Editing Franz Marc

{{Short description|German artist (1880–1916)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox artist
| name        = Franz Marc
| image       = FranzMarc.jpg
| caption     = Franz Marc in 1910
| birth_name  = Franz Moritz Wilhelm Marc
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|1880|2|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1916|3|4|1880|2|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Braquis]], France
| field       = [[Painting]]
| training    = [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich]]
| movement    = [[Expressionism]]
| works       = ''[[The Tower of Blue Horses]]''<br> ''[[Yellow Cow]]''<br>''[[Der Blaue Reiter]]''<br>[[Blue Horse I]]<br>[[List of works by Franz Marc|List of works]]
|module={{Infobox person|embed=yes
| death_cause = [[Killed in action]] at the [[Battle of Verdun]]
| signature   = Marc autograph.png
}}
}}

'''Franz Moritz Wilhelm Marc''' (8 February 1880 &ndash; 4 March 1916)<ref>{{NDB|16|106|108|Marc, Franz|Gollek, Rosel|11857745X}}</ref> was a German painter and [[printmaking|printmaker]], one of the key figures of [[German Expressionism]]. He was a founding member of ''[[Der Blaue Reiter]]'' (The Blue Rider), a journal whose name later became synonymous with the circle of artists collaborating in it.

His mature works mostly are animals, and are known for bright colors. He was drafted to serve in the [[Imperial German Army|German Army]] at the beginning of World War I, and died two years later at the [[Battle of Verdun]].

In the 1930s, the Nazis named him a [[entarteter Künstler|degenerate artist]] as part of their suppression of modern art.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=Martin |title=The search for Franz Marc's iconic blue horses |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/the-search-for-franz-marcs-iconic-blue-horses#:~:text=In%201936%2C%20Marc's%20work%20was,fighting%20for%20Germany%20in%201916. |website=The Art Newspaper |date=15 March 2017 |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref> However, most of his work survived World War II, securing his legacy. His work is now exhibited in many eminent galleries and museums. His major paintings have attracted large sums, with a record of £42,654,500 for [[The Foxes (Marc)|''Die Füchse'' (''The Foxes'')]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brady |first1=Anna |title=Franz Marc's £42.6m Foxes leads Christie's marathon Shanghai-London auction of Modern and contemporary art |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/03/01/franz-marcs-foxes-leads-christies-marathon-shanghai-london-auction |website=theartnewspaper.com |date=March 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Franz Marc was born in 1880 in Munich, the then capital of the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]. His father, Wilhelm Marc, was a professional [[landscape painter]]; his mother, Sophie, was a homemaker and a devout, socially liberal [[Calvinist]]. At the age of 17 Marc wanted to study theology, as his older brother Paul had.<ref>{{cite book |last=Partsch |first=Susanna |title=Marc |date=2016 |publisher=Taschen |location=Köln |isbn=978-3-8365-3491-8 |page=7 |language=de |oclc=950028502 }}</ref> Two years later, however, he enrolled in the arts program of [[Munich University]]. He was first required to serve in the military for a year, after which, in 1900, he began studies instead at the [[Academy of Fine Arts, Munich]], where his teachers included [[Gabriel von Hackl]] and [[Wilhelm von Diez]].<ref name="elger">{{Cite book |title=Expressionism: A Revolution in German Art |last=Elger |first=Dietmar |date=2002 |publisher=Taschen |isbn=9783822820421 |pages=153–154}}</ref> In 1903 and 1907, he spent time in France, particularly in Paris, visiting the museums in the city and copying many paintings, a traditional way for artists to study and develop technique. In Paris, Marc frequented artistic circles, meeting numerous artists and the actress [[Sarah Bernhardt]]. He discovered a strong affinity for the work of painter [[Vincent van Gogh]].<ref name="elger"/> After the 1903 trip, he ceased attending the Academy of Fine Arts.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} 

During his 20s, Marc was involved in a number of stormy relationships, including an affair lasting for many years with Annette Von Eckhardt, a married antique dealer nine years his senior. He married twice, first to [[Marie Schnür]], then to [[Maria Marc|Maria Franck]]; both were artists.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Career==
[[File:Marc, Franz - Blue Horse I - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|Blaues Pferd I, ''[[Blue Horse I]]'' (1911)]]
In 1906, Marc traveled with his elder brother Paul, a [[Byzantine]] expert, to [[Thessaloniki]], [[Mount Athos]], and various other Greek locations. A few years later, in 1910, Marc developed an important friendship with the artist [[August Macke]]. In 1910 Marc painted ''Nude with Cat'' and ''Grazing Horses'', and showed works in the second exhibition of the ''[[Neue Künstlervereinigung]]'' (New Artists' Association, of which Marc was briefly a member) at the [[Thannhauser Galleries]] in [[Munich]].<ref name="Carl_2013">{{cite book |first1=Klaus H. |last1=Carl |first2=Franz |last2=Marc |author2-link=Franz Marc |title=Franz Marc |publisher=Parkstone Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1781602546 |oclc=1003608626 }}</ref>

===Der Blaue Reiter===
In 1911, Marc founded the ''[[Der Blaue Reiter]]'' journal, which became the center of an artist circle, along with Macke, [[Wassily Kandinsky]], and others who had decided to split off from the ''Neue Künstlervereinigung'' movement. Though  Marc showed several of his works in the first ''Der Blaue Reiter'' exhibition at the Thannhauser Galleries in Munich between December 1911 and January 1912, as it was the apex of the German [[expressionist]] movement, the exhibit also showed in Berlin, Cologne, Hagen, and Frankfurt. In 1912, Marc met [[Robert Delaunay]], whose use of color and the [[Cubist]] method was a major influence on Marc's work; fascinated by [[Futurism (art)|Futurism]] and Cubism, Marc created art that increasingly was stark in nature, painting natural abstract forms which found spiritual value in color.<ref>{{cite web |title=Der Blaue Reiter |trans-title=The Blue Rider |url=https://www.theartstory.org/movement/der-blaue-reiter/ |website=The Art Story |access-date=8 January 2021 }}</ref> He painted ''The Tiger'' and ''Red Deer'' in 1912 and ''[[The Tower of Blue Horses]]'', ''[[The Foxes (painting)|The Foxes]]'', and ''[[Fate of the Animals]]'' in 1913.<ref name="Carl_2013"/>

===Wartime===
[[File:Military NACHLASS of the painter Franz Marc.jpg|thumb|The military person's estate of Franz Marc on display in a museum]]
With the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, Marc was drafted into the [[Imperial German Army]] as a cavalryman. By February 1916, as shown in a letter to his wife, he had gravitated to [[military camouflage]]. His technique for hiding artillery from aerial observation was to paint canvas covers in broadly [[pointillist]] style. He took pleasure in creating a series of nine such tarpaulin covers in styles varying "from [[Manet]] to [[Wassily Kandinsky|Kandinsky]]", suspecting that the latter could be the most effective against aircraft flying at {{convert|2000|m}} or higher.<ref>{{cite book | title=Camouflage | publisher=Thames and Hudson / Imperial War Museum | author=Newark, Tim | year=2007 | pages=68}}</ref>

By 1916, he had been promoted to lieutenant and awarded the [[Iron Cross]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Sonny |title=From the Clairière de l'Armistice to Franz Marc |url=https://www.grayssportingjournal.com/from-the-clairiere-de-larmistice-to-franz-marc/ |website=Gray's Sporting Journal |access-date=12 June 2023 |date=27 September 2021}}</ref>

After mobilization of the German Army, the government identified notable artists to be withdrawn from combat for their own safety. Marc was on the list but was struck in the head and killed instantly by a shell splinter during the [[Battle of Verdun]] in 1916 before orders for reassignment could reach him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dantini |first=Michele |title=Modern & Contemporary Art |publisher=Sterling Publishing |year=2008 |translator-first=Timothy |translator-last=Stroud |isbn=978-1402759215 |oclc=1194440434 |page=29 }}</ref>

==Style==
[[Image:Franz Marc 005.jpg|thumb|right|Die großen blauen Pferde, ''[[Blue Horses|The Large Blue Horses]]'' (1911)]]
Marc made some sixty prints in [[woodcut]] and [[lithography]]. Most of his mature work portrays animals,<ref name="coop">{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Philip |title=Cubism |location=London |publisher=Phaidon |year=1995 |page=98 |isbn=0714832502 }}</ref> usually in natural settings. His work is characterized by bright primary color, an almost cubist portrayal of animals, stark simplicity and a profound sense of emotion. Even in his own time, his work attracted notice in influential circles. Marc gave an emotional meaning or purpose to the colors he used in his work: blue was used to portray masculinity and spirituality, yellow represented feminine joy, and red encased the sound of violence.

One of Marc's best-known paintings is ''Tierschicksale'' (''Animal Destinies'' or ''[[Fate of the Animals]]''), which hangs in the [[Kunstmuseum Basel]]. Marc had completed the work in 1913, when "the tension of impending cataclysm had pervaded society", as one art historian noted.<ref name="kleiner">{{cite book|last=Kleiner|first=Fred S.|title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages|title-link=Gardner's Art Through the Ages|year=2008|page=916 <!-- Edition not identified -->}}</ref> On the back of the canvas, Marc wrote, "Und Alles Sein ist flammend Leid" ("And all being is flaming agony").<ref name="kleiner" /><ref name="roo94">{{cite book|last=Rookmaaker|first=Hendrik Roelof|title=Modern Art and the Death of a Culture|year=1994|page=136|author-link=Hans Rookmaaker}}</ref> Serving in World War I, Marc wrote to his wife about the painting, "[it] is like a premonition of this war{{snd}}horrible and shattering. I can hardly conceive that I painted it."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred |title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages Vol II |date=2015 |publisher=Cengage |isbn=9781285839394 |page=888 |edition=15th}}</ref>

== Nazi Germany and the seizure of so-called "degenerate" art ==
After the [[National Socialists]] took power, they suppressed modern art; in 1936 and 1937, the Nazis condemned the late Marc as an ''entarteter Künstler'' (degenerate artist) and ordered approximately 130 of his works removed from exhibition in German museums. The ''Blue Horses'' was auctioned off at the infamous [[Theodor Fischer (auctioneer)|Theodor Fischer]] gallery "[[degenerate art]]" sale in Lucerne, on 29 June 1939, and acquired by the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Liège.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Artdaily|title=Exhibition of works sold by the Germans at the Lucerne auction in 1939 opens in Liege|url=https://artdaily.cc/news/74918/Exhibition-of-works-sold-by-the-Germans-at-the-Lucerne-auction-in-1939-opens-in-Liege#.YDO4P-nPw2w|access-date=22 February 2021|website=artdaily.cc|language=English}}</ref> His painting ''Landscape With Horses'' was discovered in 2012 along with more than a thousand other paintings, in the Munich apartment of [[Cornelius Gurlitt (art collector)|Cornelius Gurlitt]] whose father, [[Hildebrand Gurlitt]], was one of Hitler's four official art dealers of Modernist art the Nazis called "degenerate" which the Nazis sold or traded to raise cash for the Third Reich.<ref name="Gurlitt">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/arts/design/in-a-rediscovered-trove-of-art-a-triumph-over-the-nazis-will.html | title=In a Rediscovered Trove of Art, a Triumph Over the Nazis' Will | work=The New York Times | date=5 November 2013 | access-date=8 November 2013 | author=Kimmelman, Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A painting by Franz Marc – Pferde in Landschaft (Horses in Landscape) which was found in the collection of Cornelius Gurlitt.|url=http://art.claimscon.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Marc_Franz_-_Pferde_in_Landschaft-e1416535964463.jpg|access-date=22 February 2021|website=Claims Conference/WRJO Looted Art and Cultural Property Initiative|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, the family of [[Kurt Grawi]] demanded the restitution of Marc's painting ''[[The Foxes (painting)|The Foxes]]'' (1913) from Düsseldorf's Kunstpalast. Grawi, a German Jewish banker who had owned the painting before the Nazis rose to power<ref>{{Cite web|title=Düsseldorf faces Nazi-era claim for Franz Marc's foxes|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/duesseldorf-faces-nazi-era-claim-for-franz-marc-s-foxes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222224211/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/duesseldorf-faces-nazi-era-claim-for-franz-marc-s-foxes|archive-date=22 December 2017|access-date=22 February 2021|website=www.theartnewspaper.com|date=19 December 2017}}</ref> was arrested on [[Kristallnacht]] and incarcerated in [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]] in 1938, before he managed to flee to Chile in 1939. The painting passed through [[Galerie Nierendorf]], and William and Charlotte Dieterle, according to the German Lost Art Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=German Lost Art Foundation - Project finder - Provenance Research on Franz Marc's "Foxes" of 1913|url=https://www.kulturgutverluste.de/Content/03_Forschungsfoerderung/Projekt/Stiftung-Museum-Kunstpalast-Duesseldorf/Projekt4_en.html|access-date=15 April 2021|website=www.kulturgutverluste.de}}</ref> In 2021, the German Advisory Commission recommended that the city of Düsseldorf restitute the painting to Grawi's heirs;<ref>{{Cite news|title=German Nazi-looted art panel recommends return of Franz Marc's Foxes to heirs of Jewish banker|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/german-nazi-looted-art-panel-recommends-return-of-franz-marc-s-foxes-to-heirs|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326182234/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/german-nazi-looted-art-panel-recommends-return-of-franz-marc-s-foxes-to-heirs|archive-date=26 March 2021|access-date=29 March 2021|newspaper=The Art Newspaper - International Art News and Events|date=26 March 2021|quote=Grawi's heirs said he sold the painting purely because of his need to finance the family's escape. The advisory commission said in a press statement that a majority of its members—with three dissenters—believed the work should be restituted 'even though the sale was completed outside the National Socialist sphere of influence, and, in the light of information currently available, the payment of a fair price and the opportunity for free disposal are plausible.' The sale was nonetheless 'so closely connected with National Socialist persecution that the location of the event becomes secondary in comparison', the panel said.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Selvin|first=Claire|date=14 April 2021|title=Experts Recommend That German City Return Nazi-Looted Franz Marc Painting|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/nazi-looted-franz-marc-dusseldorf-restitution-1234589769/|access-date=15 April 2021|website=ARTnews.com|language=en-US|quote=The work has been in the Düsseldorf City Art Collection since 1962. Its original owner was the Jewish businessman and banker Kurt Grawi, who bought the painting in 1928 and fled Europe to Chile after being imprisoned at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Germany. In a letter from 1939, Grawi wrote that the sale of Foxes in New York would fund his emigration from Europe.}}</ref> this was done, and the painting was sold at Christie's by Grawi's heirs in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A timber tiger and a lantern display: Monday's best photos |last=Fidler |first=Matt |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 January 2022 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2022/jan/31/a-timber-tiger-and-a-lantern-display-mondays-best-photos}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Restituted Franz Marc 'Foxes' Painting Leads Christie's Shanghai/London Sale |url=https://www.artfixdaily.com/news_feed/2022/03/01/3196-restituted-franz-marc-foxes-painting-leads-christies-shanghai-lon |website=artfixdaily.com |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

==Legacy and honors==
[[File:Franz Marc Geburtshaus.jpg|thumb|150px|Plaque on the house where Marc was born]]
Marc's family house in Munich is marked with a historical plaque. The [[Franz Marc Museum]] which is located in Kochel am See, opened in 1986 and is dedicated to the artist's life and work. It houses many of his paintings, and also works by other contemporary artists.<ref name="fmm21">{{cite web |url=https://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120215.html |title=Franz Marc Museum |website=muenchen.de |language=de |year=2021 |publisher=Portal München Betriebs-GmbH & Co. KG |access-date=8 January 2021 }}</ref>

In October 1998, several of Marc's paintings garnered record prices at Christie's art auction house in London, including ''Rote Rehe&nbsp;I'' (''Red Deer&nbsp;I''), which sold for $3.3 million. In October 1999, his ''Der Wasserfall'' (''The Waterfall'') was sold by Sotheby's in London for $5.06 million. This price set a record for Franz Marc's work and for twentieth-century German painting. In 2008, the former record was again broken when Marc's ''Weidende Pferde&nbsp;III'' (''Grazing Horses&nbsp;III'') was sold for £12,340,500  ($24,376,190) at Sotheby's.<ref>{{cite web |title=Record for Franz Marc Set at Sotheby's |url=https://artdaily.cc/news/23172/Record-for-Franz-Marc-Set-at-Sotheby-s#.X4NUG2hKiUl |website=artdaily.cc |access-date=11 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Franz Marc's Weidende Pferde III sold for £12.3 million ($24.3 million) at Sotheby's |url=https://theartwolf.com/news/marc-weidende/ |website=The Art Wolf |date=7 February 2008 |access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LOT 13- Franz Marc WEIDENDE PFERDE III (GRAZING HORSES III) |url=https://www.sothebys.com/de/auctions/ecatalogue/2008/impressionist-and-modern-art-evening-sale-l08002/lot.13.html |website=Sotheby's |access-date=15 October 2020 |language=de}}</ref> This record was again beaten by the £42.6m sale of ''The Foxes'' in 2022. <ref>{{cite web |title=FRANZ MARC (1880-1916) The Foxes (Die Füchse) |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6358425 |website=Christies.com |access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>


==Public collections==
Among the public collections holding works by Franz Marc are    :
* [[Museum de Fundatie]], [[Zwolle]], [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web |title=De Fundatie Acquires 'Gewitterfront' by Neo Rauch |url=https://www.museumdefundatie.nl/en/de-fundatie-acquires-gewitterfront-by-neo-rauch/ |website=Museum de Fundatie |access-date=23 April 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York
* [[Franz Marc Museum]] in [[Kochel am See]]
* [[Lenbachhaus]], [[Munich]]
* [[Detroit Institute of Arts]]

==Selected images==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="7">
Franz Marc - Dog Lying in the Snow - Google Art Project.jpg|''Liegender Hund im Schnee'', ''Dog Lying in the Snow'' (1911), [[Städel Museum]], Frankfurt am Main
Franz Marc-The Yellow Cow-1911.jpg|''Die gelbe Kuh'', ''The [[Yellow Cow]]'' (1911),  Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Marc-blue-black fox.jpg|''Fuchs'', ''Fox'' (1911), Von der Heydt Museum in Wuppertal
GUGG Young Boy with a Lamb; The Good Shepherd.jpg|''Knabe mit Lamm; Der gute Hirte'', ''Young Boy with a Lamb; The Good Shepherd'' (1911), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Franz Marc- Die kleinen blauen Pferde.jpg|''Die kleinen blauen Pferde'', ''The Little Blue Horses'' (1911), [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart]]
Franz Marc Roter Stier, 1912.jpg|''Roter Stier'', ''Red Bull'' (1912),  [[Pushkin Museum]] in Moscow
Franz Marc - Der Traum - Google Art Project.jpg|''Der Traum'', ''The Dream'' (1912), [[Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum]] in Madrid  
Das Äffchen (Franz Marc, 1912).jpg|''Das Äffchen'', ''The Little Monkey'' (1912), [[Lenbachhaus]], Munich
Franz Marc - The Foxes - Google Art Project.jpg|''Die Füchse'', ''[[The Foxes (painting)|The Foxes]]'' (1913), private collection
Marc, Franz - The Tiger - Google Art Project.jpg|''Der Tiger'', ''The Tiger'' (1912), [[Lenbachhaus]] in Munich
Franz Marc 029a.jpg|''Der Turm der blauen Pferde'',<br />''[[The Tower of Blue Horses]]'' (1913),<br />missing since 1945
Franz Marc-The fate of the animals-1913.jpg|''Tierschicksale'', ''[[Fate of the Animals]]'' (1913), [[Kunstmuseum Basel]] in Basel
GUGG Dreaming Horse.jpg|''Träumendes Pferd'', ''Dreaming Horse'' (1913), [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], New York
Deer in Forest 1.jpg|Rehe im Walde I, ''Deer in Forest 1'' (1913), [[The Phillips Collection]]
Franz Marc 020.jpg|''Rehe im Walde (II)'', ''Deer in the Forest II'' (1914) 
</gallery>

==See also==
* ''[[The Tower of Blue Horses]]'', 1913, [[Art theft|missing]] since 1945

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Düchting |first=Hajo |title=Der Blaue Reiter |publisher=[[Taschen]] |location=Köln |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-8228-5577-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rosenthal |first=Mark |title=Franz Marc |publisher=Prestel |year=2004 |isbn=3-7913-3094-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Partsch |first=Susanna |title= Franz Marc |publisher=Taschen |location=Köln |year=2001 |isbn=978-3-8228-5644-4 |translator-first=Karen |translator-last=Williams |oclc=441351237 }}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.kultura.oww.io/artist/id/375/ Franz Marc Virtual Gallery]{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030419044848/http://hs.riverdale.k12.or.us/~dthompso/art/marc/gallery/ Gallery of Marc's work]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030212053805/http://hs.riverdale.k12.or.us/~dthompso/art/marc/links.html Links on Marc]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/marc/ WebMuseum Franz Marc Page]
* [http://www.thegreatcat.org/the-cat-in-art-and-photos-2/cats-in-art-20th-century/franz-marc-1880-1916-german/  Franz Marc's Cats in Art]
* {{Librivox author |id=659}}

{{Franz Marc}}
{{Camoufleurs}}
{{Der Blaue Reiter}}
{{Degenerate art}}{{Expressionism}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marc, Franz}}

[[Category:Franz Marc| ]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Munich]]
[[Category:Artists from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:20th-century German painters]]
[[Category:20th-century German male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century German printmakers]]
[[Category:German male painters]]
[[Category:German Expressionist painters]]
[[Category:German modern painters]]
[[Category:Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni]]
[[Category:Camoufleurs]]
[[Category:Military personnel of Bavaria]]
[[Category:German military personnel killed in World War I]]
[[Category:German Army personnel of World War I]]