id%3AdataSource_1-18dc3aabbf7-layer-13%3A58 | access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> In the early 1860s Hayward returned to England, and purchased an estate near [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], which he called Aroona.<ref name=aroona1/>

====Later settlement====
In 1852 [[Kanyaka Station]] was established by Hugh Proby.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

William Pinkerton is credited as being the first European to find a route through the Flinders Ranges via Pichi Richi Pass. In 1853 he drove 7,000 sheep along the eastern plains of the range, to where [[Quorn, South Australia|Quorn]] would be built 25 years later (Pinkerton Creek runs through the Quorn township).{{cn|date=November 2022}}

During the late 1870s the push to open agricultural land for wheat north of the [[Goyder's Line]] had met with unusual success, with good rainfall and crops in the Flinders Ranges. This, along with the copper mining lobby (copper was mined in the Hawker-Flinders Ranges area in the late 1850s and transported overland by bullock dray), induced the government to build a narrow gauge railway line north of [[Port Augusta railway station|Port Augusta]] through Pichi Richi Pass, [[Quorn railway station|Quorn]], [[Hawker, South Australia|Hawker]] and along the west of the ranges to [[Marree railway station|Marree]], to service the agricultural and pastoral industries.
[[Image:Kanyaka homestead.jpg|right|thumb|Abandoned [[Kanyaka Station]] homestead between Quorn and Hawker]]
However, rainfall returned to a normal pattern for the region, causing many agricultural farms to collapse. Remnants of abandoned homes can still be seen dotted around the arid landscape. Wilpena station, due to its unusual geography, along with areas around Quorn and Carrieton, are now the only places north of [[Goyder's Line]] to sustain any crops.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}} Wilpena has now been left to the wild and is only a tourist location. As of 2009, kukri, unpopular with most Australian farmers as it yields 10–15% less grain than other varieties of wheat, is being grown for export to India.<ref>Prue Adams. {{cite episode | title = Flour Power
 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/landline/old-site/content/2008/s2545729.htm | series = Landline | series-link = Landline (TV series) | airdate = 2009-04-20 }}</ref>

Mining exploration continued in the region, but coal mining at [[Leigh Creek, South Australia|Leigh Creek]] and barytes at Oraparinna were the only long-term successes. Pastoral industries flourished, and the rail line became of major importance in opening up and servicing sheep and cattle stations along the route to [[Alice Springs, Northern Territory|Alice Springs]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Hawker townsite was surveyed at a bend in the railway line where the train line left the main road to [[Blinman, South Australia|Blinman]], and named in 1880 after South Australian politician and pastoralist [[George Charles Hawker]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Quorn was surveyed by Godfrey Walsh and proclaimed a town on 16 May 1878. The township covered an area of {{convert|1.72|km2|abbr=on}} and was laid out in squares in a manner similar to the state's capital city, Adelaide. Governor [[William Jervois|Jervois]] reputedly bestowed the name 'Quorn' because his private secretary at the time had come from the parish of [[Quorn, Leicestershire]] in England.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

===20th century===
In the 1920s Aroona became an [[Outstation (Australian agriculture)|outstation]] of [[Oraparinna Station]], and [[spring water]] was used to irrigate large gardens there.<ref name=aroona1/>

==Features and attractions==
The Flinders Ranges are the largest mountain range in South Australia. It starts about {{convert|125|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} north of [[Adelaide city centre]].<ref name=Schultz/> The discontinuous ranges stretch for over {{convert|265|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} from [[Port Pirie]] to [[Lake Callabonna]].<ref name=Schultz/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountaindesigns.com/blog/destinations/the-peaks-of-the-flinders-ranges|title=The Peaks of the Flinders Ranges|website=www.mountaindesigns.com|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>

Its most characteristic landmark is [[Wilpena Pound|Wilpena Pound / Ikara]], a large, [[sickle]]-shaped, natural [[amphitheatre]] that covers {{convert|31|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}},<ref name=Schultz/> and contains the range's highest peak, [[St Mary Peak]] ({{convert|3842|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref name=EB/>) which adjoins the [[Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park]].<ref name=":0"/>

The southern ranges are notable for the [[Pichi Richi Railway|Pichi Richi]] heritage steam and diesel railway and [[Mount Remarkable National Park]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| url=http://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/Aboriginal_peopleSA/Adnyamathanha| title=LibGuides: Aboriginal people of South Australia: Adnyamathanha people| last=Russell| first=Suzy|website=[[State Library of South Australia]] |language=en|access-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>

The [[Heysen Trail]] and [[Mawson Trail]] run for several hundred kilometres along the ranges, providing scenic long distance routes for walkers, cyclists and horse-riders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southaustralia.com/products/flinders-ranges/attraction/ikara-flinders-ranges-national-park|title=Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park| website=South Australia |language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>

===Protected areas===
Several small areas in the ranges have the [[protected area]] status. These include the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park near Wilpena Pound/Ikara, the Mount Remarkable National Park in the south near [[Melrose, South Australia|Melrose]], the [[Arkaroola Protection Area]] in the north, [[The Dutchmans Stern Conservation Park]] west of [[Quorn, South Australia|Quorn]], and the [[Mount Brown Conservation Park]] south of Quorn.

== Geology ==
[[Image:NASA-Flinders-Ranges.JPG|thumb|Flinders Ranges from space]]
The Flinders Ranges are composed largely of folded and faulted sediments of the [[Adelaide Geosyncline]]. This very thick sequence was deposited in a large basin during the [[Neoproterozoic]] on the passive margin of the ancient continent of [[Rodinia]]. During the [[Cambrian]] (about 540 million years ago) the area underwent the [[Delamerian Orogeny|Delamerian orogeny]], when this sequence of rocks was folded and faulted into a large mountain range. The area has undergone subsequent erosion resulting in the relatively low ranges today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://austhrutime.com/flinders_ranges.htm|title=The Flinders Ranges|website=austhrutime.com}}</ref>

Most of the high ground and ridgetops are sequences of [[quartzite]]s that outcrop along [[Strike (geology)|strike]]. The high walls of [[Wilpena Pound]] are formed by the outcropping beds of the eponymous Pound Quartzite in a synclinal structure. Synclines form other high parts of the Flinders, including the plateau of the [[Gammon Ranges]] and the Heysen Range. [[Cuesta]] forms are also very common.<ref name=":1" />

The Ranges are renowned for the [[Ediacara Hills]], south-west of [[Leigh Creek, South Australia|Leigh Creek]], where in 1946 some of the oldest fossil evidence of animal life was discovered. Similar fossils have subsequently been found in the ranges, including at [[Nilpena]], with an application being made for World Heritage listing to help protect the sites.<ref name=gage2017>Gage, Nicola. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-12/flinders-ranges-world-heritage-listing-bid/8262494 Flinders Ranges fossils documented as part of World Heritage listing bid] ''ABC News'', 13 February 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2020.</ref> In 2004 a new geological period, the [[Ediacaran]] Period, was created to mark the appearance of [[Ediacaran biota]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vendian/ediacara.html|title=Ediacara Hills, Australia|website=ucmp.berkeley.edu|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>
<!-- other things to be mentioned: Blinman diapir, and the funky stuff happening at Mount Painter -->

== Climate ==

The region has a [[semi-arid]] climate with hot dry summers and cool winters. Summer temperatures usually exceed  {{convert|38|C|F}}, while winters have highs around {{convert|13|-|16|C|F}}, depending on the elevation. Although [[rainfall]] is erratic, most of the precipitation falls in winter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flindersranges.com/region/weather.htm|title=Tourism|date=22 October 2019}}</ref> There are also some [[monsoonal]] showers and storms that move in from the north during the summer. The area gets around {{convert|250|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain annually, with the highest at [[Wilpena Pound]], at {{convert|350|mm|in|abbr=on}}. [[Frost]] is common on winter mornings and temperatures have dropped as low as {{convert|-8|C|F}}. [[Snow in Australia|Snow]] has even been recorded in the [[Wilpena Pound]] and at [[Blinman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-17|title=BOM – Australian Climate Extremes|first=National Climate|last=Centre|website=webarchive.nla.gov.au}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> As of 2013, the last significant snowfall was in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://history.flindersranges.com.au/living-with-the-land/climate |title=Flinders Ranges Climate |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190221/http://history.flindersranges.com.au/living-with-the-land/climate |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Flora and fauna ==
[[Image:Flinders ranges pastoral land.JPG|thumb|Arid land in the Flinders Ranges]]
The [[flora]] of the Ranges are largely species adapted to a semi-arid environment, including [[sugar gum]], [[Callitris|cypress-pine]], [[mallee (habit)|mallee]] and [[Casuarina pauper|black oak]]. Moister areas near Wilpena Pound support [[grevillea]]s, [[Hibbertia|Guinea flower]]s, [[Liliaceae]] and [[fern]]s. [[Phragmites|Reed]]s and [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s grow near permanent water sources such as [[spring (hydrosphere)|spring]]s and [[Depression (geology)|waterhole]]s.

Since the eradication of [[dingo]]s and the establishment of permanent waterholes for stock, the number of [[red kangaroo]]s, [[western grey kangaroo]]s and [[wallaroo]]s in the Flinders Ranges has increased. The [[yellow-footed rock-wallaby]], which neared extinction after the arrival of Europeans due to hunting and predation by [[Red fox|fox]]es, has now stabilised. Other endemic marsupials include [[dunnart]]s and [[planigale]]s. Insectivorous [[bat]]s make up a significant proportion of the mammals. There are a large number of bird species including [[parrot]]s, [[galah]]s, [[emu]]s, the [[wedge-tailed eagle]] and small numbers of water birds. Reptiles include [[goanna]]s, [[snake]]s, [[Bearded dragon|dragon lizards]], [[skink]]s and [[gecko]]s. The [[streambank froglet]] is an endemic [[amphibian]].

The Ranges are part of the [[Tirari–Sturt stony desert]] [[ecoregion]].<ref>{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=aa1310|name=Tirari–Sturt stony desert}}</ref>

==World Heritage bid==
A team acting on behalf of the [[Government of South Australia]] and the [[traditional owners]], the [[Adnyamathanha|Adnyamathanha people]], which includes internationally renowned American palaeontologist [[Mary L. Droser]], lodged a nomination for a tentative listing as a [[World Heritage Site]],<ref name=guard2022/> which was accepted by [[UNESCO]] in April 2021.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nomination status | website=[[Department for Environment and Water (South Australia)]] | date=19 April 2021 | url=https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/flinders-ranges-world-heritage-nomination/nomination-status | access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=guard2022>{{cite web  | title=South Australia’s Flinders Ranges nominated for Unesco world heritage status | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=21 August 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/21/south-australias-flinders-ranges-nominated-for-unesco-world-heritage-status | access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> The application was made on the basis of its unique geological and palaeontological values. It is a lengthy process, and the site needs to fulfil very specific criteria as well as showing strong evidence that its values are absolutely unique in the world.<ref name=whgeo>{{cite web | title=The Flinders Ranges World Heritage Story | website=[[Department for Environment and Water]] (South Australia) | date=19 April 2021 | url=https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/flinders-ranges-world-heritage-nomination/flinders-ranges-world-heritage-story | access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> 

The involvement of the Adnyamathanha people, particularly their [[caring for country]] and sharing knowledge of their cultural heritage, is an important part of the future management of a World Heritage site.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cultural heritage and First Nations involvement| website=[[Department for Environment and Water]] (South Australia) | date=19 April 2021 | url=https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/flinders-ranges-world-heritage-nomination/cultural-heritage-first-nations-involvement | access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> In November 2022, the state government announced an allocation of {{AUD|500,000}} over four years towards enabling the Adnyamathanha people to identify priorities for cultural heritage protection. One example is the [[rock engraving]]s that are understood to be the oldest artwork in the world, some dating back 40,000 years. Elder [[Vince Coulthard]] has been involved in the application process, and says that the [[creation stories]] also need to be included.<ref>{{cite web | last=Alderson | first=Bethanie | title=Traditional owners welcome greater engagement over World Heritage status for Flinders Ranges  | website=ABC News | date=3 November 2022 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-03/traditional-owners-engagement-world-heritage-flinders-ranges/101611192 | access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

Seven properties in the Flinders have been identified as possessing the technical and scientific evidence necessary to support the bid:<ref name=whgeo/>
*[[Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park]]
*[[Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park]]
*[[Nilpena Ediacara National Park]]
*[[Angorichina]] ([[pastoral lease]])
*[[Maynards Well]] (pastoral lease)
*[[Puttapa]] (pastoral lease)
*[[Arkaroola Protection Area]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|South Australia}}

* [[Beverley Uranium Mine]]
* [[Edeowie glass]]
* [[Ediacara (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mawson Plateau]]
* [[Mount Chambers Gorge]]
* [[Protected areas of South Australia]]
* [[Mount Remarkable]]
* [[Panaramitee Style]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web | title=Histories written in the land: a journey through Adnyamathanha Yarta|first=Jacinta |last=Koolmatrie | website=The Adelaide Review | date=11 March 2020 | url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/latest/opinion/2020/03/11/histories-written-in-the-land-a-journey-through-adnyamathanha-yarta/}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Flinders Ranges}}

* {{Official website|https://southaustralia.com/en/places-to-go/flinders-ranges-and-outback|Flinders Ranges and Outback}} (SA Government)

{{South Australia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flinders Ranges| ]]
[[Category:Far North (South Australia)]]
[[Category:Mid North (South Australia)]]