Editing Fuad I of Egypt

{{Short description|Sultan/King of Egypt from 1917 to 1936}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type         = monarch
| name         = Fuad I<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|arz|فؤاد الأول}}}}
| image        = Fuad I of Egypt.jpg
| alt          = 
| caption      = Official portrait, 1922
| succession   = [[King of Egypt|King of Egypt and Sovereign of Nubia, the Sudan, Kordofan and Darfur]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd|editor-first=Hugh|editor-link=Hugh Massingberd|title=Burke's Royal Families of the World |volume=II: Africa & the Middle East|year=1980 |publisher=Burke's Peerage|location=London|isbn=978-0-85011-029-6|oclc=18496936 |page=36 |chapter=The Royal House of Egypt}}</ref>
| reign        = 15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936
| predecessor  = Himself as [[List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Sultan of Egypt]]
| regent       = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha]]<br />[[Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha]]<br />[[Yehya Ibrahim Pasha]]<br />[[Saad Zaghloul|Saad Zaghloul Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmad Ziwar Pasha]]<br />[[Adli Yakan Pasha]]<br />[[Mustafa el-Nahhas|Mustafa el-Nahhas Pasha]]<br />[[Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha]]<br />[[Isma'il Sidqi|Isma'il Sidqi Pasha]]<br />[[Abdel Fattah Yahya Pasha]]<br />[[Ali Mahir Pasha]]}}
| reg-type     = [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Ministers]]
| successor    = [[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I]]
| succession2  = [[Sultan of Egypt]]
| reign2       = 9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922
| predecessor2 = [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]]
| regent2      = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=[[Hussein Rushdi Pasha]]<br />[[Muhammad Said Pasha]]<br />[[Youssef Wahba|Youssef Wahba Pasha]]<br />[[Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha]]<br />[[Adli Yakan Pasha]]<br />[[Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha]]}}
| reg-type2    = [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Ministers]]
| successor2   = Himself as [[List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty|King of Egypt]]
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Shivakiar Ibrahim]]|1895|1898|reason=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Nazli Sabri]]|1919}}
}}
| issue        = [[Prince Ismail]]<br >[[Fawkia of Egypt]]<br />[[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I of Egypt]]<br />[[Fawzia of Egypt|Fawzia, Queen of Iran]]<br />[[Princess Faiza of Egypt|Princess Faiza]]<br />[[Princess Faika of Egypt|Princess Faika]]<br />[[Princess Fathia of Egypt|Princess Fathia]]
| full name    = Ahmad Fuad<br />{{Langx|ar|أحمد فؤاد}}
| house        = [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Alawiyya]]
| father       = [[Isma'il Pasha|Isma'il I of Egypt]]
| mother       = [[Ferial Qadin]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1868|03|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place  = Giza Palace, [[Cairo]], [[Khedivate of Egypt]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|1936|04|28|1868|03|26}}
| death_place  = [[Koubbeh Palace|Qubbah Palace]], [[Cairo]], [[Kingdom of Egypt]]
| place of burial = [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
| signature    = 
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Fuad I''' ({{langx|ar|فؤاد الأول}} ''Fu’ād al-Awwal''; 26 March 1868 – 28 April 1936) was the [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan]] and later [[King of Egypt]] and [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|the Sudan]]. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]], he became Sultan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]]. He replaced the title of Sultan with King when the [[United Kingdom]] [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|unilaterally declared Egyptian independence]] in 1922.

==Early life==
Fuad was born in [[Giza Palace]] in [[Cairo]], the fifth issue of [[Isma'il Pasha of Egypt|Isma'il Pasha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosten |first=David B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7guCwAAQBAJ&dq=Prince+Adil+Tousson&pg=PT110 |title=The Last Cheetah of Egypt: A Narrative History of Egyptian Royalty from 1805 to 1953 |date=2015-12-03 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4917-7939-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpIgDQAAQBAJ&dq=Farial+Kadin&pg=PA456 |title=History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt |date=2016-09-21 |publisher=FriesenPress |isbn=978-1-4602-8027-0 |page=456 |language=en}}</ref> He spent his childhood with his exiled father in [[Naples]]. He got his education from the military academy in [[Turin]], Italy. His mother was [[Ferial Qadin]].<ref name="Hassan2000">{{cite book |author=Hassan |first=Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0T5Yx6gyUgC&pg=PR9 |title=In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805–1952 |publisher=American Univ. in Cairo Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-977-424-554-1 |page=9}}</ref>
[[File:Fuad_I_in_1910.jpg|alt=Fuad_I_in_1910|thumb|Fuad in 1910]]
Prior to becoming sultan, Fuad had played a major role in the establishment of [[Egyptian University]] (now called Cairo University). He became the university's first [[Rector (academia)|rector]] in 1908, and remained in the post until his resignation in 1913. He was succeeded as rector by then-minister of Justice [[Hussein Rushdi Pasha]]. In 1913, Fuad made unsuccessful attempts to secure the throne of [[Albania]] for himself, which had obtained its independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] a year earlier. At the time, Egypt and Sudan was ruled by his nephew, [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas II]], and the likelihood of Fuad becoming the monarch in his own country seemed remote. This, and the fact that the Muhammad Ali dynasty was of Albanian descent, encouraged Fuad to seek the Albanian throne.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Donald Malcolm |title=Cairo University and the Making of Modern Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA-l2axd-mEC&pg=PA61|series=Volume 23 of Cambridge Middle East Library|year=2002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-89433-3 |oclc=49549849|pages=61–62}}</ref> Fuad also served as president of the [[Egyptian Geographic Society]] from 1915 until 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.server2002.net/egs1/president.html |title=The Presidents of the Society |publisher=[[Egyptian Geographic Society]] |access-date=27 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724061011/http://www.server2002.net/egs1/president.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Reign==
{{Expand section|date=February 2010}}

Fuad came under consideration as a candidate for the Albanian throne, but he was ultimately bypassed in favour of a Christian ruler. He ascended the throne of the [[Sultanate of Egypt]] upon the death of his brother [[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]] in 1917. In the aftermath of the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1919]], the United Kingdom ended its protectorate over Egypt, and recognised it as a sovereign state on 28 February 1922. On 15 March 1922, Fuad issued a decree changing his title from [[Sultan of Egypt]] to [[King of Egypt]]. In 1930, he attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown by abrogating the [[1923 Constitution of Egypt|1923 Constitution]] and replacing it with a new constitution that limited the role of parliament to advisory status only. Large scale public dissatisfaction compelled him to restore the earlier constitution in 1935.

[[File:ModernEgypt, Fouad I, DHP13402-1-21 01.jpg|left|thumb|King Fuad with [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] and other ministers outside of [[Mahatet El Raml|Mahatet ar-Raml]] in Alexandria in the late 1920s]]

[[File:Fuad I on Time Magazine 1923.jpg|thumb|King Fuad I of Egypt on the ninth cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine (28 April 1923)]]

The 1923 Constitution granted Fuad vast powers. He made frequent use of his right to [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolve Parliament]]. During his reign, cabinets were dismissed at royal will, and parliaments never lasted for their full four-year term but were dissolved by decree.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abdalla|first=Ahmed|author-link=Ahmed Abdalla Rozza|title=The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt, 1923–1973|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFPoWgTLq0EC&pg=PA4|year=2008|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-416-199-5|pages=4–5}}</ref>

===Creation of the Royal Archives===
[[File:King_Fuad_I_of_Egypt,_colored.jpg|alt=King_Fuad_I_of_Egypt,_colored|thumb|Fuad, c. 1934]]
Fuad was an instrumental force in modern Egyptian [[historiography]]. He employed numerous archivists to copy, translate, and arrange eighty-seven volumes of correspondence related to his paternal ancestors from European archives, and later to collect old documents from Egyptian archives into what became the Royal Archives in the 1930s. Fuad's efforts to portray his ancestors – especially his great-grandfather Muhammad Ali, his grandfather [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim]], and his father – as nationalists and benevolent monarchs would prove to be an enduring influence on Egyptian historiography.<ref>Khaled Fahmy, ''Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt'' (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2009)</ref>

==Personal life==

Fuad married his first wife, Princess [[Shivakiar Ibrahim|Shivakiar Khanum Effendi]] (1876–1947), in Cairo, on 30 May 1895 (nikah), and at the [[Abbasiya Palace]] in Cairo, on 14 February 1896 (zifaf). She was his first cousin once removed and the only daughter of Field Marshal Prince Ibrahim Fahmi Ahmad Pasha (his first cousin) by his first wife, Vijdan Navjuvan Khanum. They had two children, a son, Ismail Fuad, who died in infancy, and a daughter, Fawkia. Unhappily married, the couple divorced in 1898.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Shahine |isbn=978-0-542-57785-7 |title=A realm apart: Egypt, time, and affective citizenship among members of the Mohamed Aly dynasty |page=89 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/305369852 |location=University of California, Irvine |degree=PhD |year=2006 |id={{ProQuest|305369852}} |first=Selim H.}}</ref> During a dispute with the brother of his first wife, Prince Ahmad Saif-uddin Ibrahim Bey, Fuad was shot in the throat. He survived, but carried that scar the rest of his life.

[[File:Prince Ahmed Fuad.jpg|thumb|right|Prince Ahmed Fuad (later Fuad I), {{circa|1900-10}}]]

Fuad married his second wife at the Bustan Palace in Cairo on 24 May 1919. She was [[Nazli Sabri]] (1894–1978), daughter of Abdu'r-Rahim Pasha Sabri, sometime Minister of Agriculture and Governor of Cairo, by his wife, [[Tawfika Khanum Sharif]]. Queen Nazli also was a maternal granddaughter of Major-General [[Muhammad Sharif Pasha]], sometime Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, and a great-granddaughter of [[Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi|Suleiman Pasha]], a French officer in [[Napoleon]]'s army who converted to [[Islam]] and reorganized the Egyptian army. The couple had five children, the future [[Farouk of Egypt|King Farouk]], and four daughters, the Princesses [[Princess Fawzia of Egypt|Fawzia]] (who became queen consort of Iran), [[Princess Faiza of Egypt|Faiza]], [[Princess Faika of Egypt|Faika]], and [[Princess Fathia of Egypt|Fathia]].

As with his first wife, Fuad's relation with his second wife was also stormy. The couple continually fought, Fuad even forbidding Nazli from leaving the palace. When Fuad died, it was said that the triumphant Nazli sold all of his clothes to a local used-clothes market in revenge. Fuad died at the [[Koubbeh Palace]] in [[Cairo]] and was buried at the Khedival [[Mausoleum]] in the ar-Rifai [[Mosque]] in Cairo.

King Fuad's wife lived as a widow after his death. She did not have good relations with her son. After Fuad's death, she left Egypt and went to the United States. She converted to Catholicism in 1950 and changed her name to Mary Elizabeth. She got deprived of her rights and titles in Egypt. Once named the world's richest and most elegant woman, she possessed one of the largest jewellery collections in the world.

==Legacy==
The Fuad (Fū’ād) (فؤاد الأول) Muslim Library in China was named after him by the [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]] [[Ma Songting]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA251|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication|editor1=Stéphane A. Dudoignon |editor2=Hisao Komatsu |editor3=Yasushi Kosugi|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=251|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> Muḥammad 'Ibrāhīm Fulayfil (محمد إبراهيم فليفل) and Muḥammad ad-Dālī (محمد الدالي) were ordered to [[Beijing]] by the King.<ref name="VersteeghEid2005">{{cite book|author1=Kees Versteegh|author2=Mushira Eid|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuNiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA382|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-14473-6|pages=382–}}</ref>

==Titles==
*'''26 March 1868 – 9 October 1917:''' ''[[His Highness]]'' Ahmed Fuad Pasha
*'''9 October 1917 – 15 March 1922:''' ''His Highness'' The Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur
*'''15 March 1922 – 28 April 1936:''' ''His Majesty'' The King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, Kordofan and Darfur

==Honours==
;Domestic{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Agriculture
* Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Culture
* Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Commerce and Industry

;Foreign{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* Ottoman Empire: [[Order of the Medjidie]], 1st Class, ''1893''
* Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''1911''
* Greece: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]], ''1912''
* United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (GCB), ''1917''
* Qajar Iran: Imperial Order of Persia, ''1919''
* Portugal: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword]], ''1920''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1|title=ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas|website=ordens.presidencia.pt}}</ref>
* Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of Vasa]], ''1921''
* Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross w/Collar of the [[Order of Carol I]], ''1921''
* Empire of Japan: Collar of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''1921''
* Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the [[Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]], ''1922''
* Spain: Collar of the [[Order of Charles III]], ''1922''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001067117&search=&lang=es|title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España|website=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}</ref>
* Kingdom of Hejaz: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Renaissance of the [[Hejaz]], ''1922''
* Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]], ''1925''
* Kingdom of Afghanistan: Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Supreme Sun]], ''1927''
* Albanian Kingdom: Grand Collar of the [[Kingdom of Albania (1928–39)|Kingdom of Albania]], ''1927''
* United Kingdom: [[Royal Victorian Chain]] (RVC), ''1927''
* French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''1927''
* Belgium: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], ''1927''
* Syria: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Umayyads]], ''1927''
* Czechoslovakia: Collar of the [[Order of the White Lion]], ''1927''
* Poland: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]], ''1932''
* Sweden: Knight of the [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]], ''1933''
* Thailand: Knight of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''1934''
* Denmark: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]], ''1932''
* Finland: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]], ''1935''
* Iran: Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Crown (Iran)|Order of the Crown]], ''1935''

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
*[[Kingdom of Egypt]]
*[[List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali dynasty]]

==References==
;General
*{{cite web|url=http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?type=ruler&ID=UqU5%2b6LRerQsyjYvByD6Vw%3d%3d|script-title=ar:الملك أحمد فؤاد الأول|publisher=Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive|location=[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]|language=ar|trans-title=King Ahmad Fuad I|access-date=27 February 2010}}

;Specific
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{PM20|FID=pe/042035}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Muhammad Ali dynasty]]|26 March|1868|28 April|1936}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hussein Kamel of Egypt|Hussein Kamel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sultan of Egypt]]
|years=1917–1922}}
{{s-non|reason=Sultanate becomes<br />independent kingdom}}
{{s-new|reason=[[Kingdom of Egypt]] established}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Egypt]]
|years=1922–1936}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk I]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-new|institution}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Rector (academia)|Rector]] of [[Cairo University]]
|years=1908–1913}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hussein Rushdi Pasha]]}}
{{s-npo|pro}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Onofrio Abbate|Onofrio Abbate Pasha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Egyptian Geographic Society|President of the Egyptian Geographic Society]]|years=1915–1918}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Isma'il Sidqi|Isma'il Sidqi Pasha]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Muhammad Ali Dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuad 01 of Egypt}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Egyptian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian monarchs]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Egypt]]
[[Category:Kings of Sudan]]
[[Category:Sultans of Egypt]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Egypt]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Albanian descent]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Circassian descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:Sons of monarchs]]