Editing Fugitive

{{Short description|Person fleeing from custody}}
{{other uses|The Fugitive (disambiguation)}}
{{Globalise|date=February 2020|article|USA}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[Image:John Walsh filming a segment for America's Most Wanted.jpg|thumb|right|Fugitives are often profiled in the media in order to be apprehended, such as in the TV show ''[[America's Most Wanted]]''.]]

A '''fugitive''' or '''runaway''' is a person who is fleeing from [[Arrest|custody]], whether it be from [[jail]], a government [[arrest]], government or non-government [[interrogation|questioning]], [[vigilante]] violence, or outraged private individuals. A '''fugitive from justice''', also known as a wanted person, can be a person who is either convicted or accused of a crime and hiding from law enforcement in the state or taking refuge in a different country in order to avoid arrest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lehman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Phelps |first2=Shirelle |title=West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 5 | edition=2 |date=2005 |publisher=Thomson/Gale |location=Detroit |isbn=9780787663742 |page=12}}</ref>

A fugitive from justice alternatively has been defined as a person formally charged with a crime or a convicted criminal whose punishment has not yet been determined or fully served who is currently beyond the custody or control of the national or sub-national government or international criminal tribunal with an interest in their arrest. This latter definition adopts the perspective of the pursuing government or tribunal, recognizing that the charged (versus escaped) individual does not necessarily realize that they are officially a wanted person (e.g., due to a case of mistaken identity or reliance on a sealed indictment), and therefore may not be fleeing, hiding, or taking refuge to avoid arrest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSvUjwEACAAJ|title=Bringing International Fugitives to Justice: Extradition and its Alternatives|last=Sadoff|first=David A.|date=2016-12-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107129283|pages=30–31, 33|language=en}}</ref> The fugitive from justice is ‘international’ (versus ‘domestic’) if wanted by law enforcement authorities across a national border.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSvUjwEACAAJ|title=Bringing International Fugitives to Justice: Extradition and its Alternatives|last=Sadoff|first=David A.|date=2016-12-24|isbn=9781107129283 }}</ref>
[[Interpol]] is the international organization with no legal authority to directly pursue or detain fugitives of any kind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Legal-materials|title=Legal materials / About INTERPOL / Internet / Home - INTERPOL|website=www.interpol.int|access-date=2018-07-20|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151426/https://www.interpol.int/About-INTERPOL/Legal-materials|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Europol]] is the European authority for the pursuit of fugitives who are on the run within Europe, and coordinates their search, while national authorities in the probable country of their stay coordinate their arrest. In the [[United States]], the [[U.S. Marshals Service]] is the primary [[law enforcement agency]] that tracks down federal fugitives, though the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] also tracks fugitives.

As a verbal metaphor and psychological concept, one might also be described as a "fugitive from oneself". The literary sense of "fugitive" includes the meaning of simply "fleeing".<!--
For what may be considered obvious reasons, fugitives generally avoid contact with individuals from their home countries. However, they might spend much time on the [[Internet]] to fulfill the basic daily need for conversation, especially if they are unable to communicate well with the people in their new country. --> In many jurisdictions, a fugitive who flees custody while a trial is underway loses the right to [[appeal]] any convictions or sentences imposed on him, since the act of fleeing is deemed to flout the court's authority. In 2003, convicted rapist [[Andrew Luster]] had his appeals denied on the basis that he spent six months as a fugitive (he was [[trial in absentia|convicted ''in absentia'']]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/dockets.cfm?dist=0&doc_id=276365|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707092026/http://appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov/search/dockets.cfm?dist=0&doc_id=276365|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-07|title=California Courts - Appellate Court Case Information|website=appellatecases.courtinfo.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>[{{SCOTUS URL Docket|03-854}} Supreme Court of the United States Docket for 03-854, Andrew Stuart v. California] December 11, 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/luster/caluster62003agmot.pdf|title=Legal Blog Network - FindLaw|website=Findlaw|access-date=2011-11-20|archive-date=2006-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915235737/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/luster/caluster62003agmot.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Terminology==
While a person is being sought for potential arrest, the person may be described variously as being "at large" or as a "[[person of interest]]" to law enforcement. The latter term is frequently used in an "[[all-points bulletin]]" issued to other law enforcement persons or agencies. A person who has [[jumped bail]] after [[arraignment]] in court may be hunted or pursued by his [[bail bondsman]], and a [[Bounty (reward)|bounty]] may be "on his head." The act of fleeing from the jurisdiction of a court is described colloquially as "fleeing justice" or "running from the Law." A "[[wanted poster]]" may be issued, especially by the FBI, culminating in the "[[FBI's Most Wanted List]]" of fugitives.

"On the lam" or "on the run" often refers to fugitives. [[Mencken]]'s ''[[The American Language]]'' and ''The Thesaurus of American Slang'' proclaim that lam, lamister, and "on the lam"—all referring to a hasty departure—were common in thieves' slang before the turn of the 20th century. Mencken quotes a newspaper report on the origin of 'lam' which actually traces it indirectly back to Shakespeare's time.

{{quote|Its origin should be obvious to anyone who runs over several colloquial phrases for leavetaking, such as 'beat it' and 'hit the trail'. The allusion in 'lam' is to 'beat,' and 'beat it' is Old English, meaning 'to leave.' During the period of George Ade's 'Fables in Slang' (1900), cabaret society delight in talking slang, and 'lam' was current. Like many other terms, it went under in the flood of new usages of those days, but was preserved in criminal slang. A quarter of a century later it reappeared.}}

Mencken also quotes a story from the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' newspaper in 1938 which reported that "one of the oldest police officers in New York said that he had heard 'on the lam' thirty years ago."

==Detection methods==
Various methods<ref name="Cognitive Protocols and Mechanism for Fugitive Interdiction">{{cite web|last1=Nyagudi|first1=Nyagudi Musandu|title=Intelligence Studies in Forensic Criminology of Fugitive Emanating Definitive and Locational Parameters – dissertation without errata|url=http://files.figshare.com/1650229/NMusandu.pdf|website=Figshare|publisher=Figshare repository|access-date=11 September 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083804/http://files.figshare.com/1650229/NMusandu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> can be used to find fugitives. [[Phone tap]]s and [[pen register]]s can be used on relatives. Credit card and cell phone activities and [[electronic transfer of money]] can also be traced. [[Wanted poster]]s and rewards can also be used.<ref>{{citation|title=Most-Wanted: How Officials Find Fugitives|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=18381992|access-date=2018-04-02|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225538/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=18381992|url-status=live}}</ref> Jail records are also sometimes used; for instance, after the U.S. Government determined that [[Timothy McVeigh]] had perpetrated the [[Oklahoma City Bombing]], he was found in a local jail.

Other methods include using anonymous tips from members of the public who may have seen sight of the fugitive; [[CCTV]] and other modes of technology; news broadcasting of public awareness (depending on the severity of the crime the fugitive has committed), and co-operation with local law enforcement teams.

==See also==
* ''[[America's Most Wanted]]''
* [[Bounty hunter]]
* [[Diplomatic Security Service]] (DSS)
* [[Convict]]
* [[Crime scene getaway]]
* [[Extradition]]
* [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]
* [[Fugitive peasants]]
* [[Fugitive slaves]] 
* [[List of fugitives from justice who disappeared]]
* ''[[The Hunt with John Walsh]]''
* ''[[I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang]]''
* [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE) 
* [[Interpol]]
* [[Manhunt (law enforcement)]]
* [[Outlaw]]
* [[Prison escape]]
* [[Resisting arrest]]
* [[United States Marshals Service]]
* ''[[FBI: Most Wanted]]'', a spinoff of CBS drama ''[[FBI (TV series)|FBI]]'' follows a division of the FBI that tracks down fugitives on the [[most wanted list]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|fugitive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19961231093659/http://www.amw.com/ AMW.com] (archived)
*[https://www.fbi.gov/wanted.htm Fugitives wanted by FBI]
*[https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-Red-Notices Interpol Wanted List]
*[http://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/most_wanted/ Fugitives wanted by US Marshals]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727133823/https://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/most_wanted/ |date=2021-07-27 }}.

[[Category:Escape]]
[[Category:Fugitives| ]]
[[Category:Law enforcement terminology]]
[[Category:Itinerant living]]