Editing Fracture zone

{{Short description|Linear feature on the ocean floor}}
{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=right|frame-width=510|frame-height=350|frame-long=0.0|frame-lat=-0.0|zoom=1|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Fracture zone}}|text=Approximate surface projection on oceans of named fracture zones (orange). Also shown are relevant present plate boundaries (white) and associated features (lighter orange). Click to expand to interactive map.<ref name=FZmaplink>General citations for named fracture zones are at page [[Wikipedia:Map data/Fracture zone]] and specific citations are in interactive detail.</ref>}}
[[File:Fracture Zone - bstern3.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Oceanic crust age differences and ridge-ridge transform faulting associated with offset mid-ocean ridge segments lead to the formation of fracture zones.]]

A '''fracture zone''' is a linear feature on the ocean floor—often hundreds, even thousands of kilometers long—resulting from the action of offset [[mid-ocean ridge]] axis segments. They are a consequence of [[plate tectonics]].  Lithospheric plates on either side of an active [[transform fault]] move in opposite directions; here, [[strike-slip]] activity occurs.  Fracture zones extend past the transform faults, away from the ridge axis; are usually seismically inactive (because both plate segments are moving in the same direction), although they can display evidence of transform fault activity, primarily in the different ages of the crust on opposite sides of the zone.

In actual usage, many transform faults aligned with fracture zones are often loosely referred to as "fracture zones" although technically, they are not. They can be associated with other tectonic features and may be subducted or distorted by later tectonic activity. They are usually defined with [[Bathymetry|bathymetric]], [[Gravity anomaly|gravity]] and [[Geomagnetic reversal|magnetic]] studies.

==Structure and formation==

Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries. As the plates on either side of an offset mid-ocean ridge move, a transform fault forms at the offset between the two ridges.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sandwell|first1=D.T.|last2=Smith|first2=W.H.F.|title=Exploring the Ocean Basins With Satellite Altimeter Data|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/images/predict/images_predict.txt|publisher=NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center & World Data Center A for Marine Geology & Geophysics}}</ref>

Fracture zones and the transform faults that form them are separate but related features. Transform faults are plate boundaries, meaning that on either side of the fault is a different plate. In contrast, outside of the ridge-ridge transform fault, the crust on both sides belongs to the same plate, and there is no relative motion along the junction.<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web|title=Oceanic Transform Faults and Fracture Zones|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/MOR_transforms.htm|publisher=Columbia University|access-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> The fracture zone is thus the junction between oceanic crustal regions of different ages.  Because younger crust is generally higher due to increased [[thermal buoyancy]], the fracture zone is characterized by an offset in elevation with an intervening [[canyon]] that may be topographically distinct for hundreds or thousands of kilometers on the sea floor.

==Geologic importance==
[[Image:Blanco Fracture Zone.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Blanco fracture zone map]]
[[Image:Charlie-gibbs-full-extent.png|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Bathymetry]] map of the North Atlantic Ocean showing the full extent of the Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone (horizontal black lines in the center of the image)]]
[[File:BetweenErebusAndUdintsevFZs.png|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Magnetostratigraphy]] of the East Pacific Rise near the [[Heirtzler fracture zone]] showing ages of sea floor spreading in millions of years (Ma)]]
[[Image:Romanche Trench.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The Romanche fracture zone with red arrows indicating directions of movements of tectonic plates]]
As many areas of the ocean floor, particularly the Atlantic Ocean, are currently inactive, it can be difficult to find past plate motion. However, by observing the fracture zones, one can determine both the direction and rate of past plate motion. This is found by observing the patterns of magnetic striping on the ocean floor (a result of the reversals of Earth's magnetic field over time). By measuring the offset in the magnetic striping, one can then determine the rate of past plate motions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding Plate Motions|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html|publisher=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> In a similar method, one can use the relative ages of the seafloor on either side of a fracture zone to determine the rate of past plate motions. By comparing how offset similarly aged seafloor is, one can determine how quickly the plate has moved.<ref name="Columbia" />

==Examples==
{{main|List of fracture zones}}

===Blanco fracture zone===
The [[Blanco fracture zone]] is a fracture zone running between the [[Juan de Fuca Ridge]] and the [[Gorda Ridge]]. The dominating feature of the fracture zone is the {{cvt|150|km}} long Blanco Ridge, which is a high-angle, right-lateral [[strike slip fault]] with some component of [[dip-slip fault]]ing.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone|first1=R. P.|last1=Dziak|first2=C. G.|last2=Fox|first3=R. W.|last3=Embley|first4=J. L.|last4=Nabelek|first5=J.|last5=Braunmiller|first6=R. A.|last6=Koski|year=2000|journal=Marine Geophysical Researches|volume=21|issue=5|pages=423–450|doi=10.1023/A:1026545910893|s2cid=126819774}}</ref>

===Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone===
The [[Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone]] consists of two fracture zones in the North Atlantic that extend for over {{cvt|2000|km}}. These fracture zones displace the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]] a total of {{cvt|350|km}} to the west. The section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the two fracture zones is seismically active.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lilwall|first1=R. C.|last2=Kirk|first2=R. E.|doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.1985.tb05085.x|title=Ocean-bottom seismograph observations on the Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone|journal=Geophysical Journal International|volume=80|issue=1|pages=195|year=1985|bibcode=1985GeoJ...80..195L|doi-access=free}}</ref> The flow of major North Atlantic currents is associated with this fracture zone which hosts a diverse deep water ecosystem.<ref name=Keogh1922>{{cite journal|title=Benthic megafaunal biodiversity of the Charlie-Gibbs fracture zone:spatial variation, potential drivers, and conservation status|first1=Poppy|last1=Keogh|first2=Rylan J.|last2=KeoghCommand|first3=Evan|last3=KeoghEdinger|first4=Aggeliki|last4=KeoghGeorgiopoulou|first5=Katleen|last5=KeoghRobert|journal=Marine Biodiversity|year=2022|volume=52|number=55|pages=1–18|doi=10.1007/s12526-022-01285-1|doi-access=free|pmid=36185618|pmc=9512888|bibcode=2022MarBd..52...55K}}</ref>{{rp|3}}

===Heirtzler fracture zone===
The [[Heirtzler fracture zone]] was named after James Ransom Heirtzler, who first demonstrated through [[magnetostratigraphy]] that the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]] was spreading south of Iceland, providing the first clear evidence for [[plate tectonics]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=James Ransom Heirtzler: A Tribute
|year=2022|first1=K.|last1=Nazarova-Heirtzler|first2=P.T.|last2=Taylor|doi=10.1029/2022CN000186|doi-access=free|journal=Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists|volume=3|issue=1|at=e2022CN000186}}</ref> This name was approved by the [[Advisory Committee on Undersea Features]] in 1993.<ref name=gnis>{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=17188|name=Heirtzler Fracture Zone|access-date=2012-06-09}}</ref> The area around the Heirtzler fracture zone and the [[Pacific–Antarctic Ridge]] which is a southwestern portion of the [[East Pacific Rise]] has been mapped in detail by amongst other techniques magnetostratigraphy (see picture on this page).<ref name="Ondréas2001">{{cite journal|last1=Ondréas|first1=H.|last2=Aslanian|first2=D.|last3=Géli|first3=L.|last4=Olivet|first4=J.L.|last5=Briais|first5=A.|year=2001|title=Variations in axial morphology, segmentation, and seafloor roughness along the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge between 56 S and 66 S|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume=106|issue=B5|pages=8521–8546|doi=10.1029/2000JB900394|bibcode=2001JGR...106.8521O}}</ref>

===Mendocino fracture zone===
The [[Mendocino fracture zone]] extends for over {{cvt|4000|km}} off the coast of California and separates the [[Pacific plate]] and [[Gorda plate]]. The bathymetric depths on the north side of the fracture zone are {{cvt|800| to |1200|m}} shallower than to the south, suggesting the seafloor north of the ridge to be younger. Geologic evidence backs this up, as rocks were found to be 23 to 27&nbsp;million years younger north of the ridge than to the south.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mendocino Fracture Zone|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374855/Mendocino-Fracture-Zone|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

===Romanche fracture zone===
Also known as the [[Romanche Trench]], this fracture zone separates the [[North Atlantic]] and [[South Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]] oceans. The trench reaches {{cvt|7758|m}} deep, is {{cvt|300|km}} long, and has a width of {{cvt|19|km}}. The fracture zone offsets the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by more than {{cvt|640|km}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Romanche Gap|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/508426/Romanche-Gap|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

===Sovanco fracture zone===
The [[Sovanco fracture zone]] is a dextral-slip transform fault running between the Juan de Fuca and [[Explorer Ridge]] in the [[North Pacific Ocean]]. The fracture zone is {{cvt|125|km}} long and {{cvt|15|km}} wide.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cowan|first1=Darrel S.|last2=Botros|first2=Mona|last3=Johnson|first3=H. Paul|title=Bookshelf tectonics: Rotated crustal blocks within the Sovanco Fracture Zone|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=October 1986|volume=13|issue=10|pages=995–998|doi=10.1029/GL013i010p00995|bibcode=1986GeoRL..13..995C}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Plate reconstruction]]
* {{portal-inline|Oceans}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Fracture zones| ]]
[[Category:Plate tectonics]]
[[Category:Oceanographical terminology]]