Editing Fred Ebb

{{Short description|American lyricist (1928–2004)}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name            = Fred Ebb
| image           = Fred Ebb.jpg
| caption         = 
| background      = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name      = 
| birth_date      = {{Birth date|1928|04|08}}
| birth_place     = New York City, U.S. 
| death_date      = {{Death date and age|2004|09|11|1928|04|08}}
| death_place     = New York City, U.S. 
| occupation      = Lyricist
| genre           = Musical theatre, film, television
| years_active    = 1956–2004
| associated_acts = [[Kander and Ebb]]
}}

'''Fred Ebb''' (April 8, 1928 – September 11, 2004)<ref>U.S. Census, April 1, 1930, State of New York, County of Bronx, enumeration district 188, p. 1-B.</ref> was an American musical theatre lyricist who had many successful collaborations with composer [[John Kander]]. The [[Kander and Ebb]] team frequently wrote for such performers as [[Liza Minnelli]] and [[Chita Rivera]].

==Background==

He worked during the early 1950s bronzing baby shoes, as a trucker's assistant, and was also employed in a department store credit office and at a hosiery company. He graduated from [[New York University]] with a bachelor's degree in [[English Literature]], and also earned his master's degree in English from [[Columbia University]].<ref name=jesse>McKinley, Jesse.[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/13/arts/fred-ebb-76-lyricist-behind-cabaret-and-other-hits-dies.html "Fred Ebb, 76, Lyricist Behind 'Cabaret' and Other Hits, Dies"] ''The New York Times'', September 13, 2004.</ref>

One of his early collaborators was [[Philip Springer]], and a song they wrote together ("I Never Loved Him Anyhow") was recorded by [[Carmen McRae]] in 1956.<ref>[http://www.carmenmcraediscography.com/50s.html "Carmen McRae Discography"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426073211/http://www.carmenmcraediscography.com/50s.html |date=2009-04-26 }} carmenmcraediscography.com, generated on August 22, 2006, accessed August 21, 2011. The song was registered for copyright and recorded by McRae under the title "Never Loved Him Anyhow".</ref> Another song Ebb wrote with Springer was "Heartbroken" (1953), which was recorded by [[Judy Garland]], the mother of his future protégée, [[Liza Minnelli]]. Other Springer-Ebb tunes include "Nevertheless I Never Lost the Blues". "Don't Forget", which he wrote with Norman Leyden, was recorded by singer [[Eddy Arnold]] in 1954.<ref>"Full Notes on Arnold's Top Records", ''Billboard'', January 15, 1955, special Eddy Arnold section, p. 28.</ref>

On his first theatrical writing job, he co-wrote the lyrics for the musical revue ''Baker's Dozen'' in 1951.<ref>"‘Baker's Dozen’ to Open March 8", ''The New York Times'', February 26, 1951, p. 32.</ref> He wrote songs with Norman Martin for the Off-Broadway revue ''Put It in Writing'' (1962).<ref>[http://www.lortel.org/Archives/Production/1169 ''Put It in Writing''] lortel.org, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> He also worked with composer Paul Klein from the early 1950s onward,<ref>A few of their songs from U.S. Copyright Catalog registrations: "Chummley the Camel" (1951), "Little Toy Song" (1951), "Live" (1951), "I Got Your Number" (1953), "Return to Sender" (1953), "Varsity, U.S.A" (1953), "Alone Again" (1954), "Lovin' Around" (1954).</ref> contributing songs to the cabaret revue ''Isn't America Fun'' (1959)<ref>"Isn't American Fun?" (advertisement), ''The New York Times'', April 5, 1959, p. X4.</ref> and the Broadway revue ''[[From A to Z]]'' (1960), directed by [[Christopher Hewett]].

Fred Ebb was the voice of the "Little Blue Man", on Betty Johnson's novelty song from 1958, repeating the words: "I Rov You... to Bits".

With Klein, Ebb wrote his first book musical, ''Morning Sun''. Originally, [[Bob Fosse]] was attached as director. Fosse eventually withdrew from the project, and the show ran for 6 performances Off-Broadway in October 1963.<ref>[http://www.lortel.org/Archives/Production/3702 ''Morning Sun''] lortel.org, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref><ref>[https://masterworksbroadway.com/artist/fred-ebb/ "Fred Ebb Biography"] masterworksbroadway.com, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

== Kander and Ebb ==
{{main|Kander and Ebb}}
Music publisher [[Tommy Valando]] introduced Ebb to Kander in 1962. After a few songs such as "My Coloring Book", Kander and Ebb wrote a stage musical, ''Golden Gate'', that was never produced. However, the quality of the score convinced producer [[Harold Prince]] to hire them for their first professional production, the [[George Abbott]]-directed musical ''[[Flora the Red Menace]]'' (1965), based on [[Lester Atwell]]'s novel ''[[Love is Just Around the Corner (novel)|Love is Just Around the Corner]]''. Although it won star [[Liza Minnelli]] a [[Tony Award]], the show closed after only 87 performances.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/flora-the-red-menace-alvin-theatre-vault-0000000893# ''Flora the Red Menace''] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

Their second collaboration, ''[[Cabaret (musical)|Cabaret]]'', was considerably more successful, running for 1,165-performances. Directed by Prince and based on the [[John Van Druten]] play ''[[I Am a Camera]]'' (which, in turn, was based on the writing of [[Christopher Isherwood]]), the musical starred [[Jill Haworth]] as [[Sally Bowles]], [[Bert Convy]] as Clifford Bradshaw, [[Lotte Lenya]] as Fräulein Schneider and [[Joel Grey]] as the emcee. The original Broadway production opened on November 20, 1966 and won eight of the 11 Tony Awards for which it was nominated, including [[Tony Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]] and Best Score.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/cabaret-broadhurst-theatre-vault-0000002056# ''Cabaret''] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> Adapted into a film by [[Bob Fosse]], it won eight Academy Awards, though not Best Picture. It was revived three times, first in 1987 with Grey reprising his role and again in 1998 in a long-running revival, originally starring [[Alan Cumming]] as the emcee and [[Natasha Richardson]] as Sally Bowles. The third revival began in 2014 and also starred [[Alan Cumming]] this time alongside [[Michelle Williams (actress)|Michelle Williams]].<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/cabaret-2338 " 'Cabaret' Broadway"] ibdb.com, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

Their next few works were less successful: ''[[The Happy Time]]'' (1968), directed by [[Gower Champion]] and starring [[Robert Goulet]], ran for less than a year.<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-happy-time-3115 ''The Happy Time''] ibdb.com, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> ''[[Zorba (musical)|Zorba]]'' (1968), directed by Prince, also ran less than a year, though it was more successful in its 1983 revival;<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/zorba-3434 ''Zorba''] ibdb.com, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> and ''[[70, Girls, 70]]'' (1971), which was originally intended as an off-Broadway production, closed after 35 performances.<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/70-girls-70-3598 ''70, Girls, 70''] ibdb.com, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

In 1972, he wrote the television special, ''[[Liza with a Z]]'' for Liza Minnelli.<ref>Stanley, Alessandra. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/arts/television/31liza.html&usg "In 'Liza With a Z,' a Broadway Baby Knocks 'Em Dead"] ''The New York Times'', March 31, 2006</ref><ref>Patterson, Troy. [https://slate.com/culture/2006/03/liza-with-a-z-reviewed.html "Divas Gone Wild"] ''Slate'' March 31, 2006</ref> In 1974, Kander, Ebb and Fosse contributed to a concert for Liza Minnelli on Broadway. In 1973 Ebb wrote the television special that marked [[Frank Sinatra]]'s comeback from retirement, ''[[Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra]]'' (also known as ''Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back''). The show featured Sinatra and guest star [[Gene Kelly]] in duet on the song "Can't Do That Anymore", written by Ebb for his abandoned musical with Kander and [[Dale Wasserman]], ''Wait for Me, World!''.<ref name="Terrace2013">{{cite book|author=Vincent Terrace|title=Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936-2012, 2d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of0QAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|date=19 June 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-1240-9|pages=157–}}</ref> In 1975, the team wrote the score to ''[[Funny Lady]]'', the sequel to ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]''.

''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]'' (1975) had mixed reviews but ran for more than two years on Broadway. Starring [[Chita Rivera]], [[Jerry Orbach]] and [[Gwen Verdon]] in her last Broadway role, it suffered from a cynical attitude, which contrasted with the record-breaking popularity of ''[[A Chorus Line]]''. Though rumors of a film production directed again by Fosse were heard, the show was revived in 1996 as part of the ''[[Encores!]]'' staged concert series. A hit, the minimalist production transferred to Broadway, starring [[Ann Reinking]] (Roxie) and [[Bebe Neuwirth]] (Velma).<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/chicago-9942 " 'Chicago' Broadway"] ibdb.com, retrieved January 22, 2019</ref> The revival holds the record as the longest-running musical revival and the longest-running American musical in Broadway history. It is the second longest-running show in Broadway history, behind only ''[[The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)|The Phantom of the Opera]]'', having played its 7,486th performance on November 23, 2014, surpassing ''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]''.<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/all-that-jazz-chicago-becomes-second-longest-running-broadway-show-tonight-com-335960# " "All That Jazz": 'Chicago' Becomes Second Longest-Running Broadway Show Tonight"] Playbill, November 23, 2014</ref><ref>Staff. [http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/long-runs-on-broadway-109864# "Longest-Running Shows on Broadway"] Playbill, January 4, 2019</ref>

Ebb wrote the book for [[Shirley MacLaine]]’s Broadway solo revue in 1976.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/shirley-maclaine-palace-theatre-vault-0000009162# "Shirley MacLaine"] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> The following year, Kander and Ebb worked with Minnelli and Martin Scorsese twice: first, in the film ''[[New York, New York (1977 film)|New York, New York]]'', which had them write what is their best-known song, the title track; and, again in ''[[The Act (musical)|The Act]]'' (1977) a musical about a fictional nightclub act. It ran for under ten months.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/the-act-majestic-theatre-vault-0000007828# ''The Act''] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> After contributing a song to [[Phyllis Newman]]’s one-woman musical, ''[[The Madwoman of Central Park West]]'' (1979),<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/the-madwoman-of-central-park-west-22-steps-vault-0000013424# ''The Madwoman of Central Park West''] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> the team wrote ''[[Woman of the Year (musical)|Woman of the Year]]'' (1981), which starred [[Lauren Bacall]] and won the team their second Tony Award for Best Score.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/woman-of-the-year-palace-theatre-vault-0000009149# ''Woman of the Year''] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

''[[The Rink (musical)|The Rink]]'' (1984) teamed Kander and Ebb again with Minnelli and Rivera. The cast also included [[Jason Alexander]] and [[Rob Marshall]].<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/the-rink-martin-beck-theatre-vault-0000008222# ''The Rink''] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> Following the closure of the show after six months, Kander and Ebb would not produce new material, save for a song in ''[[Hay Fever (play)|Hay Fever]]'' in 1985, for nine years.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/person/fred-ebb-vault-0000001325# "Fred Ebb"] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

In 1991, the revue ''[[And The World Goes 'Round]]'' opened Off-Broadway, featuring [[Karen Ziemba]], [[Susan Stroman]] and [[Scott Ellis]].<ref>[http://www.lortel.org/Archives/Production/878 ''And The World Goes 'Round''] lortel.org, retrieved January 21, 2019</ref> The team's musical adaptation of ''[[Kiss of the Spider Woman (musical)|Kiss of the Spider Woman]]'' opened in 1993, starring [[Chita Rivera]]. Reunited with director [[Harold Prince]], the show ran for more than two years and won them their third and last Tony Award for best score.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/kiss-of-the-spider-woman-broadhurst-theatre-vault-0000002005# ''Kiss of the Spider Woman''] Playbill (vault), retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

The team's last original work to reach Broadway during Ebb's life opened in 1997. ''[[Steel Pier (musical)|Steel Pier]]'' brought together Ziemba, Ellis and Stroman and though the show was nominated for 11 Tonys, it won none and closed after two months. It also featured [[Kristin Chenoweth]]. In 1997, Ebb reworked lyrics to [[Richard Rodgers]]' melody for the television production of ''[[Cinderella (1997 film)|Cinderella]]''. Two decades earlier, Ebb refused the opportunity to write the musical ''[[Rex (musical)|Rex]]'' with Rodgers.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

The team had two works produced outside New York. ''Over & Over'', an adaptation of the [[Thornton Wilder]] play ''[[The Skin of Our Teeth]]'', was performed at the Signature Theatre in [[Arlington, Virginia]] in 1999<ref>Davidson, Susan.[http://www.curtainup.com/overando.html "Some Thoughts on Over and Over"], curtainup.com, February 10, 1999</ref> and was revamped for a 2007 staging by the [[Westport Country Playhouse]] under the title ''[[All of Us (musical)|All About Us]]''.<ref>Pincus-Roth, Zachary. [http://www.playbill.com/article/new-kander-ebb-musical-is-all-about-us-com-139722# "New Kander & Ebb Musical Is 'All About Us'"] Playbill, March 30, 2007</ref>

''[[The Visit (musical)|The Visit]]'', starring Chita Rivera and [[John McMartin]], was presented by the [[Goodman Theatre]] in Chicago, as well as the Signature Theatre in Arlington (with [[George Hearn]] replacing McMartin).<ref>Jones, Kenneth. [http://www.playbill.com/article/the-visit-with-rivera-hearn-and-jacoby-opens-may-27-com-150396# " 'The Visit', With Rivera, Hearn and Jacoby, Opens May 27"] Playbill, May 27, 2008</ref>

The story of the long collaboration between Fred Ebb and John Kander is told in James Leve's ''Kander and Ebb'' (2009). Through in-depth primary research and interviews with writers, producers, and various musical theater collaborators, Leve introduces the writing process of Kander and Ebb and explores the many revisions and stagings of their shows as each work moved from tryouts to Broadway.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kander and Ebb|last=Leve|first=James|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0300114874}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Ebb died from a heart attack on September 11, 2004, at [[Mount Sinai Morningside|St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center]] in [[Manhattan]]. He was 76.<ref name=jesse/>

At the time of his death, Ebb was working on a new musical with Kander, ''[[Curtains (musical)|Curtains: A Backstage Murder Mystery Musical Comedy]]''. The project had already lost its book writer, [[Peter Stone (writer)|Peter Stone]], who died in 2003.<ref>Lyman, Rick. [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/28/movies/peter-stone-award-winning-writer-of-1776-dies-at-73.html "Peter Stone, Award-Winning Writer of '1776,' Dies at 73"] ''The New York Times'', April 28, 2003</ref> The show's orchestrator, [[Michael Gibson (musician)|Michael Gibson]], also died (in 2005) while the project was underway.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/23/arts/music/23gibson.html?_r=0|title=Michael Gibson, 60, Trombonist and Broadway Orchestrator, Dies |newspaper= The New York Times|date= 22 July 2005| access-date= January 21, 2019}}</ref> Coincidentally, the show is about a series of deaths during the production of a Broadway musical.<ref>Green, Jesse.[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/theater/27gree.html "Kander Without Ebb? Start Spreading the News"], ''The New York Times'', August 27, 2006.</ref>

Kander continued working on the project with a new librettist [[Rupert Holmes]], writing new lyrics when necessary. The musical had its world premiere at the [[Ahmanson Theater]] in Los Angeles in July 2006, and ran on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the [[Al Hirschfeld Theatre]] from March 2007 through June 2008.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/curtains-al-hirschfeld-theatre-vault-0000008203# ''Curtains''] Playbill (vault); retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

At its 2007 ceremony, the Drama Desk honored Kander and the late Ebb with a special award for "42 years of excellence in advancing the art of the musical theater."<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/fred-ebb-5654#awards "Ebb Awards"] ibdb.com; retrieved January 21, 2019</ref>

In 2010 ''[[The Scottsboro Boys (musical)|The Scottsboro Boys]]'', a musical with lyrics by Ebb, music by Kander, and book by [[David Thompson (writer)|David Thompson]] premiered, first Off-Broadway at the [[Vineyard Theatre]], and then on Broadway at the [[Lyceum Theatre (Broadway)|Lyceum Theatre]].<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/the-scottsboro-boys-lyceum-theatre-vault-0000013656# ''The Scottsboro Boys''] Playbill (vault); retrieved January 21, 2019.</ref>

Ebb and Kander both were inducted into the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]] in 1991.<ref>[https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/55446%7C184411/fred-ebb#notes Notes for Fred Ebb], tcm.com; accessed January 10, 2018.</ref>

Ebb is interred in a mausoleum with Edwin “Eddie” Aldridge (1929–1997) and Martin Cohen (1926–1995) on the banks of Sylvan Water at [[Green-Wood Cemetery]], a National Historic Landmark in [[Brooklyn]], New York. In addition to the names and dates of each man, the phrase, "Together Forever" is chiseled on the front of the mausoleum. On June 14, 2014, Ebb was featured in the first gay-themed tour of Green-Wood Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.green-wood.com/event/gay-green-wood-trolley-tour|title=Gay Green-Wood Trolley Tour|website=Green-Wood|access-date=January 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://walkaboutny.com/2014/06/18/the-gay-graves-tour|title=The Gay Graves Tour|date=June 18, 2014|website=Walk About New York|access-date=October 16, 2014}}</ref>

==Fred Ebb Award==
The Fred Ebb Foundation, established in 2005 by instruction of Ebb's will, presents an annual award to an up-and-coming musical theatre writer (or team). The award has been presented for 14 consecutive years, and awards a total of $60,000 to the winners each year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fredebbfoundation.org/about|title=Fred Ebb Foundation|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winner(s)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fredebbfoundation.org/fred-ebb-award/past-recipients/|title=Past Recipients - Fred Ebb Foundation|work=Fred Ebb Foundation|access-date=2017-11-29|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Freya Catrin Smith, Jack Williams
|-
|2022
|Julia Riew
|-
|2021
|Isabella Dawis, Tidtaya Sinutoke
|-
|2020
|[[Michael R. Jackson]], Benjamin Bonnema, Christopher Staskel
|-
|2019
|[[Benjamin Velez]], Angela Sclafani
|-
|2018
|Will Reynolds, Eric Price
|-
|2017
|[[Shaina Taub]]
|-
|2016
|Thomas Mizer, Curtis Moore
|-
|2015
|Stacey Luftig, Phillip Palmer
|-
|2014
|Chris Miller, [[Nathan Tysen]]
|-
|2013
|[[Michael Kooman]], [[Christopher Dimond]]
|-
|2012
|Sam Willmott
|-
|2011
|[[Jeff Blumenkrantz]]
|-
|2010
|[[Douglas J. Cohen]]
|-
|2009
|[[Marcy Heisler]], [[Zina Goldrich]]
|-
|2008
|Adam Gwon
|-
|2007
|Peter Mills
|-
|2006
|[[Robert L. Freedman]], [[Steven Lutvak]]
|-
|2005
|[[John Bucchino]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{IOBDB name}}
*{{Playbill person|fred-ebb-vault-0000001325|Fred Ebb}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120122143616/https://web.archive.org/web/20120122143520/http://www.playbillvault.com/Person/Detail/1325/Fred-Ebb archive])
*[http://www.fredebbfoundation.org/ Fred Ebb Foundation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121222/http://songwritershalloffame.org/index.php/exhibits/bio/C216 Fred Ebb in the Songwriters Hall of Fame]
*[http://archives.nypl.org/mus/20346 Fred Ebb papers, 1927-2004], held by the Music Division of the [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]]
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16152 ''New York Review of Books'': Hilton Als' "Girls & Guns" (3/27/03)]
*{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p240244|label=Fred Ebb}}

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{{DramaDesk Lyrics}}
{{EmmyAward MusicLyrics}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ebb, Fred}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:American musical theatre lyricists]]
[[Category:Broadway composers and lyricists]]
[[Category:Jewish American songwriters]]
[[Category:Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:Songwriters from New York (state)]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century American songwriters]]