Editing Frantz Fanon

{{Short description|French West Indian psychiatrist and philosopher (1925–1961)}}
{{Redirect|Fanon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name             = Frantz Fanon
| image            = Frantz Fanon.jpg
| birth_name       = Frantz Omar Fanon
| birth_date       = {{birth-date|20 July 1925}}
| birth_place      = [[Fort-de-France]], [[Martinique]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1961|12|06|1925|07|20|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Bethesda, Maryland]], U.S.
| education        = [[University of Lyon]] ([[M.D.|MD]], 1951)
| notable_works    = ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952)<br />''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961)
| region           = [[Africana philosophy]]
| era              = [[Contemporary philosophy]]
| school_tradition = [[Marxism]]<br />[[Black existentialism]]<br />[[Critical theory]]<br />[[Existential phenomenology]]
| main_interests   = [[Decolonization]], [[postcolonialism]], [[revolution]], [[psychopathology]] of [[colonization]], [[racism]], [[psychoanalysis]]
| spouse           = Josie Dublé Fanon (m. 1952)
| partner          = Michèle Weyer (1948)
| children         = Mireille (b. 1953 of Michèle)<br>Olivier (of Josie)
| notable_ideas    = [[Double consciousness]], [[Colonial mentality|colonial alienation]], [[Nigrescence|to become black]], [[sociogeny]]
}}

'''Frantz Omar Fanon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|æ|n|ə|n}},<ref>{{cite web |title= Fanon – Definition of Fanon at Dictionary.com | website= Dictionary.com |url= https://www.dictionary.com/browse/fanon}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|us|f|æ|ˈ|n|ɒ̃}};<ref>[https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Fanon%2C+Frantz "Frantz Fanon"]. ''The American Heritage Dictionary''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2020.</ref> {{IPA|fr|fʁɑ̃ts fanɔ̃|lang}}; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961) was a French [[West Indian]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frantz-Fanon |title= Frantz Fanon {{!}} Biography, Writings, & Facts |website= Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en|access-date= 12 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BdVRpzeA47YC |title= Frantz Fanon: A Biography |last= Macey |first= David |date= 2012 |publisher= Verso Books |isbn= 9781844678488 |pages= 14 |language=en}}</ref> [[Psychiatry|psychiatrist]], [[Political philosophy|political philosopher]], and [[Marxist]] from the [[French colonial empire|French colony]] of [[Martinique]] (today a [[Overseas departments and regions of France|French department]]). His works have become influential in the fields of [[post-colonial studies]], [[critical theory]], and [[Marxism]].<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.bookrags.com/biography/frantz-fanon/ |title= Biography of Frantz Fanon |publisher= Encyclopedia of World Biography |access-date= 8 July 2012}}</ref> As well as being an [[Intellectualism|intellectual]], Fanon was a [[Political radicalism|political radical]], [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]], and [[Marxist humanism|Marxist humanist]] concerned with the [[psychopathology]] of [[colonization]]<ref>Seb Brah. [https://www.academia.edu/9474429/ "Franz Fanon à Dehilès: « Attention Boumedienne est un psychopathe"]. ''academia.edu''.</ref> and the human, social, and cultural consequences of [[decolonization]].<ref>Gordon, Lewis (1995), ''Fanon and the Crisis of European Man'', New York: Routledge.</ref><ref>Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, ''Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression'' (1985), New York: Plenum Press.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Full text of "Concerning Violence" |author= Fanon, Frantz |website= Openanthropology.org |url= http://www.openanthropology.org/fanonviolence.htm}}</ref>

In the course of his work as a [[physician]] and psychiatrist, Fanon supported the [[Algerian War]] of independence from France and was a member of the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Algerian National Liberation Front]]. Fanon has been described as "the most influential anticolonial thinker of his time".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jansen|first1=Jan C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AhpDQAAQBAJ|title=Decolonization: A Short History|last2=Osterhammel|first2=Jürgen|date=2017|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8488-9|pages=165|language=en}}</ref> For more than five decades, the life and works of Fanon have inspired [[national liberation movements]] and other freedom and political movements in [[Palestine]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[South Africa]], and the [[United States]].<ref name=AliceCherki>Alice Cherki, ''Frantz Fanon. Portrait'' (2000), Paris: Seuil.</ref><ref name=MaceyBiog>David Macey, ''Frantz Fanon: A Biography'' (2000), New York: Picador Press.</ref><ref>Nigel Gibson, ''Fanonian Practices in South Africa'', University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.</ref> 

Fanon formulated a model for [[community psychology]], believing that many [[mental health]] patients would have an improved [[prognosis]] if they were integrated into their family and community instead of being treated with [[Commitment (mental health)|institutionalized care]]. He also helped found the field of [[institutional psychotherapy]] while working at [[Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole|Saint-Alban]] under [[Francois Tosquelles]] and [[Jean Oury]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Native American Postcolonial Psychology|last= Duran|first= Eduardo-1 Bonnie-2|publisher= State University of New York Press|year= 1996|isbn= 0-7914-2354-9|location= Library of Congress|pages= 186}}</ref>

==Biography==
=== Early life ===
Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in [[Fort-de-France]], [[Martinique]], which was then part of the [[French colonial empire]]. His father, Félix Casimir Fanon, worked as a [[customs officer]], while Fanon's mother, Eléanore Médélice, who was of [[Afro-Caribbean people|Afro-Caribbean]] and [[Alsace|Alsatian]] descent, was a shopkeeper.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfwJCAAAQBAJ |title=What Fanon Said: A Philosophical Introduction to His Life and Thought |last1=Gordon |first1=Lewis R. |last2=Cornell |first2=Drucilla |date=1 January 2015 |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=9780823266081 |page=26 |language=en}}</ref> Fanon was the third of four sons in a family of eight children. Two of his siblings died young, including Fanon's sister Gabrielle, with whom he was very close. As they were [[middle class]], his family could afford to send Fanon to the [[Lycée Victor Schœlcher]], the most prestigious [[secondary school]] in Martinique, where Fanon came to admire one of his teachers, [[Aimé Césaire]].<ref name=EhlenBiog>Patrick Ehlen, ''Frantz Fanon: A Spiritual Biography'' (2001), New York: Crossroad 8th Avenue.</ref>

=== World War II ===
After the [[Battle of France]] resulted in the [[French Third Republic]] capitulating to [[Nazi Germany]] in July 1940, Martinique came under the control of [[French Navy]] elements led by Admiral [[Georges Robert (admiral)|Georges Robert]] who were loyal to the collaborationist [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]]. The disruption of imports from [[Metropolitan France]] led to major shortages on the island, which were exacerbated by an American naval [[blockade]] imposed on Martinique in April 1943. Robert's authoritarian regime repressed local [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] sympathizers, hundreds of whom escaped to nearby [[Caribbean]] islands. Fanon later described the Vichy regime in Martinique as taking off their masks and behaving like "authentic racists".<ref>David Macey, [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_workshop_journal/v058/58.1macey.html "Frantz Fanon, or the Difficulty of Being Martinican"], ''History Workshop Journal'', Project Muse. Retrieved 27 August 2010.</ref> In January 1943, he fled Martinique during the wedding of one of his brothers and travelled to the [[British Empire|British colony]] of [[Dominica]] in order to link up with other Allied sympathizers.<ref name=zellig>{{cite book |last1=Zeilig |first1=Leo |title=Frantz Fanon: A Political Biography |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |isbn=9780755638239 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyUhEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>{{rp|24}} 

Robert's regime was overthrown by a local uprising in June of that year, which Fanon would later acclaim as "the birth of the [Martinican] [[proletariat]]" as a revolutionary force. After the uprising, Fanon "enthusiastically" returned to Martinique, where [[Free France|Free French]] leader [[Charles de Gaulle]] had appointed {{ill|Henri Tourtet|fr}} as the colony's new governor. Tourtet subsequently raised the [[5th Antillean Marching Battalion]] to serve in [[French Liberation Army|Free French Forces]] (FFL), and Fanon soon joined the unit in Fort-de-France.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macey |first1=David |title=Frantz Fanon 1925-1961 |journal=History of Psychiatry |date=December 1996 |volume=7 |issue=28 |pages=489–497 |doi=10.1177/0957154X9600702802 |pmid=11618750 |citeseerx=10.1.1.858.188 |s2cid=45834503 }}</ref><ref>Nicholls, Tracey. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.'' http://www.iep.utm.edu/fanon/#H1</ref> He underwent basic training before boarding a [[troopship]] bound for [[Casablanca]], [[French protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]] in March 1944. After Fanon arrived in Morocco, he was shocked to discover the extent of [[racial discrimination]] in the FFL. He was subsequently transferred to a Free French military base in [[Béjaïa]], [[French Algeria|Algeria]], where Fanon witnessed firsthand the [[antisemitism]] and [[Islamophobia]] of the ''[[pieds-noirs]]'', many of whom had supported racist laws promulgated by the Vichy regime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Algerian Revolution Changed the World for the Better |url=https://jacobin.com/2021/04/algerian-revolution-france-colonialism |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=jacobin.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In August 1944, he departed on another troopship from [[Oran]] to France as part of [[Operation Dragoon]], the Allied invasion of German-occupied [[Provence]]. After the US [[VI Corps (United States)|VI Corps]] secured a [[beachhead]], Fanon's unit came ashore at [[Saint-Tropez]] and advanced inland. He participated in several engagements near [[Montbéliard]], [[Doubs]] and was seriously wounded by shrapnel, which resulted in him being hospitalized for two months. Fanon was awarded a ''[[Croix de Guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]]'' by Colonel [[Raoul Salan]] for his actions in battle, and in early 1945 rejoined his unit and fought in the [[Battle of Alsace]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macey|first=David|date=December 1996|title=Frantz Fanon 1925-1961|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957154X9600702802|journal=History of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=7|issue=28|page=490|doi=10.1177/0957154X9600702802|pmid=11618750|s2cid=45834503|issn=0957-154X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> After German forces had been pushed out of France and Allied troops crossed the [[Rhine]] into Germany, Fanon and his fellow black troops were removed from their formations and sent southwards to [[Toulon]] as part of de Gaulle's policy of removing non-white soldiers from the French army.<ref name=MaceyBiog /> He was subsequently transferred to [[Normandy]] to await [[repatriation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanon |first=Frantz |date=14 November 2011 |title=Franz Fanon, Writer born |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/franz-fanon-writer-born/ |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref>

Although Fanon had been initially eager to participate in the Allied war effort, the racism he witnessed during the war disillusioned him. Fanon wrote to his brother Joby from Europe that "I've been deceived, and I am paying for my mistakes... I'm sick of it all."<ref name=":0" /> In the fall of 1945, a newly-discharged Fanon returned to Martinique, where he focused on completing his secondary education. Césaire, by now a friend and mentor of his, ran on the [[French Communist Party]] ticket as a delegate from Martinique to the first [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] of the [[French Fourth Republic]], and Fanon worked for his campaign. Staying in Martinique long enough to complete his ''[[baccalauréat]]'', Fanon proceeded to return to France, where he intended to study medicine and psychiatry.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

===France===
Fanon was educated at the [[University of Lyon]], where he also studied literature, drama and philosophy, sometimes attending [[Merleau-Ponty]]'s lectures. During this period, he wrote three plays, of which two survive.<ref>Fanon, Frantz (2015). [http://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/catalogue/index-_crits_sur_l_alienation_et_la_liberte-9782707188717.html ''Écrits sur l'aliénation et la liberté''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113140322/http://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/catalogue/index-_crits_sur_l_alienation_et_la_liberte-9782707188717.html |date=13 January 2017 }}. Éditions La Découverte, Paris. {{ISBN|978-2-7071-8871-7}}</ref> After qualifying as a [[psychiatrist]] in 1951, Fanon did a residency in psychiatry at [[Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole]] under the radical [[Catalan people|Catalan]] psychiatrist [[François Tosquelles]], who invigorated Fanon's thinking by emphasizing the role of culture in psychopathology.

In 1948, Fanon started a relationship with Michèle Weyer, a medical student, who soon became pregnant. He left her for an 18-year-old high school student, Josie, whom he married in 1952. At the urging of his friends, he later recognized his daughter, [[Mireille Fanon Mendès-France|Mireille]], although he did not have contact with her.<ref>Zeilig, L. (2016) ''Frantz Fanon, Militant Philosopher of Third World Liberation.'' I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. p 31</ref>

In France, while completing his residency, Fanon wrote and published his first book, ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952), an analysis of the negative psychological effects of [[Colonialism|colonial]] subjugation upon black people. Originally, the manuscript was the [[doctoral dissertation]], submitted at Lyon, entitled ''Essay on the Disalienation of the Black'', which was a response to the racism that Fanon experienced while studying psychiatry and medicine at the University in Lyon; the rejection of the dissertation prompted Fanon to publish it as a book. In 1951, for his [[doctor of medicine]] degree, he submitted another dissertation of narrower scope and a different subject (''Altérations mentales, modifications caractérielles, troubles psychiques et déficit intellectuel dans l'hérédo-dégénération spino-cérébelleuse : à propos d'un cas de maladie de Friedreich avec délire de possession'' – ''Mental alterations, character modifications, psychic disorders, and intellectual deficit in hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration: A case of Friedreich's disease with delusions of possession''). [[Left-wing]] philosopher [[Francis Jeanson]], leader of the pro-Algerian independence [[Jeanson network]], read Fanon's manuscript and, as a senior book editor at [[Éditions du Seuil]] in Paris, gave the book its new title and wrote its epilogue.<ref name=ACherki>{{cite book |last=Cherki|first=Alice|title=Frantz Fanon: A Portrait|url=https://archive.org/details/frantzfanonportr00cher|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-7308-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/frantzfanonportr00cher/page/24 24]}}</ref>

After receiving Fanon's manuscript at Seuil, Jeanson invited him to an editorial meeting. Amid Jeanson's praise of the book, Fanon exclaimed: "Not bad for a nigger, is it?" Insulted, Jeanson dismissed Fanon from his office. Later, Jeanson learned that his response had earned him the writer's lifelong respect, and Fanon acceded to Jeanson's suggestion that the book be entitled ''Black Skin, White Masks''.<ref name=ACherki/>

In the book, Fanon described the unfair treatment of black people in France and how they were disapproved of by [[white people]]. Frantz argued that racism and dehumanization directed toward black people caused feelings of inferiority among black people. This dehumanization prevented black people from fully assimilating into white society and, further, into full personhood. This caused psychological strife among black people, as even if they spoke French, obtained an education, and followed social customs associated with white people, they would still never be regarded as French, or a Man; instead, black people are defined as "Black Man" rather than "Man". (See further discussion of ''Black Skin, White Masks'' under Work, below.)

===Algeria===
After his residency, Fanon practised psychiatry at [[Pontorson]], near [[Mont Saint-Michel]], for another year and then (from 1953) in [[Algeria]]. He was ''chef de service'' at the [[Blida|Blida-Joinville]] Psychiatric Hospital in Algeria. He worked there until his deportation in January 1957.<ref name="Cherki">Cherki, Alice (2000), ''Frantz Fanon. Portrait'', Paris: Seuil; Macey, David (2000), ''Frantz Fanon: A Biography'', New York: Picador Press.</ref>

Fanon's methods of treatment started evolving, particularly by beginning [[Sociotherapy|socio-therapy]] to connect with his patients' [[Culture|cultural backgrounds]]. He also trained nurses and interns. Following the outbreak of the [[Algerian War|Algerian revolution]] in November 1954, Fanon joined the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Front de Libération Nationale]] (FLN), after having made contact with [[Pierre Chaulet]] at Blida in 1955. Working at a French hospital in Algeria, Fanon became responsible for treating the psychological distress of the French soldiers and officers who carried out torture in order to suppress anti-colonial resistance. Additionally, Fanon was also responsible for treating Algerian [[torture]] victims.

Fanon made extensive trips across Algeria, mainly in the [[Kabylia]] region, to study the cultural and psychological life of Algerians. His lost study of "The [[marabout]] of Si Slimane" is an example. These trips were also a means for clandestine activities, notably in his visits to the ski resort of [[Chrea]] which hid an FLN base.

===Joining the FLN and exile from Algeria===
By summer 1956, Fanon realized that he could no longer continue to support French efforts, even indirectly, via his hospital work. In November, he submitted his "Letter of Resignation to the Resident Minister", which later became an influential text of its own in [[anti-colonialist]] circles.<ref name="Azar00">{{cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=Michael |title=In the Name of Algeria: Frantz Fanon and the Algerian Revolution |journal=Eurozine |date=6 December 2000 |url=https://www.eurozine.com/in-the-name-of-algeria/ |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>

<blockquote>
There comes a time when silence becomes dishonesty. The ruling intentions of personal existence are not in accord with the permanent assaults on the most commonplace values. For many months, my conscience has been the seat of unpardonable debates. And the conclusion is the determination not to despair of man, in other words, of myself. The decision I have reached is that I cannot continue to bear a responsibility at no matter what cost, on the false pretext that there is nothing else to be done.
</blockquote>

Shortly afterwards, Fanon was expelled from Algeria and moved to [[Tunis]], where he joined the FLN openly. He was part of the editorial collective of ''[[Al Moudjahid]]'', for which he wrote until the end of his life. He also served as [[Ambassador]] to [[Ghana]] for the Provisional Algerian Government ([[Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic|GPRA]]). He attended conferences in [[Accra]], [[Conakry]], [[Addis Ababa]], [[Kinshasa|Leopoldville]], [[Cairo]] and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. Many of his shorter writings from this period were collected posthumously in the book ''[[Toward the African Revolution]]''. In this book, Fanon reveals war tactical strategies; in one chapter, he discusses how to open a southern front to the war and how to run the supply lines.<ref name="Cherki"/>

Upon his return to [[Tunis]], after his exhausting trip across the [[Sahara]] to open a Third Front, Fanon was diagnosed with [[leukemia]]. He went to the [[Soviet Union]] for treatment and experienced [[Cure|remission]] of his illness. When he came back to Tunis once again, he dictated his testament ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]''. When he was not confined to his bed, he delivered lectures to [[Armée de Libération Nationale]] (ALN) officers at [[Ghardimaou|Ghardimao]] on the Algerian–Tunisian border. He traveled to [[Rome]] for a three-day meeting with [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], who had greatly influenced his work. Sartre agreed to write a preface to Fanon's last book, ''The Wretched of the Earth''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massey |first1=David |title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography |date=2000 |publisher=Picador}}</ref>
[[File:Tombe Frantz-Fanon Aïn-Kerma.jpg|thumb|alt=Fanon's final resting place in Aïn Kerma, Algeria|Fanon's grave in [[Aïn Kerma]], Algeria]]

===Death and aftermath===
With his health declining, Fanon's comrades urged him to seek treatment in the [[United States|U.S.]] as his Soviet doctors had suggested.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Gordon R. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVUYDAAAQBAJ&dq=fanon+death+pneumonia+living+fanon&pg=PA25 |title=Living Fanon: Global Perspectives |date=2016-04-30 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11999-4 |editor-last=Gibson |editor-first=Nigel C. |pages=25 |language=en |chapter=Requiem on a Life Well Lived: In Memory of Fanon}}</ref> In 1961, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] arranged a trip under the promise of stealth for further leukemia treatment at a [[National Institutes of Health]] facility.<ref name=":8" /><ref>Codevilla, Angelo, ''Informing Statecraft'' (1992, New York).</ref> During his time in the United States, Fanon was handled by CIA agent Oliver Iselin.<ref>Meaney, Thomas (2019), "Frantz Fanon and the CIA Man", ''The American Historical Review'' '''124'''(3): 983–995.</ref> As Lewis R. Gordon points out, the circumstances of Fanon's stay are somewhat disputed: "What has become orthodoxy, however, is that he was kept in a hotel without treatment for several days until he contracted pneumonia."<ref name=":8" />

On 6 December 1961, Fanon died from [[double pneumonia]] in [[Bethesda, Maryland]]. He had begun [[Leukemia#Treatment|leukemia treatment]] but far too late.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macey |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdVRpzeA47YC&dq=fanon+death+pneumonia&pg=PA484 |title=Frantz Fanon: A Biography |date=2012-11-13 |publisher=Verso Books |orig-year=2000 |isbn=978-1-84467-848-8 |pages=484 |language=en}}</ref> He had been admitted under the name of '''Ibrahim Omar Fanon''', a Libyan ''[[nom de guerre]]'' he had assumed in order to enter a hospital in [[Rome]] after being wounded in [[Morocco]] during a mission for the [[Algerian National Liberation Front]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hopkins1.edublogs.org/files/2010/10/WE-Foreward-by-Homi-Bhabha-2004-1pw5wvp.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511155113/https://hopkins1.edublogs.org/files/2010/10/WE-Foreward-by-Homi-Bhabha-2004-1pw5wvp.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-11 |url-status=live|title=Foreword: Framing Fanon|first=Homi K.|last=Bhabha|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> He was buried in Algeria after [[lying in state]] in [[Tunisia]]. Later, his body was moved to a [[martyr]]s' (''Chouhada'') [[Cemetery|graveyard]] at [[Aïn Kerma]] in eastern Algeria.

Frantz Fanon was survived by his French wife, Josie (née Dublé), their son, Olivier Fanon, and his daughter from a previous relationship, [[Mireille Fanon Mendès-France|Mireille Fanon-Mendès France]]. [[Josie Fanon]] later became disillusioned with the government and after years of depression and drinking died by [[suicide]] in [[Algiers]] in 1989.<ref name="Cherki"/><ref>Zeilig, L. (2016) ''Frantz Fanon, Militant Philosopher of Third World Liberation.'' I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. p 232</ref> Mireille became a professor of international law and conflict resolution and serves as president of the Frantz Fanon Foundation. Olivier became president of the Frantz Fanon National Association, which was created in Algiers in 2012.<ref name="FANON2015">{{cite book|author=Frantz Fanon|title=Écrits sur l'aliénation et la liberté|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5jNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|date=29 October 2015|publisher=La Decourverte|isbn=978-2-7071-8871-7|page=14}}</ref>

==Work==
=== ''Black Skin, White Masks'' ===

''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' was first published in French as ''Peau noire, masques blancs'' in 1952 and is one of Fanon's most important works. In ''Black Skin, White Masks,'' Fanon psychoanalyzes the oppressed black person who is perceived to have to be a lesser creature in the white world that they live in, and studies how they navigate the world through a performance of [[Whiteness studies|Whiteness]].<ref name=":0" /> Particularly in discussing language, he talks about how the black person's use of a colonizer's language is seen by the colonizer as predatory, and not transformative, which in turn may create insecurity in the black's consciousness.<ref name=":1" /> He recounts that he himself faced many admonitions as a child for using [[Creole language|Creole French]] instead of "real French", or "French French", that is, "white" French.<ref name=":0" /> Ultimately, he concludes that "mastery of language [of the white/colonizer] for the sake of recognition ''as white'' reflects a dependency that subordinates the black's humanity".<ref name=":1" />

The reception of his work has been affected by English translations which are recognized to contain numerous omissions and errors, while his unpublished work, including his doctoral thesis, has received little attention. As a result, it has been argued that Fanon has often been portrayed as an advocate of violence (it would be more accurate to characterize him as a dialectical opponent of nonviolence) and that his ideas have been extremely oversimplified. This reductionist vision of Fanon's work ignores the subtlety of his understanding of the colonial system. For example, the fifth chapter of ''Black Skin, White Masks'' translates, literally, as "The Lived Experience of the Black" ("L'expérience vécue du Noir"), but Markmann's translation is "The Fact of Blackness", which leaves out the massive influence of [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] on Fanon's early work.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moten|first=Fred|title=The Case of Blackness|journal=Criticism|date=Spring 2008|volume=50|issue=2|pages=177–218|doi=10.1353/crt.0.0062|s2cid=154145525 }}</ref>

Although Fanon wrote ''Black Skin, White Masks'' while still in France, most of his work was written in [[North Africa]]. It was during this time that he produced works such as ''L'An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne'' in 1959 (''Year Five of the Algerian Revolution''), later republished as ''Sociology of a Revolution'' and later still as ''[[A Dying Colonialism]]''. Fanon's original title was "Reality of a Nation"; however, the publisher, [[François Maspero]], refused to accept this title.

Fanon's three books were supplemented by numerous psychiatry articles as well as radical critiques of French colonialism in journals such as ''Esprit'' and [[El Moudjahid]].

=== ''A Dying Colonialism'' ===

''[[A Dying Colonialism]]'' is a 1959 book by Fanon that provides an account of how, during the Algerian Revolution, the people of Algeria fought their oppressors. They changed centuries-old cultural patterns and embraced certain ancient cultural practices long derided by their colonialist oppressors as "primitive," in order to destroy the oppressors. Fanon uses the fifth year of the Algerian Revolution as a point of departure for an explication of the inevitable dynamics of colonial oppression. The militant book describes Fanon's understanding that for the colonized, “having a gun is the only chance you still have of giving a meaning to your death.”<ref>Summary of "A Dying Colonialism" by Publisher Grove Atlantic. Viewed on 15 January 2019. [https://groveatlantic.com/book/a-dying-colonialism/].</ref> It also contains one of his most influential articles, "Unveiled Algeria", that signifies the fall of imperialism and describes how oppressed people struggle to decolonize their "mind" to avoid assimilation.

=== ''The Wretched of the Earth'' ===

In ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961, ''Les damnés de la terre''), published shortly before Fanon's death, Fanon defends the right of a colonized people to use violence to gain independence. In addition, he delineated the processes and forces leading to national independence or neocolonialism during the decolonization movement that engulfed much of the world after [[World War II]]. In defence of the use of violence by colonized peoples, Fanon argued that human beings who are not considered as such (by the colonizer) shall not be bound by principles that apply to humanity in their attitude towards the colonizer. His book was [[Censorship in France|censored]] by the French government.

For Fanon in ''The Wretched of the Earth'', the colonizer's presence in Algeria is based on sheer military strength. Any resistance to this strength must also be of a violent nature because it is the only "language" the colonizer speaks. Thus, violent resistance is a necessity imposed by the colonists upon the colonized. The relevance of language and the reformation of discourse pervades much of his work, which is why it is so interdisciplinary, spanning psychiatric concerns to encompass politics, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fanon |first=Frantz |date=1961 |title=Frantz Fanon {{!}} Biography, Writings, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frantz-Fanon |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

His participation in the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Front de Libération Nationale]] from 1955 determined his audience as the Algerian colonized. It was to them that his final work, ''Les damnés de la terre'' (translated into English by Constance Farrington as ''The Wretched of the Earth'') was directed. It constitutes a warning to the oppressed of the dangers they face in the whirlwind of decolonization and the transition to a [[Neocolonialism|neo-colonialist]], [[Globalization|globalized]] world.<ref>"Two centuries ago, a former European colony decided to catch up with Europe. It succeeded so well that the United States of America became a monster, in which the taints, the sickness and the inhumanity of Europe have grown to appalling dimensions.

Comrades, have we not other work to do than to create a third Europe? [...] It is a question of the Third World starting a new history of Man, a history which will have regard to the sometimes prodigious theses which Europe has put forward, but which will also not forget Europe's crimes, of which the most horrible was committed in the heart of man, and consisted of the pathological tearing apart of his functions and the crumbling away of his unity. And in the framework of the collectivity, there were the differentiations, the stratification and the bloodthirsty tensions fed by classes; and finally, on the immense scale of humanity, there were racial hatreds, slavery, exploitation and above all the bloodless genocide which consisted in the setting aside of fifteen thousand millions of men.
So, comrades, let us not pay tribute to Europe by creating states, institutions and societies which draw their inspiration from her."
''The Wretched of the Earth'' – [http://marxists.org/subject/africa/fanon/conclusion.htm "Conclusions"].</ref>

An often overlooked aspect of Fanon's work is that he did not like to physically write his pieces. Instead, he would dictate to his wife, Josie, who did all of the writing and, in some cases, contributed and edited.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=What Fanon Said|last=Gordon|first=Lewis|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=2015|location=New York}}</ref>

==Influences==
Fanon was influenced by a variety of thinkers and [[School of thought|intellectual traditions]] including [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Jacques Lacan]], [[Négritude]] and [[Marxism]].<ref name=AliceCherki />

[[Aimé Césaire]] was a particularly significant influence in Fanon's life. Césaire, a leader of the ''Négritude'' movement, was teacher and [[Mentorship|mentor]] to Fanon on the island of Martinique.<ref>''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism'', second edition, 2010, p. 1438.</ref> Fanon was first introduced to ''Négritude'' during his lycée days in Martinique when Césaire coined the term and presented his ideas in ''[[Tropiques]]'', the journal that he edited with Suzanne Césaire, his wife, in addition to his now classic ''[[Cahier d'un retour au pays natal]] '' (Journal of a Homecoming).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfwJCAAAQBAJ|title=What Fanon Said: A Philosophical Introduction to His Life and Thought|last1=Gordon|first1=Lewis R.|last2=Cornell|first2=Drucilla|date=1 January 2015|publisher=Fordham University Press|isbn=9780823266081|language=en}}</ref> Fanon referred to Césaire's writings in his own work. He quoted, for example, his teacher at length in "The Lived Experience of the Black Man", a heavily [[Anthology|anthologized]] essay from ''Black Skins, White Masks''.<ref>[[Imre Szeman|Szeman, Imre]], and Timothy Kaposy (eds), ''Cultural Theory: An Anthology'', 2011, Wiley-Blackwell, p. 431.</ref>

==Legacy==
Fanon has had an influence on anti-colonial and [[national liberation movements]]. In particular, ''Les damnés de la terre'' was a major influence on the work of revolutionary leaders such as [[Ali Shariati]] in Iran, [[Steve Biko]] in South Africa, [[Malcolm X]] in the United States and [[Ernesto Che Guevara]] in [[Cuba]]. Of these, only Guevara was primarily concerned with Fanon's theories on violence;<ref>{{Cite web|title="Black Skin White Mask" Documentary About Revolutionary Frantz Fanon|url=https://originalpeople.org/black-skin-white-mask-documentary-revolutionary-frantz-fanon/|date=5 October 2013|website=Originalpeople.org|language=en-US|access-date=27 May 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020033109/https://originalpeople.org/black-skin-white-mask-documentary-revolutionary-frantz-fanon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> for Shariati and Biko the main interest in Fanon was "the new man" and "[[Black Consciousness Movement|black consciousness]]" respectively.<ref>[[Lewis Gordon|Lewis R. Gordon]], T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee T. White (eds), ''Fanon: A Critical Reader'' (1996: Oxford: Blackwell), p. 163, and Bianchi, Eugene C., ''The Religious Experience of Revolutionaries'' (1972: Doubleday), p. 206.</ref>

With regard to the American liberation struggle more commonly known as [[Black Power movement|The Black Power Movement]], Fanon's work was especially influential. His book ''Wretched of the Earth'' is quoted directly in the preface of [[Stokely Carmichael]] (Kwame Ture) and [[Charles V. Hamilton|Charles Hamilton]]'s book, ''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation]]''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Black power: the politics of liberation in America|author=Carmichael, Stokely|date=1992|publisher=Vintage Books|others=Hamilton, Charles V.|isbn=978-0679743132|edition=Vintage|location=New York|oclc=26096713|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpowerpoliti00carm_0}}</ref> which was published in 1967, shortly after Carmichael left the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] (SNCC). In addition, Carmichael and Hamilton include much of Fanon's theory on [[Colonialism]] in their work, beginning by framing the situation of former slaves in America as a colony situated inside a nation. "To put it another way, there is no "American dilemma" because black people in this country form a colony, and it is not in the interest of the colonial power to liberate them" (Ture Hamilton, 5).<ref name=":3" /> Another example is the indictment of the black middle class or what Fanon called the "colonized intellectual" as the indoctrinated followers of the colonial power. Fanon states, "The native intellectual has clothed his aggressiveness in his barely veiled desire to assimilate himself to the colonial world" (47).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Fanon, Frantz |title=The wretched of the earth |date=1983 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780140224542 |location=Harmondsworth |oclc=12480619}}</ref> A third example is the idea that the natives (African Americans) should be constructing new social systems rather than participating in the systems created by the settler population. Ture and Hamilton contend that "black people should create rather than imitate" (144).<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Minneapolis Police Department, Fourth Precinct, Plymouth Avenue (22661529559).jpg|alt=Banner outside the Minneapolis Police Department fourth precinct.|thumb|Banner outside the Minneapolis Police Department fourth precinct following the officer-involved shooting of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015.]]
The Black Power group that Fanon had the most influence on was the [[Black Panther Party]] (BPP). In 1970 [[Bobby Seale]], the Chairman of the BPP, published a collection of recorded observations made while he was incarcerated entitled ''[[Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton|Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton]]''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Seize the time: the story of the Black Panther party and Huey P. Newton|author=Seale, Bobby|date=1991|publisher=Black Classic Press|isbn=978-0933121300|location=Baltimore, Md.|oclc=24636234}}</ref> This book, while not an academic text, is a primary source chronicling the history of the BPP through the eyes of one of its founders. While describing one of his first meetings with [[Huey P. Newton]], Seale describes bringing him a copy of ''Wretched of the Earth''. There are at least three other direct references to the book, all of them mentioning ways in which the book was influential and how it was included in the curriculum required of all new BPP members. Beyond just reading the text, Seale and the BPP included much of the work in their party platform. The Panther 10 Point Plan contained six points which either directly or indirectly referenced ideas in Fanon's work; these six points included their contention that there must be an end to the "robbery by the white man", and "education that teaches us our true history and our role in present day society" (67).<ref name=":4" /> One of the most important elements adopted by the BPP was the need to build the "humanity" of the native. Fanon claimed that the realization by the native that s/he was human would mark the beginning of the push for freedom (33).<ref name=":2" /> The BPP embraced this idea through the work of their Community Schools and [[Free Breakfast for Children|Free Breakfast Programs]].

Bolivian [[Indigenismo|Indianist]] [[Fausto Reinaga]] also had some Fanon influence and he mentions ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' in his [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]] ''La Revolución India'', advocating for decolonisation of native [[South America]]ns from European influence. In 2015, [[Raúl Zibechi]] argued that Fanon had become a key figure for the [[Latin America]]n [[Left-wing politics|left]].<ref>[http://compamanuel.com/2015/09/19/zibechi-red-hot-interest-in-fanon/ Red-hot interest in Fanon], Raul Zibechi, 2015</ref> In August 2021 Fanon's book ''Voices of liberation'' was one of those brought by [[Elisa Loncón]] to the new "plurinational library" of the [[Constitutional Convention (Chile)|Constitutional Convention of Chile]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Los libros que mostró Elisa Loncon en la Convención y que apuntan a una "biblioteca plurinacional"|url=https://www.latercera.com/culto/2021/08/03/los-libros-que-mostro-elisa-loncon-en-la-convencion-y-que-apuntan-a-una-biblioteca-plurinacional/|last=Retamal N.|first=Pablo|date=3 August 2021|access-date=10 August 2021|work=[[La Tercera]]|language=Spanish}}</ref>

Fanon's influence extended to the liberation movements of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]], the [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s, [[African American]]s and others. His work was a key influence on the Black Panther Party, particularly his ideas concerning [[nationalism]], violence and the [[lumpenproletariat]]. More recently, radical South African poor people's movements, such as [[Abahlali baseMjondolo]] (meaning 'people who live in shacks' in [[Zulu language|Zulu]]), have been influenced by Fanon's work.<ref>Gibson, Nigel C. (November 2008), [http://abahlali.org/files/uprightandfree.pdf "Upright and free: Fanon in South Africa, from Biko to the shackdwellers' movement (Abahlali baseMjondolo)]", ''Social Identities'', 14:6, pp. 683–715.</ref> His work was a key influence on Brazilian educationist [[Paulo Freire]], as well.

Fanon has also profoundly affected contemporary African literature. His work serves as an important theoretical gloss for writers including Ghana's [[Ayi Kwei Armah]], Senegal's [[Ken Bugul]] and [[Ousmane Sembène]], [[Zimbabwe]]'s [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], and [[Kenya]]'s [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]. Ngũgĩ goes so far to argue in ''[[Decolonising the Mind|Decolonizing the Mind]]'' (1992) that it is "impossible to understand what informs African writing" without reading Fanon's ''Wretched of the Earth''.<ref>Vincent B. Leitch et al. (eds), ''The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism'', second edition 2010: New York: W. W. Norton & Company [www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=393903&sn=Detai], Politicsweb, 25 July 2013.</ref>

The [[Caribbean Philosophical Association]] offers the Frantz Fanon Prize for work that furthers the decolonization and liberation of mankind.<ref>[http://www.enriquedussel.org/agenda_en.html] [[Enrique Dussel]] website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417010258/http://www.enriquedussel.org/agenda_en.html|date=17 April 2010}}</ref>

Fanon's writings on black sexuality in ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' have garnered critical attention by a number of academics and [[queer theory]] scholars. Interrogating Fanon's perspective on the nature of black homosexuality and masculinity, queer theory academics have offered a variety of critical responses to Fanon's words, balancing his position within [[Postcolonialism|postcolonial studies]] with his influence on the formation of contemporary black queer theory.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alessandrini|first1=Anthony C.|title=Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives|date=1999|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pellegrini|first1=Ann|title=Performance Anxieties: Staging Psychoanalysis, Staging Race|url=https://archive.org/details/performanceanxie0000pell|url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Stecopoulos|first1=Harry|title=Race and the Subject of Masculinities|date=1997|publisher=Duke University Press|pages=31–38|chapter=Fanon: Race and Sexuality}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mars-Jones|first1=Adam|title=Black is the colour|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/black-is-the-colour-1257983.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mercer|first1=Kobena|editor1-last=Read|editor1-first=Alan|title=Decolonization and Disappointment: Reading Fanon's Sexual Politics|date=1996|publisher=Bay Press|location=Seattle|chapter=The fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and Visual Representation}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fuss|first1=Diana|title=Interior Colonies: Frantz Fanon and the Politics of Identification|journal=Diacritics|date=1994|volume=24|issue=2/3|pages=19–42|jstor=465162|doi=10.2307/465162}}</ref>

Fanon's legacy has expanded even further into Black Studies and more specifically, into the theories of [[Afro-pessimism (United States)|Afro-pessimism]] and Black critical theory. Thinkers such as [[Sylvia Wynter]], [[David Marriott]], [[Frank B. Wilderson III]], [[Jared Yates Sexton]], Calvin Warren, and Zakkiyah Iman Jackson have taken up Fanon's [[Ontology|ontological]], [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]], and [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic]] analyses of the Negro and the "zone of non-being" in order to develop theories of anti-Blackness. Putting Fanon in conversation with prominent thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, [[Saidiya Hartman]], and [[Hortense Spillers]], and focusing primarily on the Charles Lam Markmann translation of ''Black Skin, White Masks'', Black critical theorists and Afropessimists take seriously the ontological implications of the "Fact of Blackness" and "The Negro and Psychopathology", formulating the Black or the Slave as the non-relational, phobic object that constitutes [[Antonio Gramsci|civil society]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Skin, White Masks|last=Fanon|first=Frantz|others=Markmann, Charles Lam., Sardar, Ziauddin., Bhabha, Homi K., 1949-|isbn=9781435691063|edition= New|location=London|oclc=298658340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Red, White & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms|last=Wilderson III|first=Frank B.|date=2010|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822346920|location=Durham, NC|oclc=457770963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being|last=Marriott|first=D.|year=2018|isbn=9780804798709|location=Stanford, California|oclc=999542477}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Amalgamation schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism|last=Jared|first=Sexton|date=2008|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816656639|location=Minneapolis|oclc=318220788}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America|last=Hartman|first=Saidiya V.|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195089839|location=New York|oclc=36417797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ontological Terror: Blackness, Nihilism, and Emancipation|last=Warren|first=Calvin L.|isbn=9780822371847|location=Durham|oclc=1008764960|date = 10 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Black, White, and in Color: Essays on American Literature and Culture|last=Spillers|first=Hortense J.|date=2003|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226769798|location=Chicago|oclc=50604796}}</ref>

===Fanon's writings===
* ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'' (1952), (1967 translation by Charles Lam Markmann: New York: [[Grove Press]])
* ''[[A Dying Colonialism]]'' (1959), (1965 translation by [[Haakon Chevalier]]: New York, Grove Press)
* ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961), (1963 translation by Constance Farrington: New York: Grove Weidenfeld)
* ''[[Toward the African Revolution]]'' (1964), (1969 translation by [[Haakon Chevalier]]: New York: Grove Press)
* ''Alienation and Freedom'' (2018), eds Jean Khalfa and [[Robert J. C. Young]], revised edition (translation by Steve Corcoran: London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]])

===Books on Fanon===
* Williams, James S. (2023). [[Frantz Fanon (book)|Frantz Fanon]], [[Reaktion Books]].
* Anthony Alessandrini (ed.), ''Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives'' (1999, New York: Routledge)
* Gavin Arnall, ''Subterranean Fanon: An Underground Theory of Radical Change'' (2020, New York: Columbia University Press)
* Stefan Bird-Pollan, ''Hegel, Freud and Fanon: The Dialectic of Emancipation'' (2014, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
* Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, ''Frantz Fanon and the Psychology Of Oppression'' (1985, New York: Plenum Press), {{ISBN|0-306-41950-5}}
* David Caute, ''Frantz Fanon'' (1970, London: Wm. Collins and Co.)
* [[Alice Cherki]], ''Frantz Fanon. Portrait'' (2000, Paris: Éditions du Seuil)
* Patrick Ehlen, ''Frantz Fanon: A Spiritual Biography'' (2001, New York: Crossroad 8th Avenue), {{ISBN|0-8245-2354-7}}
* Joby Fanon, ''Frantz Fanon, My Brother: Doctor, Playwright, Revolutionary'' (2014, United States: Lexington Books)
* Peter Geismar, ''Fanon'' (1971, Grove Press)
* Irene Gendzier, ''Frantz Fanon: A Critical Study'' (1974, London: Wildwood House), {{ISBN|0-7045-0002-7}}
* [[Nigel Gibson|Nigel C. Gibson]] (ed.), ''Rethinking Fanon: The Continuing Dialogue'' (1999, Amherst, New York: Humanity Books)
* Nigel C. Gibson, ''Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination'' (2003, Oxford: Polity Press)
* Nigel C. Gibson, ''Fanonian Practices in South Africa'' (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan)
* Nigel C. Gibson (ed.), ''Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives'' (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan and the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal Press)
* Nigel C. Gibson and Roberto Beneduce ''Frantz Fanon, Psychiatry and Politics'' (2017, London: Rowman and Littlefield International and The University of Witwatersrand Press)
* [[Alexander V. Gordon]], ''Frantz Fanon and the Fight for National Liberation'' (1977, Moscow: Nauka, in Russian)
* [[Lewis Gordon|Lewis R. Gordon]], ''Fanon and the Crisis of European Man: An Essay on Philosophy and the Human Sciences'' (1995, New York: Routledge)
* Lewis Gordon, ''What Fanon Said'' (2015, New York, Fordham) {{ISBN|9780823266081}}
* Lewis R. Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee T. White (eds), ''Fanon: A Critical Reader'' (1996, Oxford: Blackwell)
* Peter Hudis, ''Frantz Fanon: Philosopher of the Barricades'' (2015, London: Pluto Press)
* Christopher J. Lee, ''Frantz Fanon: Toward a Revolutionary Humanism'' (2015, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press)
* [[David Macey]], ''Frantz Fanon: A Biography'' (2012, 2nd ed., London: Verso), {{ISBN|978-1-844-67773-3}}
* David Marriott, ''Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being'' (2018, Palo Alto, Stanford UP), {{ISBN|9780804798709}}
* Richard C. Onwuanibe, ''A Critique of Revolutionary Humanism: Frantz Fanon'' (1983, St. Louis: Warren Green)
* Adam Shatz, ''The Rebel's Clinic: The Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon'' (2024, Farrar, Straus and Giroux), {{ISBN|9780374176426}}
* [[Ato Sekyi-Otu]], ''Fanon's Dialectic of Experience'' (1996, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press)
* [[T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting]], ''Frantz Fanon: Conflicts and Feminisms'' (1998, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
* Renate Zahar, ''Frantz Fanon: Colonialism and Alienation'' (1969, trans. 1974, Monthly Review Press)

===Films on Fanon===
* [[Isaac Julien]], ''Frantz Fanon: Black Skin White Mask'', a 1996 documentary (San Francisco: California Newsreel)
* ''[[Frantz Fanon, une vie, un combat, une œuvre]]'', a 2001 documentary
* [[Concerning Violence]]: Nine scenes from the Anti-Imperialist Self-Defense, a 2014 documentary written and directed by Göran Olsson that is based on Frantz Fanon's essay "Concerning Violence", from his 1961 book ''The Wretched of the Earth''.
* ''[[Luce (film)|Luce]]'' – the main character of the movie wrote a paper about Frantz Fanon and is said to be inspired by his ideology.
* {{ill|Fanon (film)|fr|Fanon (film)|italic=yes|lt=Fanon,}} a 2025 biopic directed by Jean-Claude Barny about Frantz Fanon's life and involvement in the Algerian independence movement.

==See also==
* [[By any means necessary]]
* [[Decolonization]]
* [[Double consciousness]]
* [[François Tosquelles]]
* [[French philosophy]]
* [[History of Martinique]]
* [[Political violence]]

==References==
{{Reflist|22em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Staniland |first1=Martin |date=January 1969 |title=Frantz Fanon and the African political class |journal=African Affairs |volume=68 |issue=270 |pages=4–25 |jstor=719495 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095826}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Emmanuel |year=1974 |title=Frantz Fanon: portrait of a revolutionary intellectual |journal=Transition |volume=46 |issue=46 |pages=25–36 |jstor=2934953|doi=10.2307/2934953 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Decker |first1=Jeffrey Louis |year=1990 |title=Terrorism (un) veiled: Frantz Fanon and the women of Algiers |journal=Cultural Critique |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=177–95 |jstor=1354144 | doi = 10.2307/1354144}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mazrui |first1=Alamin |year=1993 |title=Language and the quest for liberation in Africa: The legacy of Frantz Fanon |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=351–63 |doi=10.1080/01436599308420329}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Hussein M. |date=October 1993 |title=Frantz Fanon as a democratic theorist |journal=African Affairs |volume=92 |issue=369 |pages=499–518 | jstor = 723236 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098663 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Nigel |year=1999 |title=Beyond manicheanism: Dialectics in the thought of Frantz Fanon |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=337–64 |doi=10.1080/13569319908420802}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Grohs |first1=G. K. |year=2008 |title=Frantz Fanon and the African revolution |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=543–56 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00017778|s2cid=145286728 }}
* Hudis, Peter (December 2020). [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/12/humanism-frantz-fanon-philosophy-revolutionary-algeria 2The Revolutionary Humanism of Frantz Fanon"], ''Jacobin,'' 26 December 2020.
* {{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/07075332.2019.1703118 |title = Amílcar Cabral and the Liberation of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde: International, Transnational, and Global Dimensions|year = 2019|last1 = Lopes|first1 = Rui|last2 = Barros|first2 = Víctor|journal = The International History Review|volume = 42|issue = 6|pages = 1230–1237|hdl = 10362/94384|s2cid = 214034536|hdl-access = free}}
* Morgan, W. John and Guilherme, Alexandre, (2016), "The Contrasting Philosophies of Martin Buber and Frantz Fanon: The political in Education as dialogue or as defiance2, ''Diogenes'', Vol. 61(1) 28–43, DOI: 10.1177/0392192115615789. First published in French in 2013.
* {{Cite journal | last = Tronto | first = Joan | author-link = Joan Tronto | title = Frantz Fanon | journal = Contemporary Political Theory | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 245–52 | doi = 10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300182 | date = December 2004 | s2cid = 195282851 | url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cpt/journal/v3/n3/pdf/9300182a.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160121021802/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cpt/journal/v3/n3/pdf/9300182a.pdf | archive-date = 21 January 2016 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = von Holdt | first = Karl | title = The violence of order, orders of violence: Between Fannon and Bourdieu | journal = Current Sociology | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–31 | doi = 10.1177/0011392112456492 | date = March 2013 | s2cid = 220701604 }}
* Shatz, Adam (January 2017). [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n02/adam-shatz/where-life-is-seized "Where Life Is Seized"], ''[[London Review of Books]]'',  Vol. 39, No. 2, pages 19–27.

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/fanon/index.htm Frantz Fanon Archive] at [[Marxists Internet Archive]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816173739/http://frantzfanonfoundation-fondationfrantzfanon.com/ Frantz Fanon Foundation] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110208134724/http://frantz-fanon.com/ Frantz Fanon: the cause of colonized peoples] {{in lang|fr}} (archived February 2011)
* {{IMDb name|1148635}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Frantz Fanon}}
* [http://frantz-fanon.webs.com/  Interview with Josie Fanon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527093322/https://frantz-fanon.webs.com/ |date=27 May 2021 }} (Fanon's widow) in New York, November 1978 (in French and English)
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frantz-fanon/#SeleSecoSour Frantz Fanon, entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* The [https://portail-collections.imec-archives.com/medias/customer_166/MEDIAS_INTERNET/PDF_ir/FNN178_Fanon_frantz_ir_2018-11-29.pdf Frantz Fanon collection] which includes correspondence and manuscripts of Fanon's work is held at ''L'Institut mémoires de l'édition contemporaine'' (IMEC), in Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe, France.
{{refend}}

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