Editing Ford HSC engine

{{Infobox automobile engine
| image         = 1988 Ford Tempo L engine (2772768743).jpg
| name          = Ford High Swirl Combustion (HSC)
| manufacturer  = [[Ford Motor Company]]
| configuration = [[Inline-four]]
| production    = 1984 – 1994
| bore = {{cvt|93.5|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}
| stroke = {{ubl|{{cvt|83.8|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}|{{cvt|90.9|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}}}
| displacement = {{ubl|{{cvt|2301|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}} (2.3&nbsp;L)|{{cvt|2497|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}} (2.5&nbsp;L)}}
| length        =
| width         =
| height        =
| weight        =
| block = [[Cast iron]]
| head = Cast iron
| valvetrain = [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] 8 valves
| fuelsystem = {{ubl|[[Holley Performance Products|Holley]] 6149 [[carburetor]]|[[Fuel injection#Multi-point injection|CFI]] (1985-1987)|[[Multi-point fuel injection|MPFI]] (1988-1990)|[[Sequential fuel injection|SEFI]] (1991-1994)}}
| fueltype = Unleaded gasoline
| oilsystem     = [[Wet sump]]
| coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
| power         = {{cvt|86–105|hp|0|abbr=on}}
| specpower     =
| torque        = {{cvt|125–140|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}
| compression   =
}}

The '''Ford HSC engine''' is an [[automobile]] [[gasoline]] engine from the [[Ford Motor Company]], sold from 1984 until 1994. ''HSC'' stands for '''High Swirl Combustion'''. It was made in two displacements: 2.3&nbsp;L and 2.5&nbsp;L, and used in only two model lines: the [[Ford Tempo|Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz]] and the [[Ford Taurus (first generation)|Ford Taurus]]/[[Mercury Sable#First generation (1986–1991)|Mercury Sable]].

==Development==
In the late 1970s Ford began planning a new smaller [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|front wheel drive]] (FWD) compact car that became the [[Ford Tempo]].<ref name="nyt-dec1985"/> The Tempo was designed to use a four-cylinder engine, but all production of Ford's 2.3&nbsp;L [[Ford Pinto engine#2.3 (LL23)|Lima]] [[Overhead camshaft engine|OHC]] four was committed to other product lines.<ref name="aw-aug2017"/> At the same time, the 1983 end of life of Ford's [[Ford straight-six engine#200|200 cubic inch Thriftpower Six]] inline six left unused capacity at the [[Lima Engine]] plant.<ref name="ttac-oct2010"/> Ford developed a four-cylinder engine that shared some features of the Thriftpower six, topped with a new cylinder head and using other new technologies, while repurposing as much tooling as possible at the Lima plant.<ref name="sae-831009"/><ref name="cc-jul2019"/> To maximize use of existing tooling the new engine shared spindle spacing where possible with the Thriftpower six, resulting in similar cylinder, crankshaft, and tappet bores, as well as crankshaft journal diameters.<ref name="sae-831009"/>

Reliability and durability were key design goals for the engine.<ref name="sae-831009"/> It was designed for use with an automatic transmission, and was optimized to deliver most of its power at low engine speeds.<ref name="sae-831009"/><ref name="ps-mar1983"/> Extensive efforts were made to reduce losses due to valvetrain friction.<ref name="sae-831009"/>

To accelerate development of the combustion chamber shape, a test engine was created using an engine block from a 1980 model year {{convert|200|cuin|L|1|abbr=on|order=flip}} Thriftpower six that was cut, shortened, and brazed together again, resulting in a four-cylinder engine displacing {{convert|2.2|L|cuin|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sae-831009"/> Since the Tempo's front chassis member spacing was the same as the [[Ford Escort (North America)#First generation (1981–1990)|first generation North American Ford Escort]], the engine's transverse package length had to be minimized, which was done by reducing the deck length between the end cylinder bores and ends of the block.<ref name="sae-831009"/>

Camshafts, crankshafts, and connecting rods for the engine were produced at Ford's [[Cleveland Engine#Plant 2|Cleveland Engine Plant #2]]. Engine assembly took place at Ford's Lima plant, suitably upgraded. A new state-of-the-art engine assembly line was built at Ford's [[Chihuahua Engine]] facility in Chihuahua, Mexico.<ref name="sae-831009"/>

When the Tempo was released, a turbocharged version of its new engine was said to be in development, but this configuration never became available.<ref name="csm-jun1983"/>

==Features==
The HSC engine has a cast iron block and head, with a single [[cam-in-block]] and two [[Overhead valve engine|overhead valves]] (OHV) per cylinder with pushrods and rocker arms.

The cylinder head is a [[Reverse-flow cylinder head|reverse flow design]] that puts the intake and exhaust ports on the same side of the head.<ref name="ttccna-hsc"/> For heat control, the exhaust was mounted on the firewall side of the engine, along with the intake. This left the spark plugs, distributor, fuel pump, oil filter and starter on the front side of the engine, for ease of servicing.<ref name="sae-831009"/>

The engine's name derives from it being the first "fastburn" engine offered by Ford.<ref name="hcc-nov2020"/> The definition of fastburn in the HSC is that 90% of the intake charge is burned within 15° of crankshaft rotation. To accomplish this, Ford put the spark plug in the center of the combustion chamber to minimize flame-propagation distance, and partially shrouded the intake valves, which accelerated and swirled the intake charge to more quickly fill the combustion chamber. These features were borrowed from Ford's programmed combustion (PROCO) engine research project.<ref name="ps-mar1983"/><ref name="ttccna-hsc"/><ref name="pm-apr1983"/>

To reduce weight the intake manifold, water pump, and front cover are aluminum. A die-cast aluminum sump stiffens the entire engine assembly to reduce [[noise, vibration, and harshness]] (NVH).<ref name="ps-mar1983"/><ref name="sae-831009"/>

For its first year of production all HSCs used a [[carburetor]]. Later model year changes added a series of progressively more sophisticated [[fuel injection]] systems. All versions of the HSC engine, including the carbureted ones, are managed by Ford's [[Ford EEC#EEC-IV|EEC-IV]] [[engine control unit]] (ECU). This model controller added Keep Alive Memory (KAM), which enabled the engine to use adaptive control and self-diagnostics.<ref name="sae-831009"/>

From 1985 to 1992 the HSC engine was available in a "High Specific Output" (HSO) version producing {{cvt|100|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|125|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}, compared to the regular 1985 version's {{cvt|86|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|124|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ttccna-hsc"/> To increase power Ford enlarged the ports, reshaped both the ports and combustion chambers, and unshrouded the valves. A camshaft with higher lift and longer duration was added.<ref name="dimensions"/> The intake manifold received larger runners and the air cleaner and exhaust system were redesigned to improve flow.<ref name="ttccna-hsc"/> The HSO engine is denoted by an "S" in the [[VIN]].

Ford had used the descriptive term "high swirl combustion" many years earlier in a company publication, describing the design of its new [[Lincoln Y-block V8 engine]]: "The new 'Hi-Swirl' combustion chamber provides a more thorough mixing of the fuel and a more complete and even burning."<ref>"More Power for Lincoln." Lincoln-Mercury Times 4:3 (May-June 1952), inside back cover.</ref>

==2.3&nbsp;L==
The 2.3&nbsp;L HSC was introduced in 1984 in the Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz. Bore and stroke are {{cvt|3.68| × |3.3|in|mm|2||order=flip|abbr=on}}, for a total displacement of {{cvt|2301|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="autocat-876530"/><ref name="aw-aug2017"/><ref name="dimensions"/> This engine produced {{cvt|90|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|125|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque.<ref name="ttccna-hsc"/>

For 1984 HSC engines for US 50 state cars were fitted with a 1-barrel '''[[Holley Performance Products|Holley]] 6149''' [[carburetor]], while cars for Canada received a non-feedback Holley Model 1949.<ref name="sae-831009"/> In 1985 [[United States domestic market|American-market]] engines received [[Fuel injection#Multi-point injection|Central Fuel Injection]] (CFI), which reduced power to {{cvt|86|hp|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ttccna-hsc"/> Ford addressed the power decrease in the base engine by releasing the HSO version for performance-oriented variants of the Tempo (GLS) and Topaz (LTS/XR5). A switch to [[multi-port fuel injection]] in 1988 raised horsepower to {{cvt|95|hp|0|abbr=on}}. [[Sequential fuel injection]] was added for 1992, increasing horsepower to {{cvt|98|hp|0|abbr=on}}. That same year the HSO variant was dropped, as the sportier versions of the Tempo/Topaz received the 3.0&nbsp;L [[Ford Vulcan V6 engine|Vulcan]] as standard equipment.

Applications:
* 1984–1994 [[Ford Tempo]]
* 1984–1994 Mercury Topaz

==2.5&nbsp;L==
A 2.5&nbsp;L HSC version appeared in 1986. Its {{cvt|2496|cc|cuin|1|abbr=on}} displacement resulted from its longer {{cvt|3.583|in|mm|2|order=flip|abbr=on}} stroke. The engine block's deck height was raised to {{convert|9.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} from the {{convert|8.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} of the 2.3&nbsp;L.<ref name="ford-engdim"/> The extra displacement was deemed necessary for it to serve as a four-cylinder engine option for fleet customers of the new Ford Taurus. This engine used the head and camshaft from the HSO engine and produced {{cvt|90|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|130|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="cg"/> It sold in low volumes (less than 15% of the HSC engines built) and was costly due to the tooling changeover required for the taller deck height. The earliest 2.5&nbsp;L came standard with electronic multi-port fuel injection. It received sequential fuel injection in 1991, raising output to {{cvt|105|hp|0|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|140|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque.

Applications:
* 1986–1991 [[Ford Taurus (first generation)|Ford Taurus]]
* 1986 [[Mercury Sable]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="nyt-dec1985">{{cite news |last=Holusha |first=John |date=1 December 1985 |title=Ford puts its Future on the Line |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/01/magazine/ford-puts-its-future-on-the-line.html |work=New York Times |page=94 |location= |access-date=}}</ref>

<ref name="aw-aug2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/a1827301/cut-down-engine-week-ford-hsc-i4/ |title=Cut-Down Engine of the Week: Ford HSC I4 |last=Martin |first=	Murilee |date=2 August 2017 |website=Autoweek |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

<ref name="ttac-oct2010">{{cite web |url=https://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/10/curbside-classic-ford-tempo/ |title=Curbside Classic: 1986 Ford Tempo — A Deadly Sin? |last=Niedermeyer |first=Paul |date=28 October 2010 |website=The Truth About Cars |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

<ref name="sae-831009">{{cite journal |last1=Lenox |first1=H. |last2=Scussel |first2=A. J. |date=1983-06-06 |title=The New Ford 2.3L High-Swirl-Combustion (HSC) Engine |url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/831009/ |journal=SAE International Passenger Car Meeting & Exposition |series=SAE Technical Paper Series |volume= 1|issue= |pages= |issn=0148-7191 |doi=10.4271/831009 |access-date=|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name="cc-jul2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/cc-cohort/cohort-outtake-1984-or-1985-ford-tempo-tempo-non-fugit/ |title=Cohort Outtake: 1984 or 1985 Ford Tempo – Tempo Non Fugit |last=Niedermeyer |first=Paul |date=8 July 2019 |website=Curbside Classics |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

<ref name="ps-mar1983">{{cite magazine |last=Dunne |first=Jim |date=March 1983 |title=Ford's front-drive challengers: Tempo/Topaz |url= |magazine=Popular Science |pages=74, 75 |location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref>

<ref name="csm-jun1983">{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0603/060331.html |title=Ford goes on the offensive - with Tempo and Topaz |last=Dole |first=Charles E. |date=3 June 1983 |website=Christian Science Monitor |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

<ref name="ttccna-hsc">{{cite web |url=http://www.tempotopaz.com/main/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=35&page=1 |title=2.3L HSC / HSO History & Specifications |date= |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928073029/http://www.tempotopaz.com/main/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=35&page=1 |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="pm-apr1983">{{cite magazine |last=Witzenburg |first=Gary |date=April 1983 |title=Driving the Ford Tempo, Topaz and All-New Thunderbird |url= |magazine=Popular Mechanics |pages=96, 97, 176, 177 |location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref>

<ref name="hcc-nov2020">{{cite magazine |last=Stern |first=Milton |date=November 2020 |title=Tempo/Topaz twins: Ford was looking ahead with its new compacts |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/tempo-topaz-twins |magazine=Hemmings Classic Car |location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref>

<ref name="autocat-876530">{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1986/876530/ford_tempo_lx_4-door_2_3l_efi.html|title=Detailed specs review of 1986 Ford Tempo LX 4-door 2.3L EFi offered since October 1985 for North America U.S.|website=www.automobile-catalog.com|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="dimensions">{{cite web|publisher=Tempo Topaz Car Club of America| url=http://www.tempotopaz.com/main/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=36&page=1| title=HSC Engine Dimensions| accessdate=2007-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928073813/http://www.tempotopaz.com/main/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=36&page=1 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ford-engdim">{{cite web |url=https://performanceparts.ford.com/download/pdfs/EngineDimensions.pdf |title=Basic Engine Dimensions (Inches) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=performanceparts.ford.com |publisher=Ford Racing |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

<ref name="cg">{{cite web|publisher=Consumer Guide|url=http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1990-to-1995-ford-taurus-4.htm|title=1990-95 Ford Taurus review|accessdate=2007-02-04|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027094728/http://consumerguideauto.howstuffworks.com/1990-to-1995-ford-taurus-4.htm|archivedate=2007-10-27}}</ref>

}}

==See also==
* [[List of Ford engines]]

{{Ford Taurus}}
{{Ford engine timeline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ford HSC Engine}}
[[Category:Ford engines|HSC]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]
[[Category:Straight-four engines]]