Editing Frederick Banting

{{Short description|Canadian medical scientist and doctor (1891–1941)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = [[Sir]]
| name               = Frederick Banting
| honorific_suffix   = {{post-nominals|size=100%|KBE|MC|FRS|FRSC|FRCS|FRCP}}
| image              = F. G. Banting 1923.jpg
| caption            = Banting in 1923
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1891|11|14}}
| birth_place        = [[Essa, Ontario]], Canada
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1941|2|21|1891|11|14}}
| death_place        = Near [[Musgrave Harbour]], Dominion of Newfoundland
| burial_place       = [[Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto|Mount Pleasant Cemetery]]
| education          = {{nowrap|[[University of Toronto]] ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MB]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]])}}
| spouse             = {{ubl|{{marriage|Marion Robertson|1924|1932|end=divorce}}|{{marriage|[[Henrietta Banting|Henrietta Ball]] |1937}}}}
| awards             = {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|{{ublist |item_style={{longitem}} | [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1923) | [[John Scott Medal]] (1923) |[[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics]] (1927) | [[Flavelle Medal]] (1931) | [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (1935)}}}}
| known_for          = Discovery of [[insulin]]
| module2            = {{infobox scientist
| embed             = yes
| field             = [[Pharmacology]]
| work_institutions = [[University of Western Ontario]]<br>[[University of Toronto]]
| signature         = 
| notable_students  = [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]]
}}
| module3            = {{infobox military person
| embed        = yes
| allegiance   = <!-- {{flagu|Canada|1921}} -->
| rank         = [[Captain (Canadian army and air force)|Captain]]{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=39}}
| battles      = 
{{Tree list}}
* [[World War I]]
** [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]]
** [[Battle of Cambrai (1918)|Battle of Cambrai]]
{{tree list/end}}
| serviceyears = 1915–1919{{sfn|Collip|1941|p=473}}
| branch       = [[Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps]]
| awards = [[Military Cross]] (1919)
| unit         = 
}}
| signature          = Frederick Banting Signature.svg
}}
'''Sir Frederick Grant Banting''' (November 14, 1891&nbsp;– February 21, 1941) was a Canadian [[pharmacologist]], [[orthopedist]], and [[field surgeon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Frederick Grant Banting|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/100-stories/Pages/banting.aspx|website=Library and Archives Canada|access-date=April 4, 2016|date=February 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420185324/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/100-stories/Pages/banting.aspx |archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> For his co-discovery of [[insulin]] and its therapeutic potential, Banting was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] with [[John Macleod (physiologist)|John Macleod]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=1966|title=Frederick Grant Banting (1891–1941) Codiscoverer of Insulin|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=198|issue=6|doi=10.1001/jama.1966.03110190142041|pages=660–61}}<!--|access-date=July 29, 2015--></ref>

Banting and his student, [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]], isolated insulin at the [[University of Toronto]] in the lab of Scottish physiologist John Macleod.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frederick Grant Banting |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095445688 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref> When he and Macleod received the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Banting shared the honours and award money with Best. That same year, the [[government of Canada]] granted Banting a lifetime [[annuity]] to continue his work.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AC10053|title=Canada rewards Banting's service. Young physician will receive $7,500 yearly from federal treasury.|last=Toronto Daily Star|date=June 28, 1923|website=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref> Frederick Banting, who received the Nobel Prize at age 32, is the youngest Nobel laureate for Physiology/Medicine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/age.html |title=Nobel Laureates by Age |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Media AB |access-date=April 3, 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Banting birthplace (30169914253).jpg|thumb|left|The Banting farm in [[Essa Township|Essa Township, Ontario]], is preserved under the [[Ontario Heritage Act]], with a commemorative plaque from the government|245x245px]]
Banting was born on November 14, 1891, in his family's farmhouse in [[Essa, Ontario]], two miles from nearby [[Alliston]].{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=15}} He was the youngest of five children of William Thompson Banting, a farmer in [[Tecumseh, Ontario|Tecumseh]], and Margaret Grant, the daughter of a [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] manager. The Bantings were a financially stable family of British and [[Northern Irish]] origin.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=16}} Banting's distant relative, the London-based undertaker [[William Banting]], popularised a weight-loss diet in 1864, and the word "Banting" entered the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' as its description.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=18}} His mother's relatives, the Grants, were of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] descent.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=16}}

With his family being located within a secure rural community, Banting was raised in prosperous circumstances.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=18}} He was often called "Fred" or "Freddie."{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=16}} Farm life largely defined most of his boyhood. He felt excluded from his siblings, all multiple years his senior, and recalled that "my older brothers could not be bothered with me for the most part."{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=19}} When he began schooling at the age of seven in Alliston, Banting was a shy, asocial boy who tired of the attendance and was bullied frequently.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=19–20}} Early difficulties with spelling ensured poor marks in exams: "I simply could not spell. Every word seemed to have about three ways of spelling. It was a guess and I invariably guessed wrong."{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=20}}  He later attributed these experiences as being the product of an [[inferiority complex]].{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=20}}

During his childhood, Banting devoted himself to farmwork, grew close with his mother, and sympathised with animals in the absence of other company.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=19, 21}} Marion Walwyn, a cousin who first met Banting in 1901, recalled that "we sat together in the swing in our yard. In an hour he didn't say one word."{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=20–21}} He continued to struggle in school and stubbornly resisted being disciplined there. After one incident, he resolved never to continue his education but was convinced otherwise by his father.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=22}} Banting's grandfather, John Banting, had urged his own children to be educated; the philosophy had influenced William, who offered to provide a fund to his sons when they turned twenty-one. In contrast to his brothers, who spent the inheritance towards their own farms, Frederick would use it towards matriculation.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=23}}

In his late teenage years, Banting grew into a tall man with engagements in school [[Canadian football|football]] and [[baseball]] teams. Both his mother and father hoped that he would find a vocation in the [[Methodism|Methodist]] ministry.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=24, 26}} He passed physics and chemistry during junior [[matriculation examination]]s in 1909, but repeated English and was required to undertake [[French language|French]] and [[Latin]]. The next year, he narrowly passed Latin but failed French and, for a second time, English composition. The principal later remembered his repeated efforts: "We would not have picked him for one on whom fame should settle. He was a white boy, a right boy."{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=25–26}} <!-- {{multiple image
| align             = center
| footer_align      = center
| direction         = horizontal
| width             = 
| footer            = 
| width1            = 167
| image1            = Insulin P10041 0001 (cropped).jpg
| alt1              =  
| caption1          = The Banting family, {{c.}} 1893
| width2            = 422
| image2            = Banting birthplace (30169914253).jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = The Banting farm in [[Essa Township|Essa Township, Ontario]], is preserved under the [[Ontario Heritage Act]], with a commemorative plaque from the government
| width3            = 
| image3            = 
| alt3              = 
| caption3          = 
}} --> 
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| footer_align      = center
| direction         = horizontal
| width             = 
| footer            = 
| width1            = 139
| image1            = Insulin P10041 0001 (cropped).jpg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = The Banting children, {{c.}} 1893
| width2            = 283
| image2            = Frederick_and_Thompson_Banting_c._1900.jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = Banting (left), aged 9 or 10, and his brother, Thompson, {{c.}} 1900
| width3            = 
| image3            = 
| alt3              = 
| caption3          = 
}}

=== College and service years ===
Banting finally passed examinations in July 1910. He stated on his application to university that he wished to be a teacher, although he also harbored aspirations of becoming a doctor.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=26}} He toured the [[Canadian West]] for the summer, traveling to [[Winnipeg]] and [[Calgary]], before enrolling at the [[University of Toronto]], where he entered the General Arts course at [[Victoria College, Toronto|Victoria College]].{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=27–28}} Despite hard work, Banting failed his first year, but decided to become a doctor and returned to repeat the year. He petitioned to join the medical program in February 1912 and was accepted.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=28–29}} In September, he dropped out of Victoria College to begin medical school at the University of Toronto.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=30}}

Banting established himself in medical school by working diligently. His roommate, Sam Graham, remembered him for studying late into the night. Besides being a successful [[Rugby football|rugby]] player, however, he was otherwise undistinguished. His grades—now without the burden of language courses—saw a marked improvement, averaging approximately a B, an above-average score. Summers were spent returning to work at the farm.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=32–33}} At Toronto's [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine]], Banting specialised in surgery.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Biography of Sir Frederick Grant Banting (1891-1941) |url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/about/banting |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=The Discovery and Early Development of Insulin – [[University of Toronto Libraries]] |publisher=[[University of Toronto]]}}</ref>

At the onset of [[World War I]], Banting, along with most Canadian men, sought to enlist in the army. He attempted to enter the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] on August 16, 1914, the day after Canada's [[Canada in World War I|declaration of war]], and then again in October, but was refused twice due to poor vision. In his third year of medical school Banting successfully joined the [[Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps]] in 1915 and was commissioned a [[Private (rank)|private]], then promoted to sergeant. He trained at a camp at [[Niagara Falls]] for the summer before his fourth year of school. The university accelerated the class by condensing the fifth year of medical school during the summer of 1916.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=33–34}} The curriculum placed more emphasis on [[surgical procedure]] and trauma; a lecture dedicated to the treatment of diabetes derived itself from [[Frederick Madison Allen]] of the [[Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research|Rockefeller Institute]], who recommended that diabetics be placed on a [[starvation diet]] for minimum [[metabolization]].{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=34–35}}

Banting's fourth year was committed to clinical work at [[Toronto General Hospital]]. Under the guidance of Clarence L. Starr, the chief surgeon at the [[Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto)|Hospital for Sick Children]], Banting gained training as an undergraduate [[Pre-registration house officer|house surgeon]]. By 1915, he had definitively resolved to practice surgery, performing his first operation—the drainage of a soldier's [[abscess]]—next winter.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=35–36}} On December 9, 1916, Banting graduated with his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine]] (M.B.) and reported for military duty the next day.<ref name=":7" /> After being promoted to lieutenant, he sailed from [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] to Britain on March 26, 1917. Shortly before departing he became engaged to Edith Roach, whom he met in 1911.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=29, 36}} Starr, an [[orthopedist]] who enlisted in 1916, had been impressed by Banting's work as an undergraduate and requested that he join him at the Granville Canadian Special Hospital in [[Ramsgate, Kent]]. On May 2, 1917, Banting assumed a position as Starr's assistant.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=37}}

For thirteen months, Banting assisted Starr, a pioneer of nerve [[suturing]], at Granville Hospital. He oversaw 125 patients and refused to levy a fee for extra services: "it gives me a certain amount of pleasure to be able to help them which repays me in a way that money never could."{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=37–38}} After some study, he gained certification in [[obstetrics]] and [[gynaecology]], and was transferred to serve in France, arriving in June 1918. Banting's first encounter with medical service came on August 8 at the [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Battle of Amiens]]. Several days were spent tending to and dressing the wounded on the front lines, in effect, as a [[general practitioner]]. In the lull between battles, Banting developed his knowledge of anatomy. Eager to see more active combat, he hoped to be deployed to [[Siberia]] with the [[Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force]].{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=38–39}}

The 44th Battalion, [[4th Canadian Division]], where Banting served, were engaged at the [[Battle of Cambrai (1918)|Battle of Cambrai]] in 1918. He witnessed much of the battle's brutality. When a German entered his [[aid post]], Banting's life was saved by a patient, an amputee sergeant, who shot the soldier at the post's door. Later, Banting was struck by shrapnel from an exploding shell, ultimately ending his frontline duty. He wished to remain in battle to continue treating the wounded but his superior, Major L.C. Palmer, insisted otherwise. For his valour, Palmer would recommend Banting to be decorated.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=40–41}} Banting was awarded the [[Military Cross]] owing to his "exceptional bravery while attending the wounded under fire."{{Sfn|Best|1942|p=21}}

Banting returned to Canada after the war and went to Toronto to complete his surgical training.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=44}} In 1918, he was awarded the license to practise medicine, surgery, and midwifery by the Royal College of Physicians of London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal College of Physicians of London |date=July 25, 1918 |title=Certificate granting F.G. Banting license to practice medicine, surgery, and midwifery. |url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AA10007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731230351/https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AA10007 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |website=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref> He studied [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic]] medicine and, in 1919–1920, was Resident Surgeon at [[The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto)|The Hospital for Sick Children]]. Banting was unable to gain a place on the hospital staff and so he decided to move to [[London, Ontario]], to set up a medical practice. From July 1920 to May 1921, he continued his general practice, while teaching orthopedics and [[anthropology]] part-time at the [[University of Western Ontario]] in London because his medical practice had not been particularly successful.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=48}} From 1921 to 1922 he lectured in [[pharmacology]] at the University of Toronto. He received his M.D. degree in 1922,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AA10009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731203233/https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AA10009|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 31, 2020|title=Certificate from the University of Toronto granting F. G. Banting the degree of M.D.|last=University of Toronto|date=June 9, 1922|website=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref> and was also awarded a gold medal.<ref name="Nobel">{{Nobelprize|accessdate=April 30, 2020}}</ref>

== Medical research ==

=== Isolation of insulin ===
{{Main|Insulin#History of study}}

[[File:C. H. Best and F. G. Banting ca. 1924.png|thumb|left|[[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] and Banting, c. 1924]]
An article he read about the [[pancreas]] piqued Banting's interest in [[diabetes]]. Banting had to give a talk on the pancreas to one of his classes at the [[University of Western Ontario]] on November 1, 1920, and he was therefore reading reports that other scientists had written.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=51–52}} Research by [[Bernhard Naunyn|Naunyn]], [[Oskar Minkowski|Minkowski]], [[Eugene Lindsay Opie|Opie]], [[Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer|Sharpey-Schafer]], and others suggested that diabetes resulted from a lack of a protein [[hormone]] secreted by the [[islets of Langerhans]] in the pancreas. Schafer had named this putative hormone "insulin". The hormone was thought to control the metabolism of sugar; its lack led to an increase of sugar in the blood which was then excreted in urine. Attempts to extract insulin from ground-up pancreas cells were unsuccessful, likely because of the destruction of the insulin by the [[proteolysis]] [[enzyme]] of the pancreas. The challenge was to find a way to extract insulin from the pancreas prior to its destruction.<ref name="Nobel"/>

[[Moses Barron]] published an article in 1920 which described experimental closure of the [[pancreatic duct]] by [[ligature (medicine)|ligature]]; this further influenced Banting's thinking. The procedure caused deterioration of the cells of the pancreas that secrete [[trypsin]] which breaks down insulin, but it left the islets of Langerhans intact. Banting realized that this procedure would destroy the trypsin-secreting cells but not the insulin. Once the trypsin-secreting cells had died, insulin could be extracted from the islets of Langerhans. Banting discussed this approach with [[John Macleod (physiologist)|John Macleod]], professor of physiology at the University of Toronto. Macleod provided experimental facilities and the assistance of one of his students, [[Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]]. Banting and Best, with the assistance of biochemist [[James Collip]], began the production of insulin by this means.<ref name="Nobel"/>

As the experiments proceeded, the required quantities could no longer be obtained by performing surgery on living dogs. In November 1921, Banting hit upon the idea of obtaining insulin from the fetal pancreas. He removed the pancreases from fetal calves at a [[William Davies Company|William Davies slaughterhouse]] and found the extracts to be just as potent as those extracted from the dog pancreases. By December 1921, he had also succeeded in extracting insulin from the adult pancreas.<ref name="rosenfeld2002">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Louis |title=Insulin: Discovery and Controversy |journal=Clinical Chemistry |date=December 1, 2002 |volume=48 |issue=12 |pages=2270–2288 |doi=10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2270 |pmid=12446492 |url=http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/48/12/2270 |language=en |issn=0009-9147|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pork and beef would remain the primary commercial sources of insulin until they were replaced by [[Insulin#Synthesis 2|genetically engineered bacteria]] in the late 20th century. On January 11, 1922, the first ever injection of insulin was given to 14-year-old Canadian [[Leonard Thompson (diabetic)|Leonard Thompson]] at [[Toronto General Hospital]]. In spring of 1922, Banting established a private practice in Toronto and began to treat diabetic patients. His first American patient was [[Elizabeth Hughes Gossett]], daughter of U.S. Secretary of State [[Charles Evans Hughes]].<ref name="bliss1982">{{cite book|last1=Bliss|first1=Michael|title=The Discovery of Insulin|date=1982|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226058979|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofinsul00blis}}</ref>

Banting and Macleod were jointly awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Banting split his half of the Prize money with Best, and Macleod split the other half of the Prize money with James Collip.

=== After insulin ===
[[File:TIMEMagazine27Aug1923.jpg|thumb|''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' cover, August 27, 1923]]
Banting was appointed Senior Demonstrator in Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1922. Next year he was elected to the new Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research, endowed by the Legislature of the province of Ontario. He also served as Honorary Consulting Physician to the Toronto General, the Hospital for Sick Children, and the Toronto Western Hospital. At the [[Banting and Best Department of Medical Research|Banting and Best Institute]], he focused his research on [[silicosis]], cancer, and the mechanisms of drowning.

In 1938, Banting's interest in aviation medicine resulted in his participation with the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) in research concerning the physiological problems encountered by pilots operating high-altitude combat aircraft. Banting headed the RCAF's Number 1 Clinical Investigation Unit (CIU), which was housed in a secret facility on the grounds of the former [[Toronto Hunt Club|Eglinton Hunt Club]] in Toronto.<ref>Canadian Space Agency. [http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/osm_aviation.asp#WWII Canada's Aerospace Medicine Pioneers – World War II Jump-Starts Aviation Medicine in Canada]. Retrieved January 3, 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013054109/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/osm_aviation.asp#WWII |date=October 13, 2014}}</ref>

During the Second World War he investigated the problems of aviators, such as "blackout" ([[Syncope (medicine)|syncope]]).<ref name="Nobel"/> He also helped Wilbur Franks with the invention of the [[G-suit]] to stop pilots from blacking out when they were subjected to [[g-force]]s while turning or diving.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=255}} Another of Banting's projects during the Second World War involved using and treating mustard gas burns. Banting even tested the gas and antidotes on himself to see if they were effective.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=256}}

== Public statements ==

=== Statements on Hudson's Bay Company ===
[[File:Photograph of Jackson and Banting on the S. S. Boethic.jpg|thumb|[[A. Y. Jackson]] and Banting on the SS ''Beothic'', 1927]]
During his 1927 Arctic trip with [[A. Y. Jackson]], Banting realized that crew or passengers on board the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) paddle wheeler SS ''Distributor'' were responsible for spreading the influenza virus down the [[Slave River]] and [[Mackenzie River]], a virus that had over the summer and autumn spread territory-wide, devastating the aboriginal population of the north.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwttimeline.ca/1925/1928JacksonBanting.htm|title=1925-1949, Historical Timeline of the Northwest Territories|last=Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Yellowknife|website=Historical Timeline of the Northwest Territories|access-date=March 13, 2019|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205154729/http://nwttimeline.ca/1925/1928JacksonBanting.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Returning from the trip, Banting gave an interview in Montreal with a ''[[Toronto Star]]'' reporter under the agreement that his statements on HBC would remain off the record.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Alexander Young|date=May 15, 1965|title=Men and books: Memories of a fellow artist, Frederick Grant Banting|url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AT10193|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=92|pages=1077–1084|via=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref> The conversation was nonetheless published in the ''Toronto Star'' and rapidly reached a wide audience across Europe and Australia.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Tester|first1=Frank James|last2=McNicoll|first2=Paule|date=Nov 2008|title=A Voice of Presence: Inuit Contributions toward the Public Provision of Health Care in Canada, 1900-1930|journal= Histoire Sociale/Social History|volume=41|issue=82|pages=535–561|doi=10.1353/his.0.0034|s2cid=144773818}}</ref> Banting was angry at the leak, having promised the Department of the Interior not to make any statements to the press prior to clearing them.<ref name=":5" />

The article noted that Banting had given the journalist C. R. Greenaway repeated instances of how the fox fur trade always favoured the company: "For over $100,000 of fox skins, he estimated that the Eskimos had not received $5,000 worth of goods."<ref name=":5" /> He traced this treatment to health, consistent with reports made in previous years by RCMP officers, suggesting that "the result was a diet of 'flour, biscuits, tea and tobacco,' with the skins that once were used for clothing traded merely for 'cheap whiteman's goods.{{'"}}<ref name=":5" />

The fur trade commissioner for the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] called Banting's remarks "false and slanderous", and a month later, the governor and general manager of HBC met Banting at the [[The Omni King Edward Hotel|King Edward Hotel]] to demand a retraction.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Banting stated that the reporter had betrayed his confidence, but did not retract his statement and reaffirmed that HBC was responsible for the death of indigenous residents by supplying the wrong kind of food and introducing diseases into the Arctic.<ref name=":4" /> As [[A. Y. Jackson]] notes in his memoir, since neither the governor nor the general manager had been to the Arctic, the meeting ended with them asking Banting's advice on what HBC ought to do: "He gave them some good advice and later he received a card at Christmas with the Governor's best wishes."<ref name=":4" />

Banting also maintained this position in his report to the Department of the Interior:<ref name=":5" /><blockquote>He noted that "infant mortality was high because of the undernourishment of the mother before birth"; that "white man's food leads to decay of native teeth"; that "tuberculosis has commenced. Saw several cases at Godhavn, Etah, Port Burwell, Arctic Bay"; that "an epidemic resembling influenza killed a considerable proportion of population at Port Burwell"; and that "the gravest danger faces the Eskimo in his transfer from a race-long hunter to a dependent trapper. White flour, sea-biscuits, tea and tobacco do not provide sufficient fuel to warm and nourish him." Furthermore, he discouraged the establishment of an Arctic hospital. The "proposed hospital at Pangnirtung would be a waste of money, as it could be reached by only a few natives." Banting's report contrasted starkly with the bland descriptions provided by the ship's physician, F. H. Stringer.</blockquote>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Frederick Banting and Marion Robertson.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Banting and Marion Robertson on their wedding day]]
Banting married twice. His first marriage was to Marion Robertson in 1924; they had one child. They divorced in 1932 and Banting married [[Henrietta Banting|Henrietta Ball]] in 1937.<ref name="Nobel" />

=== Painting ===
Banting developed an interest in painting beginning around 1921 while he was in London, Ontario.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Root-Bernstein |first=Robert |date=2006 |title=Frederick Banting, Painter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20206188 |journal=[[Leonardo (journal)|Leonardo]] |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=154 |doi=10.1162/leon.2006.39.2.154 |jstor=20206188 |issn=0024-094X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some of his first pieces were done on the back of the cardboard in which his shirts were packed by the dry-cleaners.{{Sfn|Bliss|1992|p=51}} He became friends with the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]] artists [[A. Y. Jackson]] and [[Lawren Harris]], fellow members of the [[Arts and Letters Club of Toronto]], sharing their love of the rugged Canadian landscape.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Wilton|first=Peter|date=November 16, 1999|title=Frederick Banting and the Group of Seven|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=161|issue=10|pages=1232|pmc=1230768}}</ref> Writing on Banting, Jackson recalls that "He did not want to make a business of art and would tell [would-be purchasers] to go buy a [[Arthur Lismer|Lismer]] or something else and then he would exchange it for one of his."<ref name=":4" />  An obituary said, "A member of the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto, he was one of Canada's most accomplished amateur painters."{{Sfn|Best|1942}}

In 1927, he made a sketching trip with Jackson to the [[St. Lawrence River]] in [[Quebec]]. Later that year, they travelled to RCMP outposts in the Arctic on the Canadian government supply ship ''[[SS Beothic (1918)|Beothic]]''. The sketches, done both in oils on birch panels and in pen and ink, were named after the places he visited: [[Craig Harbour, Nunavut|Craig Harbour]], Ellesmere Island; [[Pond Inlet]], Baylot Island; Eskimo tents at Etach; others were untitled. A collection of Banting's paintings was acquired by and donated to the Owens Art Gallery at [[Mount Allison University]] in 1928. Jackson and Banting also made painting expeditions to [[Great Slave Lake]], Walsh Lake ([[Northwest Territories]]), [[Georgian Bay]], [[French River (Ontario)|French River]] and the [[Sudbury District]].<ref name="NGC">{{cite encyclopedia|last=MacDonald|first=Colin S.|url=http://www.pro.rcip-chin.gc.ca/bd-dl/aac-aic-eng.jsp?emu=en.aich:/Proxapp/ws/aich/user/wwwe/Record&upp=0&m=1&w=NATIVE%28%27ARTIST+ph+words+%27%27Frederick+Banting%27%27%27%29&order=native%28%27every+AR%27%29&bio=BANTINGSirFrederickGrant.html|title=Banting, F. G. (Frederick Grant), Sir|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Canadian Artists|volume=1|publisher=National Gallery of Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524042631/http://www.pro.rcip-chin.gc.ca/bd-dl/aac-aic-eng.jsp?emu=en.aich%3A%2FProxapp%2Fws%2Faich%2Fuser%2Fwwwe%2FRecord&upp=0&m=1&w=NATIVE%28%27ARTIST+ph+words+%27%27Frederick+Banting%27%27%27%29&order=native%28%27every+AR%27%29&bio=BANTINGSirFrederickGrant.html|archive-date=May 24, 2013}}</ref>

At the time of his death in 1941, Banting was one of Canada's best-known amateur painters.<ref name=":6" /> [[Dennis Reid]], the former director of Collections and Research at the [[Art Gallery of Ontario]], views Banting's works as very much "part of the Jackson story".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fraser|first=Lynn|date=October 5, 2010|title=The determined painter: Sir Frederick Banting|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=182|issue=14|pages=E702–E704|doi=10.1503/cmaj.101232|pmc=2950206}}</ref>

=== Death ===
[[File:Graves of Frederick Grant Banting (1891–1941) and Henrietta Elizabeth Ball Banting (1912–1976) at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Graves of Frederick and Henrietta Banting at Mount Pleasant Cemetery. Decorations from visitors include rocks, candles, and an [[injector pen]].]]

In February 1941, Banting died of wounds and exposure following the crash of a [[Lockheed L-14 Super Electra]]/[[Lockheed Hudson|Hudson]] in which he was a passenger, in [[Musgrave Harbour]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]. After departing from [[Gander, Newfoundland]], both of the plane's engines failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=74088 |title=ASN Aircraft accident 20-FEB-1941 Lockheed Hudson Mark III T9449 |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |date=September 19, 2013 |access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> The navigator and co-pilot died instantly, but Banting and the pilot, Captain [[Mackey Airlines#Joseph C. Mackey|Joseph Mackey]], survived the initial impact. According to Mackey, the sole survivor, Banting died from his injuries the next day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevens |first=James |date=July 6, 2006 |title=The Maw: Searching for the Hudson Bombers |publisher= Trafford |pages=41–43 |isbn=978-1412063845}}</ref> Banting was ''en route'' to England to conduct operational tests on the [[g-suit|Franks flying suit]] developed by his colleague [[Wilbur Franks]].<ref>National Defence Canada, Canadian Forces Health Services. [http://www.forces.gc.ca/health-sante/pub/hist/ch-4-eng.asp History and Heritage. Chapter IV: Heroes and Honours]. Retrieved January 3, 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523101748/http://www.forces.gc.ca/health-sante/pub/hist/ch-4-eng.asp |date=May 23, 2013}}</ref> <!-- Death: https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AC10007 -->

Banting and his wife are buried at [[Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto|Mount Pleasant Cemetery]] in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mountpleasantgroup.com/General-Information/Our%20Monthly%20Story/story-archives/mount-pleasant-cemetery/frederick-banting.aspx |title=Mount Pleasant Cemetery Website |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021247/https://www.mountpleasantgroup.com/General-Information/Our%20Monthly%20Story/story-archives/mount-pleasant-cemetery/frederick-banting.aspx |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Legacy ==

In 1994, Banting was inducted into the [[Canadian Medical Hall of Fame]]. In 2004, he was nominated as one of the top 10 "[[The Greatest Canadian|Greatest Canadians]]" by viewers of the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]. When the final votes were counted, Banting finished fourth behind [[Tommy Douglas]], [[Terry Fox]] and [[Pierre Trudeau]].

=== Namesakes ===

[[File:Portrait of Dr. Frederick Grant Banting by Tibor Polya, 1925.jpg|thumb|upright|Oil painting of Banting in 1925 by Tibor Polya, now in the possession of the [[Portrait Gallery of Canada|National Portrait Gallery of Canada]]]]

Banting's namesake, the [[Banting Research Foundation]], was created in 1925 and provides funding to support health and biomedical research in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://bantingresearchfoundation.ca/about/history/|website=Banting Research Foundation|access-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215425/http://bantingresearchfoundation.ca/about/history/|archive-date=October 10, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Banting's name is immortalized in the yearly [[Banting Lectures]], given by an expert in diabetes, and by the creation of the [[Banting and Best Department of Medical Research]] of the [[University of Toronto]]; Sir Frederick G Banting Research Centre located on Sir Frederick Banting Driveway in the [[Tunney's Pasture]] complex, [[Ottawa]], ON;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dfrp-rbif/sn-ns/050061-eng.aspx?&qid=20243&fpn=50061 |title=Sir Frederick G. Banting Research Centre |publisher=Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat |access-date=November 14, 2016|date=January 1994 }}</ref> [[Banting Memorial High School]] in [[Alliston]], ON; [[Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School]] in [[London, Ontario|London]], ON; Sir Frederick Banting Alternative Program Site in Ottawa, ON; Frederick Banting Elementary School in [[Montréal-Nord]] QC and École Banting Middle School in [[Coquitlam]], BC.

The "Major Sir Frederick Banting, MC, RCAMC Award for Military Health Research", sponsored by the [[True Patriot Love Foundation]], is awarded annually by the Surgeon General to the researcher whose work presented at the annual Military and Veterans Health Research Forum is deemed to contribute most to military health. It was first awarded in 2011 in the presence of several Banting descendants.<ref>[http://www.cimvhr.ca/forum/pdf/Banting.pdf.] Retrieved November 29, 2012.{{dead link|date=July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/health-sante/wn-qn/bulletin/2012/ba-pb-eng.asp |title=The First Recipient of the Major Sir Frederick Banting MC, RCAMC Award for Military Health Research |publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces |url-status=dead |access-date=November 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523091730/http://www.forces.gc.ca/health-sante/wn-qn/bulletin/2012/ba-pb-eng.asp |archive-date=May 23, 2013}}</ref>

The "Canadian Forces Major Sir Frederick Banting Term Chair in Military Trauma Research" at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre was established in 2012. The first Chair holder is Colonel Homer Tien, medical director of Sunnybrook's Tory Regional Trauma Centre and Senior Specialist and Trauma Adviser to the Surgeon General.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/mobil/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=4297 |title=The Canadian Forces, Sunnybrook Hospital, and the University of Toronto Appoint the Major Banting Military Trauma Research Chair |publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Forces |access-date=November 29, 2012 |date=July 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524045422/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/mobil/news-nouvelles-eng.asp?id=4297 |archive-date=May 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Military research chair awarded |url=http://sunnybrook.ca/foundation/media/item.asp?c=11&i=804&page=23129 |publisher=Sunnybrook Foundation |date=July 4, 2012 |access-date=November 29, 2012}}</ref>

The Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship Program is administered by the [[Canadian Institutes of Health Research]], the [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]], and the [[Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada]]. The fellowship provided up to two years of funding at $70,000 per year to researchers in health, natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships|url=http://banting.fellowships-bourses.gc.ca/en/home-accueil.html|website=Government of Canada|access-date=November 14, 2016|date=February 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships Program|url=http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Students-Etudiants/PD-NP/Banting-Banting_eng.asp|website=Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada|access-date=November 14, 2016|date=June 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114233354/http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/Students-Etudiants/PD-NP/Banting-Banting_eng.asp|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Properties ===

[[Banting House]], his former home located in London, Ontario, was declared a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=Banting House National Historic Site of Canada |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/rech-srch/clic-click.aspx?/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=0&page_id=28449&query=banting&hiword=BANTINGS%20banting%20 |website=Directory of Federal Heritage Designations |publisher=Parks Canada |date=March 15, 2012 |access-date=July 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904082025/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/rech-srch/clic-click.aspx?%2Fcgi-bin%2FMsmGo.exe%3Fgrab_id=0&page_id=28449&query=banting&hiword=BANTINGS%20banting%20 |archive-date=September 4, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banting House National Historic Site of Canada |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=4021&pid=0 |website=HistoricPlaces.ca |publisher=Parks Canada |date=November 23, 1997 |access-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> The house contains a museum of the history of insulin, as well has Banting's artwork. The Banting Interpretation Centre in [[Musgrave Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador]] is a museum named after him which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the 1941 plane crash which claimed his life. The crater [[Banting (crater)|Banting]] on the [[Moon]] is also named after him for his contributions to medicine.

During the voting for "[[The Greatest Canadian|Greatest Canadians]]" in late 2003, controversy rose over the future use of the Banting family farm in [[New Tecumseth]] which had been left to the Ontario Historical Society by Banting's late nephew, Edward, in 1998. The dispute centred on the future use of the {{convert|40|ha|acre|abbr=off}} property and its buildings. In a year-long negotiation, assisted by a provincially appointed facilitator, the Town of New Tecumseth offered $1 million to the Ontario Historical Society (OHS). The town intended to turn the property over to the Sir Frederick Banting Legacy Foundation for preservation of the property and buildings, and the Legacy Foundation planned to erect a Camp for Diabetic Youths. The day after the November 22, 2006, deadline for the OHS to sign the agreement, the OHS announced that it had sold the property for housing development to Solmar Development for more than $2 million.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=June 5, 2007 |type=PDF |title=Sir Frederick Banting homestead sold to developer, family outraged |volume=176 |issue=12 |pages=1691–92 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.070613 |pmid=17548378 |pmc=1877854|last1=Fletcher |first1=K.}}</ref>

The Town of New Tecumseth announced it would designate the property under the Ontario Heritage Act. This would prevent its commercial development and obligate the owner to maintain it properly. OHS objected. The Ontario Conservation Review Board heard arguments for and against designation in September 2007 and recommended designation of the entire property in October. The Town officially passed the designation by-law on November 12, 2007.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Banting |first=Peter M., Dr. |date=November 23, 2007 |url=http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazrr/gazrr125.htm |title=The Banting Homestead is now protected! |journal=The Global Gazette |publisher=GlobalGenealogy.com |access-date=December 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225174149/http://globalgenealogy.com/globalgazette/gazrr/gazrr125.htm |archive-date=December 25, 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

Banting's artwork has gained attention in the art community; A painting of his called "St. Tîte des Cap" sold for Can$30,000 including buyer's premium at a Canadian art auction in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritchies.com/apps/index.cfm?page=auction.popUp&itemId=81838 |title=Auction Result |work=Ritchies |date=November 20, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128043412/http://www.ritchies.com/apps/index.cfm?page=auction.popUp&itemId=81838 |archive-date=November 28, 2007}}</ref>

=== Portrayals in film ===

He and his insulin discovery have also been depicted in various media formats, including comic books, the biography by Michael Bliss, and on television. The [[National Film Board of Canada]] produced a short film in 1958, ''[[The Quest (1958 film)|The Quest]]''.<ref name=evans>Gary Evans, ''In the National Interest: A Chronicle of the National Film Board of Canada from 1949 to 1989''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 1991. {{ISBN|9780802068330}}. p. 55.</ref>  The 1988 television movie ''[[Glory Enough for All]]'' depicted the search for insulin by Banting and Best, with [[R. H. Thomson]] starring as Banting. Banting is also portrayed by [[Jason Priestley]] boarding his fatal flight in the 2006 historical drama ''[[Above and Beyond (mini series)|Above and Beyond]]''.

== Awards and honours ==
*1923: [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for the discovery of [[insulin]] – shared with [[John Macleod (physiologist)|John Macleod]]
*1923: [[John Scott Medal]] of the [[Franklin Institute]]
*1927: [[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh]]
*1931: [[Flavelle Medal]] of the [[Royal Society of Canada]]
*1935: [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellowship of the Royal Society]]

Prior to the award of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for 1923<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AA10012|title=Nobel Prize medal inscribed to F. G. Banting|last=Royal Karolinska Institute|date=1923|website=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AA10013|title=Citation to F. G. Banting and J. J. R. Macleod accompanying the Nobel Prize|last=Royal Karolinska Institute|date=October 25, 1923|website=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref>—which he shared with Macleod—he received the Reeve Prize of the University of Toronto (1922).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AC10040|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629220739/https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin:C10040|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 29, 2020|title=Winners named for Reeve prize: F.G. Banting and C.H. Best are Granted Award|date=October 1922|website=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref> In 1923, the Canadian Parliament granted him a Life Annuity of $7,500.<ref name=":3" /> Following the Banting's receipt of the [[Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh]] in 1927, Banting gave the 1928 Cameron Lecture in [[Edinburgh]]. He was a member of numerous medical academies and societies in Canada and abroad, including the British and American Physiological Societies, and the American Pharmacological Society. In 1934, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Order of the British Empire|date=June 4, 1934|title=Certificate granting F. G. Banting the title of K. B. E.|url=https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AA10011|website=University of Toronto Libraries}}</ref> by [[George V|King George V]]<ref name=":0" /> and became an active vice-president of the Diabetic Association (now [[Diabetes UK]]). In May 1935 he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]].{{Sfn|Best|1942}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf |title=List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007 |date=July 2007 |website=Royal Society |access-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banting, Sir Frederick Grant |url=http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E003801b.htm |website=Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online |access-date=November 13, 2013}}</ref> In 2004, Banting was inducted into the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]].

=== Flame of Hope ===
A "[[Flame of Hope (diabetes)|Flame of Hope]]" was lit by Her Majesty [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]]<ref name=CDA>{{cite web |title=Sir Frederick G. Banting Square |url=http://www.diabetes.ca/about-cda/banting-house/sir-frederick-g-banting-square |website=Canadian Diabetes Association |access-date=July 29, 2015 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117160806/https://www.diabetes.ca/about-cda/banting-house/sir-frederick-g-banting-square |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 1989 as a tribute to Dr. Frederick Grant Banting and all the people that have lost their lives to [[diabetes]]. The flame will remain lit until there is a cure for diabetes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diabetes.co.uk/pioneers/frederick-banting.html |title=Frederick Banting |publisher=[[Diabetes.co.uk]] |access-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> When a cure is found, the flame will be extinguished by the researchers who discover the cure. The flame is located at Sir Frederick Banting Square in [[London, Ontario]], Canada beside the Banting House National Historic Site of Canada.<ref name=CDA/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Garfield |last1=Gini-Newman |first2=Bob |last2=Aitken |first3=Diane |last3=Eaton |first4=Dick |last4=Holland |first5=John |last5=Montgomery |first6=Sonia |last6=Riddock |title=Canada: A Nation Unfolding |publisher=McGraw-Hill Ryerson School |edition=2nd |date=2000}}</ref>

=== Time capsule ===
A [[time capsule]] was buried in the Sir Frederick Banting Square in 1991 to honour the 100th anniversary of Sir Frederick Banting's birth. It was buried by the International Diabetes Federation youth representatives and [[Governor General of Canada]] [[Ray Hnatyshyn]]. It will be exhumed if a cure for diabetes is found.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Diabetes |website=Canadian Diabetes Association |url=http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/history-of-diabetes |access-date=July 29, 2015 |archive-date=March 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329231438/http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/history-of-diabetes |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Honorary degrees ===
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2009}}
Sir Frederick Banting received honorary degrees from several universities:
* [[University of Western Ontario]] ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D.]]) on May 30, 1924<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees Awarded, 1881–present |website=University of Western Ontario |url=http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf |page=30 |access-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref>
* [[University of Toronto]] ([[Doctor of Science|D.Sc.]]) in 1924<ref name="library.utoronto.ca">{{cite web |title=Banting, Frederick Grant, Sir, Papers |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/banting.pdf |website=Library.utoronto.ca |access-date=July 29, 2015 |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314091429/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/banting.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] (LL.D.) in 1924<ref name="library.utoronto.ca"/><ref name="Nobel"/>
* [[University of Michigan]] (LL.D.) in 1924<ref name="library.utoronto.ca"/>
* [[Yale University]] (D.Sc.) in 1924<ref name="library.utoronto.ca"/>
* [[University of the State of New York]] (D.Sc.) in 1931<ref name="library.utoronto.ca"/>
* [[McGill University]] (D.Sc.) in 1939<ref name="library.utoronto.ca"/><ref>{{cite web|title=McGill University Honorary Degree Recipients |website=McGill University |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/secretariat/files/secretariat/hon-alph_2.pdf |access-date=July 29, 2015}} {{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

=== Honorific eponyms ===
;Events
* [[Banting Lectures]], annual lecture series organized by the [[American Diabetes Association]]
* [[Banting Award]], highly prestigious award for the best researchers in Canada, valued at $70,000 per year.
;Schools
*Ontario: [[Banting and Best Public School]], [[Toronto]]
*Ontario: [[Banting Memorial High School]], [[Alliston]]
*Ontario: [[Sir Frederick Banting Secondary School]], [[London, Ontario|London]]
*British Columbia: [[École Banting Middle School]], [[Coquitlam]]

== Tribute ==
Since 1941, the [[American Diabetes Association]] confers [[Banting Medal]]s for those with long-term contribution to diabetes research and treatment.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2013/06/19/graeme-bell-wins-banting-medal-for-scientific-achievement-award/|title=Graeme Bell Wins Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement Award|last=Wood|first=Matt|date=June 19, 2013|website=Science Life|language=en-US|access-date=December 4, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731213459/https://sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2013/06/19/graeme-bell-wins-banting-medal-for-scientific-achievement-award/|archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> In 1991, [[International Diabetes Federation]] and [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) made his birthday the [[World Diabetes Day]]. On November 14, 2016, [[Google]] celebrated his 125th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/sir-frederick-bantings-125th-birthday/|title=Sir Frederick Banting's 125th Birthday|website=Google|date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> 2021 marks the centenary of Dr. Banting's co-discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto. [[Canada Post]] issued a commemorative stamp.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commemorative stamp marks 100th anniversary of U of T's discovery of insulin |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/commemorative-stamp-marks-100th-anniversary-u-t-s-discovery-insulin |publisher=University of Toronto |accessdate=June 18, 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Collip |first=James |author-link=James Collip |date=May 1941 |title=Frederick Grant Banting, Discoverer of Insulin |journal=[[The Scientific Monthly]] |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=472–474 |jstor=17312|bibcode=1941SciMo..52..472C }}
* {{cite journal |last=Best |first=C. H. |title=Frederick Grant Banting 1891&ndash;1941 |journal=Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society |date=November 1, 1942 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=20–26 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1942.0003|s2cid=162239410 }}
*{{cite book |last=Bliss |first=Michael |url={{google books|sqCGh16dvbIC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Banting: A Biography |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |isbn=978-0-8020-7387-7 |location=Toronto, Ontario |author-link=Michael Bliss |orig-year=1984}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Banting | first1 = F. G. | last2 = Best | first2 = C. H. | doi = 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1987.tb07442.x | title = The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine: Vol. VII St. Louis, February, 1922 No. 5 | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 55–57 | year = 2009 | pmid = 3550540}}
* {{cite book |title=The Discovery of Insulin |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Bliss |last=Bliss |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |orig-year=1982 |edition=3rd |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8020-8344-9}}
* {{cite book |title=Banting as an Artist |first=A. Y. |last=Jackson |publisher=Ryerson Press |date=1943}}
* {{cite book |title=Frederick Banting |first=Margaret Mason |last=Shaw |publisher=Fitzhenry & Whiteside |date=1976 |isbn=978-0-88902-229-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/frederickbanting0000shaw }}
* {{cite book |title=Sir Frederick Banting |first=Lloyd |last=Stevenson |publisher=Ryerson Press |date=1946}}
* {{cite book |title=Banting's miracle; the story of the discoverer of insulin |first=Seale |last=Harris |publisher=Lippincott |date=1946}}
* {{cite book |title=Elixir |first=Eric |last=Walters |publisher=Puffin Canada |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-301641-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/elixir0000walt }}
* {{Cite journal 
| last1 = Raju | first1 = T. N. 
| title = The Nobel Chronicles. 1923: Frederick G Banting (1891–1941), John J R Macleod (1876–1935) 
| journal = Lancet 
| volume = 352 
| issue = 9138 
| page = 1482 
| year = 1998 
| pmid = 9808029
| doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61319-0
| s2cid = 54323266 
}}
* {{Cite journal 
| last1 = Hudson | first1 = R. P. 
| title = New light on the insulin controversy (Frederick G. Banting and J. J. R. Macleod) 
| journal = Annals of Internal Medicine 
| volume = 91 
| issue = 2 
| page = 311 
| year = 1979 
| pmid = 380438
 | doi=10.7326/0003-4819-91-2-311
}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Fletcher | first1 = K. | title = Sir Frederick Banting homestead sold to developer, family outraged | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.070613 | journal = Canadian Medical Association Journal | volume = 176 | issue = 12 | pages = 1691–92 | year = 2007 | pmid =17548378| pmc =1877854}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Shampo | first1 = M. A. | last2 = Kyle | first2 = R. A. | doi = 10.4065/80.5.576 | title = Frederick Banting – Nobel Laureate for Discovery of Insulin | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 80 | issue = 5 | page = 576 | year = 2005 | pmid =15887423| doi-access = free }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = MacLeod | first1 = J. B. A. | title = Frederick G. Banting: Giving Prospects for Life from the Past to the New Millennium | journal = Archives of Surgery | volume = 141 | issue = 7 | pages = 705–07 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16847245 | doi = 10.1001/archsurg.141.7.705}}
* {{Cite journal 
| last1 = Elliot | first1 = J. C. 
| title = Banting – a Nobel artist 
| journal = The Medical Journal of Australia 
| volume = 181 
| issue = 11–12 
| page = 631 
| year = 2004 
| pmid = 15588191
| doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06494.x 
| s2cid = 10131078 
}}
* {{Cite journal 
| last1 = Todhunter | first1 = E. N. 
| title = Frederick G. Banting, November 14, 1891–February 22, 1941 
| journal = Journal of the American Dietetic Association 
| volume = 29 
| issue = 11 
| page = 1093 
| year = 1953 
| pmid = 13108539
}}
* Les caprices du Nobel by William Rostène, ed. L'Harmattan (Paris), 2013 (in French) {{ISBN|978-2-343-01844-7}}

== External links ==
{{Archival records|title=Frederick Banting papers}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Frederick Banting}}
* [http://www.diabetes.ca/about-cda/banting-house/sir-frederick-g-banting-square Banting House National Historic Site] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117160806/https://www.diabetes.ca/about-cda/banting-house/sir-frederick-g-banting-square |date=January 17, 2021 }})
* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on September 15, 1925, "Diabetes and Insulin"
* [http://torontoplaques.com/Pages/Discovery_of_Insulin.html Ontario Plaques{{snd}}The Discovery of Insulin] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153528/http://torontoplaques.com/Pages/Discovery_of_Insulin.html |date=December 22, 2015 }})
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/health/medical-research/chasing-a-cure-for-diabetes/dr-frederick-banting-nobel-prize-laureate.html CBC Digital Archives{{snd}}Chasing a Cure for Diabetes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171116023643/https://www.simcoe.ca/Archives/Pages/Happy-Birthday-Sir-Frederick-Grant-Banting.aspx Simcoe County Archives{{snd}}"Sir Frederick Banting"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070323090430/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/physicians/002032-200-e.html Famous Canadian Physicians: Sir Frederick Banting] at Library and Archives Canada
* [http://www.worlddiabetesday.org/ World Diabetes Day on Banting's Birthday, November 14]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929000723/http://www.pwnhc.ca/timeline/index_winIFix.asp?forward=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwnhc.ca%2Ftimeline%2F1925%2F1928JacksonBanting.htm 1928 A.Y. Jackson and Frederick Banting]{{snd}}NWT Historical Timeline, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
* [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/banting.pdf Frederick Banting Papers, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314091429/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/banting.pdf |date=March 14, 2012 }}
* [https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca The Discovery and Early Development of Insulin Digital Collection, Toronto]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead|Earl of Birkenhead]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|Cover of ''Time'' magazine]]
|years=August 27, 1923}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Lloyd George]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}}
{{1923 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Canadian Medical Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banting, Frederick}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:People from New Tecumseth]]
[[Category:Physicians from Simcoe County]]
[[Category:Scientists from Simcoe County]]
[[Category:Writers from Simcoe County]]
[[Category:Canadian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Canadian Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]
[[Category:Canadian diabetologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:Members of the United Church of Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario]]
[[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]]
[[Category:Canadian fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Canadian military doctors]]
[[Category:Governor General's Horse Guards officers]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian scientists]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Canada]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1941]]
[[Category:Burials at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto]]