Editing Fuchsia

{{short description|Genus of plants}}
{{other uses|Fuchsia (color)|Fuchsia (disambiguation)}}
{{automatic taxobox
|image = Brincos De Princesa.jpg
|image_caption = ''Fuchsia'' hybrid
|display_parents = 2
|taxon = Fuchsia
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]&nbsp;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |author-link=Clive A. Stace |title=New Flora of the British Isles |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 |edition=3rd |page=365 |chapter=''Fuchsia'' L.&nbsp;– fuchsias |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac/page/n400}}</ref>
|synonyms =
* ''Brebissonia'' <small>Spach</small>
* ''Dorvalia'' <small>Hoffmanns.</small>
* ''Ellobium'' <small>Lilja</small>
* ''Encliandra'' <small>Zucc.</small>
* ''Kierschlegeria'' <small>Spach</small>
* ''Lyciopsis'' <small>Spach</small>
* ''Myrinia'' <small>Lilja</small>
* ''Nahusia'' <small>Schneev.</small>
* ''Quelusia'' <small>Vand.</small>
* ''Quiliusa'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
* ''Schufia'' <small>Spach</small>
* ''Skinnera'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
* ''Spachia'' <small>Lilja</small>
* ''Thilcum'' <small>Molina</small>
* ''Tilco'' <small>Adans.</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{Cite web|title=''Fuchsia'' Plum. ex L. |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000052-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[#Species|About 100; see text]].
}}

'''''Fuchsia''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|juː|ʃ|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Fuchsia (color).wav}} {{respell|FEW|shə}}) is a [[genus]] of flowering plants that consists mostly of shrubs or small trees.

Almost 110 species of ''Fuchsia'' are recognized; the vast majority are native to South America, but  a few occur north through Central America to Mexico, and also several from New Zealand to Tahiti. One species, ''[[Fuchsia magellanica|F. magellanica]]'', extends as far as the southern tip of South America, occurring on [[Tierra del Fuego]] in the cool [[temperateness|temperate]] zone, but the majority are [[tropical]] or [[subtropical]].

== Taxonomy ==
The first to be [[Species description|scientifically described]], ''[[Fuchsia triphylla]]'', was discovered on the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]] ([[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]) about 1696–1697 by the French [[Minim (religious order)|Minim]] friar and botanist, [[Charles Plumier]],<ref name=EB1911>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Fuchsia |volume=11 |pages=272–273}}</ref> during his third expedition to the Greater Antilles. He named the new genus after German [[botanist]] [[Leonhart Fuchs]] (1501–1566, {{IPA|de|fʊks|pron|de-Fuchs.ogg}}).<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Charles Plumier. ''Nova Plantarum Americanum Genera'', Paris, 1703.</ref>

The fuchsias are most closely related to the northern hemisphere genus ''[[Circaea]]'', the two lineages having diverged around 41 million years ago.<ref name="Berry2004">{{cite journal|author=Berry, Paul E. |author2=William J. Hahn |author3=Kenneth J. Sytsma |author4=Jocelyn C. Hall |author5=Austin Mast|date=2004|title=Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of ''Fuchsia'' (Onagraceae) based on noncoding nuclear and chloroplast DNA data |doi-access=free |journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=91|issue=4|pages=601–14|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.4.601|pmid=21653416 }}</ref> The presence of ''Fuchsia'' in both the Neotropics and New Zealand/Tahiti likely owes to several dispersal events of ''Fuchsia'' across the [[Antarctic land bridge]] during the [[Priabonian|Late Eocene]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=van den Ende |first1=Conrad |last2=White |first2=Lloyd T. |last3=van Welzen |first3=Peter C. |date=2017-04-01 |title=The existence and break-up of the Antarctic land bridge as indicated by both amphi-Pacific distributions and tectonics |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1342937X16302829 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=44 |pages=219–227 |bibcode=2017GondR..44..219V |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2016.12.006 |issn=1342-937X}}</ref>

== Description ==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Fuchsia flowerフクシアの花7137619.jpg|thumb|right|''Fuchsia'' sp. in Japan]]

Most fuchsias are shrubs from {{convert|0.2|to|4|m|0|abbr=on}} tall, but one New Zealand species, the kōtukutuku (''[[Fuchsia excorticata|F. excorticata]]''), is unusual in the genus in being a tree, growing up to {{convert|12|-|15|m|abbr=on}} tall. Fuchsia [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or in whorls of three to five, simple lanceolate, and usually have serrated margins (entire in some species), 1–25&nbsp;cm long, and can be either [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]], depending on the species.

The [[flower]]s are very decorative; they have a pendulous teardrop shape and are displayed in profusion throughout the summer and autumn, and all year in tropical species. They have four long, slender sepals and four shorter, broader petals; in many species, the sepals are bright red and the petals purple (colours that attract the [[hummingbird]]s that pollinate them), but the colours can vary from white to dark red, purple-blue, and orange. A few have yellowish tones. The ovary is inferior.

The [[fruit]] is a small (5–25&nbsp;mm) dark reddish green, deep red, or deep purple [[Berry (botany)|berry]], containing numerous very small seeds. The fruit of the berry of ''F. splendens'' is reportedly among the best-tasting. Its flavor is reminiscent of [[citrus]] and [[black pepper]], and it can be made into [[jam]]. The fruits of some other fuchsias are flavorless or leave a bad [[aftertaste]].<ref name=rhs>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/advicesearch/profile.aspx?PID=579|title=''Fuchsia''|publisher= Royal Horticultural Society|access-date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001421/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/advicesearch/profile.aspx?PID=579 |archive-date= Oct 5, 2013 }}</ref>

== Species ==
[[File:Fuchsia hybrida - flower view 01.jpg|thumb|right|''Fuchsia'' hybrid]]
The majority of ''Fuchsia'' species are native to Central and South America. A small additional number are found on Hispaniola (two species), in New Zealand (three species) and on Tahiti (one species). [[Philip A. Munz]] in his ''A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia'' classified the genus into seven sections of 100 species. More recent scientific publications, especially those by the botanists Dennis E. Breedlove of the University of California and, currently, Paul E. Berry  of the University of Michigan, recognize 108 species and 122 taxa, organized into 12 [[section (botany)|sections]]. In New Zealand and Tahiti, section ''Skinnera'' now consists of only three species as ''F.'' × ''colensoi'' has been determined to be a naturally occurring hybrid between ''F. excorticata'' and ''F. perscandens''. Also, ''F. procumbens'' has been placed into its own section, ''Procumbentes.'' Two other new sections are ''Pachyrrhiza'' and ''Verrucosa'', each with one species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://botany.si.edu/onagraceae/result.cfm?myFrom=tree&genus=Fuchsia|title=Onagraceae |work=Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118134348/http://botany.si.edu/onagraceae/result.cfm?myFrom=tree&genus=Fuchsia |archive-date= Nov 18, 2018 }}</ref> The Plant List, a cooperative endeavor by several leading botanical institutions to maintain a working list of all plant species, lists most currently accepted ''Fuchsia'' species and synonyms.<ref>{{cite web|title= Fuchsia |website=The Plant List |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=fuchsia|access-date=20 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624100656/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=fuchsia |archive-date= Jun 24, 2013 }}</ref>

The vast majority of garden hybrids have descended from a few parent species.<ref name="Puttock">{{cite book |author=A. G. Puttock |title=Lovely Fuchsias |publisher=Gifford |location=London |year=1959}}</ref>

=== Section ''Ellobium'' ===
Mexico and Costa Rica. This section contains three species.
* ''[[Fuchsia decidua]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia fulgens]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia splendens]]''

=== Section ''Encliandra'' ===
Mexico to Panama. Flowers on the six species in this section have flat petals and short stamens and are reflexed into the tube. Fruits contain few seeds.

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Fuchsia encliandra]]''
** ''Fuchsia encliandra'' subsp. ''encliandra''
** ''Fuchsia encliandra'' subsp. ''microphyloides''
** ''Fuchsia encliandra'' subsp. ''tetradactyla''
* ''[[Fuchsia microphylla]]''
** ''Fuchsia microphylla'' subsp. ''aprica''
** ''Fuchsia microphylla'' subsp. ''chiapensis''
** ''Fuchsia microphylla'' subsp. ''hemsleyana''
** ''Fuchsia microphylla'' subsp. ''hidalgensis''
** ''Fuchsia microphylla'' subsp. ''microphylla''
** ''Fuchsia microphylla'' subsp. ''quercertorum''
* ''[[Fuchsia obconica]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia parviflora]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia ravenii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia thymifolia]]''
** ''Fuchsia thymifolia'' subsp. ''minimiflora''
** ''Fuchsia thymifolia'' subsp. ''thymiflora''
* [[Fuchsia × bacillaris|''Fuchsia'' × ''bacillaris'']]<ref>''Fuchsia'' × ''bacillaris'' is a natural hybrid between ''F. microphylla'' ssp. ''microphylla'' and ''F. thymifolia'' ssp. ''thymifolia''.</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Section ''Fuchsia'' ===
[[File:Fuchsia boliviana 3.jpg|thumb|''Fuchsia boliviana'']]Northern Argentina to Colombia and Venezuela, and Hispaniola. With 64 currently recognized species, Sect. ''Fuchsia'' (syn. ''Eufuchsia'') is the largest section within the genus.<ref name=berry82>{{cite journal | author = Berry P. E. | year = 1982 | title = The systematics and evolution of ''Fuchsia'' Sect. ''Fuchsia'' (Onagraceae) | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 69 | issue = 1| pages = 1–199 | doi=10.2307/2398789| jstor = 2398789 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/8246 }}</ref> The flowers are perfect, with convolute petals. The stamens are erect and may or may not be exserted from the corolla; the stamens opposite the petals are shorter. The fruit has many seeds.

{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* ''[[Fuchsia abrupta]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia ampliata]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia andrei]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia aquaviridis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia austromontana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia ayavacensis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia boliviana]]''<ref>F. boliviana var. boliviana (Carrière 1877) and var. luxurians (Johnston 1925) are both synonyms of F. boliviana. Except for F. rivularis subsp. pubescens and subsp. rivularis (Berry & Hermsen 1999), there are currently no taxa of subspecific rank recognized within Section Fuchsia (Berry 1982).</ref>
* ''[[Fuchsia campii]]''<ref name=berry95>Berry, P. E. (1995). Two new species of ''Fuchsia'' section ''Fuchsia'' (Onagraceae) from southern Ecuador. ''Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature''  5(4) 318–22, f. 2.</ref>
* ''[[Fuchsia canescens]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia caucana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia ceracea]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia cinerea]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia cochabambana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia confertifolia]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia coriacifolia]]''<ref name=berry88>{{cite journal | author = Berry P. E. | year = 1988 | title = Nomenclatural changes in the genus ''Fuchsia'' | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 1150 | doi=10.2307/2399384| jstor = 2399384 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/35848 }}</ref>
* ''[[Fuchsia corollata]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia corymbiflora]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia crassistipula]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia cuatrecasaii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia decussata]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia denticulata]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia dependens]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia ferreyrae]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia fontinalis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia furfuracea]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia gehrigeri]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia glaberrima]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia harlingii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia hartwegii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia hirtella]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia hypoleuca]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia lehmannii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia llewelynii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia loxensis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia macrophylla]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia macropetala]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia macrostigma]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia magdalenae]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia mathewsii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia nigricans]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia orientalis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia ovalis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia pallescens]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia petiolaris]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia pilosa]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia polyantha]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia pringsheimii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia putumayensis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia rivularis]]''
** ''Fuchsia rivularis'' subsp. ''pubescens''
** ''Fuchsia rivularis'' subsp. ''rivularis''
* ''[[Fuchsia sanctae-rosae]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia sanmartina]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia scabriuscula]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia scherffiana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia sessifolia]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia simplicicaulis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia steyermarkii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia summa]]''<ref name=berry95/>
* ''[[Fuchsia sylvatica]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia tincta]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia triphylla]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia vargasiana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia venusta]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia vulcanica]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia wurdackii]]''
{{div col end}}

=== Section ''Hemsleyella'' ===
Venezuela to Bolivia. The fifteen species in this section are characterised by a nectary that is fused with the base of the flower tube and petals that are partly or completely lacking.

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Fuchsia apetala]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia cestroides]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia chloroloba]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia garleppiana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia huanucoensis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia inflata]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia insignis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia juntasensis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia membranaceae]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia mezae]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia nana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia pilaloensis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia salicifolia]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia tilletiana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia tunariensis]]''
{{div col end}}

=== Section ''Jimenezia'' ===
Panama and Costa Rica.
* ''[[Fuchsia jimenezii]]''

=== Section ''Kierschlegeria'' ===
Coastal central Chile. This section is made up of a single species with pendulous axillary [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]]. The leaves are sparse. The sepals are reflexed and slightly shorter than the tube.
* ''[[Fuchsia lycioides]]''

=== Section ''Pachyrrhiza'' ===
Peru.
* ''[[Fuchsia pachyrrhiza]]''<ref name="pachyrrhiza">{{cite journal | author = Berry P. E.|s2cid=86892674 |display-authors=etal | year = 1988 | title = ''Fuchsia pachyrrhiza'' (Onagraceae), a tuberous new species and section of ''Fuchsia'' from western Peru | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 13 | issue = 4| pages = 483–92 | doi=10.2307/2419193|jstor=2419193 }}</ref>

=== Section ''Procumbentes'' ===
New Zealand.
* ''[[Fuchsia procumbens]]''

=== Section ''Quelusia'' ===
[[File:Fuchsia regia - blossom (aka).jpg|thumb|''Fuchsia regia'']]
Southern Argentina and Chile, and Southeastern Brazil. The nine species in this section have the nectary fused to the base of the tube, or hypanthium. The hypanthium is cylindrical and is generally no longer than the sepals. The stamens are long and are exserted beyond the corolla.

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Fuchsia alpestris]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia bracelinae]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia brevilobis]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia campos-portoi]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia coccinea]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia glazioviana]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia hatschbachii]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia magellanica]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia regia]]''
** ''Fuchsia regia'' subsp. ''regia''
** ''Fuchsia regia'' subsp. ''reitzii''
** ''Fuchsia regia'' subsp. ''serrae''
{{div col end}}

=== Section ''Schufia'' ===
Mexico to Panama. These two species bear flowers in an erect, [[corymb]]-like [[panicle]].
* ''[[Fuchsia arborescens]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia paniculata]]''
** ''Fuchsia paniculata'' subsp. ''mixensis''
** ''Fuchsia paniculata'' subsp. ''paniculata''

The name ''Schufia'' is a [[List of taxa named by anagrams|taxonomic anagram]] derived from ''Fuchsia''.<ref name="Burkhardt2018">{{Cite book |last=Burkhardt |first=Lotte |title=Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen - Erweiterte Edition. Index of Eponymic Plant Names - Extended Edition. Index de Noms éponymiques des Plantes - Édition augmentée |date=2018-06-06 |publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin |page=A13 |isbn=978-3-946292-26-5 |language=de |doi=10.3372/epolist2018 |s2cid=187926901 }}</ref>

=== Section ''Skinnera'' ===
New Zealand and Tahiti. The three living species have a floral tube with a swelling above the ovary. The sepals curve back on themselves and the petals are small or nearly absent. A new fossil species from the Early Miocene in New Zealand was described in October 2013.
* †''[[Fuchsia antiqua]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/100/10/2052.abstract|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019063352/http://www.amjbot.org/content/100/10/2052.abstract|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 19, 2013|title=A fossil Fuchsia (Onagraceae) flower and an anther mass with in situ pollen from the early Miocene of New Zealand|author=Daphne E. Lee|work=amjbot.org}}</ref>
* ''[[Fuchsia cyrtandroides]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia excorticata]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia perscandens]]''
* ''[[Fuchsia × colensoi]]''  – a natural hybrid

=== Section ''Verrucosa'' ===
Venezuela and Colombia.
* ''[[Fuchsia verrucosa]]''

== Cultivation ==
[[File:Cultivated Fucshias at BBC Gardeners' World.jpg|thumb|Selection of cultivated fuchsias at [[BBC Gardeners' World]] in 2011]]

Fuchsias are popular garden shrubs, and once planted can live for years with a minimal amount of care.  The British Fuchsia Society<ref>{{cite web|title=British Fuchsia Society|url=http://www.thebfs.org.uk/|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> maintains a list of hardy fuchsias that have been proven to survive a number of winters throughout Britain and to be back in flower each year by July. Enthusiasts report that hundreds and even thousands of hybrids survive and prosper throughout Britain. In the United States, the Northwest Fuchsia Society maintains an extensive list of fuchsias that have proven hardy in members' gardens in the Pacific Northwest over at least three winters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Northwest Fuchsia Society|url=http://www.nwfuchsiasociety.com/hardies/hardyfuchsias.htm|access-date=20 June 2013}}</ref>

Fuchsias from sections ''Quelusia'' (''F. magellanica'', ''F. regia''), ''Encliandra'', ''Skinnera'' (''F. excorticata'', ''F. perscandens'') and ''Procumbentes'' (''F. procumbens'') have especially proven to be hardy in widespread areas of Britain and Ireland, as well as in many other countries such as New Zealand (aside from its native species) or the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.  A number of species will easily survive outdoors in agreeable mild temperate areas. Though some may not always flower in the average British summer, they will often perform well in other favorable climatic zones. Even in somewhat colder regions, a number of the hardier species will often survive as herbaceous perennials, dying back and reshooting from below ground in the spring.

Due to the favorably mild, temperate climate created by the North Atlantic Current fuchsias grow abundantly in the West Kerry and West Cork region of Ireland and in the [[Isles of Scilly]], even colonising wild areas there. While ''F. magellanica'' is not widespread in Scotland it has been known to grow wild in sheltered areas, such as the banks of local streams in Fife.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gardening by the sea|url=http://gardeningbythesea.co.uk/clinic/topic-archive/scilly-isles1.php|access-date=20 June 2013|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509033556/http://gardeningbythesea.co.uk/clinic/topic-archive/scilly-isles1.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, ''F. magellanica'' also easily survives regional winters.

=== Categories ===
Horticultural fuchsias may be categorised as upright and bushy, or trailing.  Some can be trained as [[hedge]]s, such as ''F. magellanica''. Faster-growing varieties are easiest to train.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bartlett|first=George|title=Fuchsias: a Colour Guide|year=2005|publisher=Crowood Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1852239999}}</ref> Care should be taken to choose the hardier cultivars for permanent plantings in the garden as many popular upright Fuchsias such as 'Ernie', 'Jollies Nantes' and 'Maria Landy' are not reliably winter hardy,<ref name=rhs/> but rather extremely tender ([[hardiness zone]] 10).

== Cultivars ==

[[File:Hardy Fuchsia - Alice Hoffman - geograph.org.uk - 960183.jpg|thumb|right|'Alice Hoffman']]
In the UK, 60 cultivated varieties of fuchsia have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]], including:-<ref>{{cite web  | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 39 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 27 February 2018}}</ref>
* 'Alice Hoffman'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Alice Hoffman'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95612/Fuchsia-Alice-Hoffman-(d)/Details |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> (pink sepals, white petals&nbsp;– [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]])
* 'Display'<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/44214/Fuchsia-Display/Details | title = ''Fuchsia'' 'Display' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref> (deep pink/rose pink single)
* 'Dollar Prinzessin'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Dollar Prinzessin'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/242943/Fuchsia-Dollar-Prinzessin-(d)/Details |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> ([[Cerise (color)|cerise]] sepals, purple petals&nbsp;– hardy)
* 'Garden News'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Garden News'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93220/Fuchsia-Garden-News-(d)/Details | access-date = 7 June 2020}}</ref> (light pink sepals, double magenta petals&nbsp;– hardy)
* 'Genii'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Genii'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99790/Fuchsia-Genii/Details
 | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref> (single, cerise/purple)
* 'Hawkshead' (white self)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Hawkshead'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/87155/Fuchsia-Hawkshead/Details | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref>
* 'Lady Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, white petals)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector – ''Fuchsia'' 'Lady Thumb'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92175/Fuchsia-Lady-Thumb-(d)/Details | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref>
* 'Mrs Popple'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Mrs Popple'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/84426/Fuchsia-Mrs-Popple/Details | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref>  (vigorous, red sepals, purple petals&nbsp;– hardy)
* 'Riccartonii'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Riccartonii'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/33274/Fuchsia-Riccartonii/Details | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref> (crimson sepals, purple petals)
* 'Snowcap' <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/47883/Fuchsia-Snowcap-(d)/Details | title = ''Fuchsia'' 'Snowcap' | publisher = RHS | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref> (scarlet sepals, white double petals)
* 'Swingtime' (double, scarlet sepals, white petals)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Swingtime'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/92240/Fuchsia-Swingtime-(d)/Details | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref>
* 'Thalia'<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Thalia'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/33314/Fuchsia-Thalia-(T)/Details | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref> (''tryphilla'' group, orange)
* 'Tom Thumb' (compact, pink sepals, mauve petals)<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector&nbsp;– ''Fuchsia'' 'Tom Thumb'|url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/99346/Fuchsia-Tom-Thumb/Details | access-date = 5 July 2020}}</ref>

== Pests and diseases ==
{{Main|List of fuchsia diseases}}

[[File:Fuchsia 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Fuchsia with blossom opened]]

Fuchsias are eaten by the [[caterpillar]]s of some [[Lepidoptera]], such as the [[Deilephila elpenor|elephant hawk-moth]] (''Deilephila elpenor'') and the [[black-lyre leafroller moth]] (''"Cnephasia" jactatana''). Other major insect pests include [[aphid]]s, [[miridae|mirid bugs]] such as ''[[Lygocoris]]'', ''[[Lygus]]'' and ''[[Plesiocoris]]'' spp., [[Otiorhynchus|vine weevils]] (''Otiorhynchus'' spp.), and [[greenhouse whitefly]] (''Trialeurodes vaporariorum''). Problematic [[mite]]s include the [[Aculops fuchsiae|fuchsia gall mite]] (''Aculops fuchsiae'') and [[Tetranychus urticae|red spider mite]] (''Tetranychus urticae'').

== Pronunciation and spelling ==
While the original pronunciation from the word's [[German language|German]] origin is {{IPA|de|ˈfʊksi̯ə|}}, the standard pronunciation for the common name in English is {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|j|uː|ʃ|ə}} {{respell|FEW|shə}}. As a consequence, ''fuchsia'' is often misspelled as ''{{sic|hide=on|fus|chia}}'' in English.

When pronounced as scientific [[Latin]] name, the pronunciation would be {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ʊ|k|s|i|ə}} {{respell|FUUK|see|ə}}, if one applies the rule that the root word in honorific Latin names should follow as much as possible the original pronunciation of the name of the person the plant is named for, plus the standard pronunciation of the Latin suffix. In practice, however, English-speaking botanists often pronounce it the same as the common name.

== History ==
[[File:Renaissance C14 Füllmaurer Leonhart Fuchs.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Leonhart Fuchs]] (1501–1566)]]
[[Leonhart Fuchs]], the eminent namesake of the genus, was born in 1501 in [[Wemding]] in the [[Duchy of Bavaria]]. A physician and professor, he occupied the chair of Medicine at the [[University of Tübingen]] from his appointment at the age of 34 until his death in 1566. Besides his medical knowledge, according to his record of activities which was extensive for the time, he studied plants. This was usual for the period. Most remedies and medicines were [[herbal]] and the two subjects were often inseparable. In the course of his career Fuchs wrote the seminal ''[[De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes]]'', which was richly illustrated and published in 1542. Along with Otto Brunfels (1489–1534) and Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554), also called Hieronymus Tragus, he is today considered one of the three fathers of botany.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

It was in honour of Fuchs' and his work that the fuchsia received its name shortly before 1703 by [[Charles Plumier]]. Plumier compiled his ''Nova Plantarum Americanum'', which was published in Paris in 1703, based on the results of his third plant-finding trip to the Caribbean in search of new [[genus|genera]]. In it he described ''Fuchsia triphylla flore coccinea...''. Plumier's novel species was accepted by Linnaeus in 1753 but the long descriptive name was shortened in accordance with his binomial system.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

The first fuchsia species were introduced into English gardens and glasshouses at the end of the 18th century. ''Fuchsia coccinea'' Aiton arrived at Kew Gardens in 1788 to be formally described in 1789. It was apparently shortly followed by ''Fuchsia magellanica'' Lam. There is much early confusion between these two similar-looking species in the Quelusia Section and they seem to have hybridized readily as well. ''Fuchsia magellanica'', however, proved very hardy outdoors and its cultivars soon naturalized in favorable areas of the British Isles. Other species were quickly introduced to greenhouses. Of special interest is the introduction of ''Fuchsia fulgens'' Moç. & Sessé ex DC in the 1830s as it resulted in an outpouring of new cultivars when crossed with the existing species.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

[[Philip Munz]], in his ''A Revision of the Genus Fuchsia'' (1943), repeats the story that the fuchsia was first introduced into England by a sailor who grew it in a window where it was observed by a nurseryman from [[Hammersmith]], a Mr. Lee, who succeeded in buying it and propagating it for the trade. This was supposedly either one of the short-tubed species such as ''Fuchsia magellanica'' or ''Fuchsia coccinea''. The story given by Munz first appears in the 1850s and is embellished in various early publications. Captain Firth, a sailor, brought the plant back to England from one of his trips to his home in Hammersmith where he gave it to his wife. Later [[Lee and Kennedy|James Lee]] of St. Johns Wood, nurseryman and an astute businessman, heard of the plant and purchased it for £80. He then [[Plant propagation|propagated]] as many as possible and sold them to the trade for prices ranging from £10 to £20 each. In the ''Floricultural Cabinet'', 1855, there is a report which varies slightly from the above. There it is stated that ''F. coccinea'' was given to [[Kew]] Garden in 1788 by Captain Firth and that Lee acquired it from Kew. Other than a citation at Kew itself that ''Fuchsia coccinea'' was indeed given to it by a Captain Firth, there is no firm evidence to support any of these introduction stories.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

Throughout the nineteenth century, plant-collecting fever spread throughout Europe and the United States. Many species of numerous genera were introduced, some as living plants, others as seed. The following fuchsias were recorded in England at Kew: ''F. lycioides'', 1796; ''F. arborescens'', 1824; ''F. microphylla'', 1827; ''F. fulgens'', 1830; ''F. corymbiflora'', 1840; and ''F. apetala'', ''F. decussata'', ''F. dependens'' and ''F. serratifolia'' in 1843 and 1844, the last four species attributable to [[Veitch Nurseries|Messrs. Veitch of Exeter]].

With the increasing numbers of differing species in England plant breeders began to immediately develop [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] to develop more desirable garden plants. The first recorded experiments date to 1825 as ''F. arborescens'' Χ ''F. macrostemma'' and ''F. arborescens'' X ''F. coccinea'' where the quality of the resultant plants was unrecorded.

Between 1835 and 1850 there was a tremendous influx to England of both hybrids and varieties, the majority of which have been lost.

In 1848 [[Felix Porcher]] published the second edition of his book ''Le Fuchsia son Histoire et sa Culture''. This described 520 cultivars. In 1871 in later editions of M. Porchers book reference is made to James Lye who was to become famous as a breeder of fuchsias in England. In 1883 the first book of English fuchsias was published.

Between 1900 and 1914 many of the famous cultivated varieties were produced which were grown extensively for [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]] market by many growers just outside London. During the period between the world wars, fuchsia-growing slowed as efforts were made toward crop production until after 1949, when plant and hybrid production resumed on a large scale.<ref name="Puttock"/>

In the United States, Sidney Mitchell, a member of the newly formed American Fuchsia Society in San Francisco (1929), shipped a large collection of fuchsias back to California from a nine-month trip to visit gardens in Europe in 1930. Almost immediately after the Society had been established in 1929, a thorough census and collection of fuchsias already growing in California gardens and nurseries had been undertaken under the scientific leadership and direction of [[Alice Eastwood]]. The census yielded ninety-one existing cultivars. Armed with that list, Mitchell acquired 51 new fuchsias; 48 of his plants survived the long trip. These were doled out to members of the society and local businesses. Half were also cultivated at the [[University of California Botanical Garden]] in Berkeley and the other half at the Berkeley Horticultural Nursery. A wave of interest in fuchsia breeding was launched. Together with the hybrids already in California, many famous American hybrids of the 1940s and 1950s are the descendants of this 1930 group.<ref name="Pierce">{{cite book |author= Pam Peirce |title= Wildly Successful Plants: Northern California |publisher= Sasquatch Books |location=Seattle |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Society">{{cite book |author= American Fuchsia Society |title= The Fuchsia Book |publisher= American Fuchsia Society |location=Berkeley |year=1945}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fuchsia}}
{{Wikispecies|Fuchsia}}

; Local and National Fuchsia Societies
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505143042/http://www.americanfuchsiasociety.org/articledirectory/ American Fuchsia Society]
* [http://thebfs.org.uk/ The British Fuchsia Society]
* [http://www.nzfuchsia.co.nz/ National Fuchsia Society of New Zealand]
* [http://www.nwfuchsiasociety.com/ Northwest Fuchsia Society (USA)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140516225559/http://fuchsiasoc.co.za/ Western Cape Fuchsia Society (South Africa)]

; Information Pages on Fuchsias
* [http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/finder/index.php?sname=Fuchsias Dave's Garden (USA) – Fuchsia information and reviews.]
* [http://fuchsiafinder.com/ Fuchsia Finder – Extensive database of fuchsia cultivars.]
* [http://www.fuchsiamagic.com/fuchsias/fuchsias.htm Fuchsia Magic (UK) – Fuchsia photos.]
* [http://www.fuchsietum.com/ The Fuchsietum (USA) – Extensive information on all aspects of fuchsias.]
* [http://www.fuchsiaflower.co.uk/ Lancaster, Morecambe & District Fuchsia Society (UK) – Fuchsia Flower: All you need to know.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627034238/http://www.fuchsiaflower.co.uk/ |date=2015-06-27 }}
* [http://www.nkvf.nl/data_cil/public/cil_zoeken.php Nederlandse Kring van Fuchsiavrienden (NL) – Searchable database of fuchsia cultivars.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504114521/http://www.nkvf.nl/data_cil/public/cil_zoeken.php |date=2015-05-04 }}
* [http://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=579 Royal Horticultural Society (UK) – Fuchsia growing advice.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140806093029/http://www.spokane-county.wsu.edu/spokane/eastside/flowers%20landscaping/flowers%26.htm Washington State University, Spokane County Extension (USA) – Fuchsia fact sheet.]

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[[Category:Fuchsia| ]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Central America]]
[[Category:Garden plants of South America]]
[[Category:Natural history of Hispaniola]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:Onagraceae genera]]
[[Category:Myrtales]]