Editing Fuller Building

{{Short description|Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Flatiron Building]], originally named the Fuller Building}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox building
| name            = Fuller Building
| image           = Fuller bldg sunny jeh.JPG
| image_caption   = Seen in 2009
| image_size      =
| completion_date = 1929
| opening         =
| location        = 595 Madison Avenue, [[Manhattan]], New York, U.S.
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| coordinates     = {{coord|40.7624|-73.9719|format=dms|display=it}}
| roof            = {{convert|492.13|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| floor_count     = 40
| floor_area      =
| elevator_count  = 10
| start_date      = 1928
| architect       = [[Walker & Gillette]]
| architectural_style = Art Deco
| main_contractor =
| namesake        = [[George A. Fuller Company]]
| embedded        =
{{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = NYCL
| designation1_number = 1460 (exterior)<br>1461 (interior)
| designation1_date = March 18, 1986
}}
}}

The '''Fuller Building''' is a [[skyscraper]] at [[57th Street (Manhattan)|57th Street]] and [[Madison Avenue]] in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]]. Designed by [[Walker & Gillette]], it was erected between 1928 and 1929. The building is named for its original main occupant, the [[Fuller Construction Company]], which moved from the [[Flatiron Building]].

The 40-story building is designed in the [[Art Deco]] style and contains numerous [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] as mandated by the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]]. The [[facade]] of the lowest six stories are clad with black granite and contain large [[display window]]s for stores, as well as large windows for art galleries. The triple-height main entrance is decorated with architectural sculpture by [[Elie Nadelman]]. The remaining stories are largely designed with light cast stone and smaller windows. The interior has richly decorated [[vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]]s and lobby featuring marble walls, bronze detailing, and mosaic floors.

The Fuller Building was constructed as part of the artistic hub that occupied East 57th Street during the early 20th century. At the time of its completion, the Fuller Building housed several art galleries with the address 41 East 57th Street, as well as offices at the address 595 Madison Avenue. It was purchased several times over the years before being acquired in 1999 by [[Vornado Realty Trust]], its owner {{as of|2021|lc=y}}. The Fuller Building and its interior became [[New York City designated landmark]]s in 1986.

==Site==
The Fuller Building is in the [[Midtown Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[New York City]], on the northeast corner of [[Madison Avenue]] and [[57th Street (Manhattan)|57th Street]]. The largely rectangular [[land lot]] covers approximately {{convert|12,900|ft2}},<ref name="ZoLa" /> with a [[frontage]] of {{Convert|74.5|ft}} on Madison Avenue and {{convert|150|ft}} parallel to 57th Street.<ref name="ZoLa">{{Cite web|title=597 Madison Avenue, 10022|url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1293/26#17.66/40.762342/-73.970967|url-status=live|access-date=March 20, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411174535/https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1293/26#17.66/40.762342/-73.970967}}</ref><ref name="nyht19490101">{{cite news|date=January 1, 1949|title=Florida Agency Buys Control of Fuller Building: Firm Headed by K. S. Keyes Takes Large Structure at Madison Ave., 57th St|page=14|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1326787779}}}}</ref> The [[Four Seasons Hotel New York]] is on the same block to the east. Other nearby buildings include [[432 Park Avenue]] to the south; [[590 Madison Avenue]] to the southwest; [[LVMH Tower]] and the [[L. P. Hollander Company Building]] to the west; the [[General Motors Building (Manhattan)|General Motors Building]] to the northwest; and the [[Ritz Tower]] to the east.<ref name="ZoLa" />

Before the Fuller Building was developed, the site was occupied by the [[Madison Avenue Dutch Reformed Church]],<ref name="nyt19281202">{{Cite news|date=December 2, 1928|title=New Scenes Along Madison Avenue; Fuller Building at Fifty-seventh Street Is to Be Forty Stories High|language=en-US|page=191|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/12/02/95855768.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> constructed in 1870.<ref name="nyht19281202">{{cite news|date=December 2, 1928|title=40 Floors Will Top Old Church Site on Madison Av. Corner: Building Will Be Built Over Bank of Six-Story Shops; Art Trade Is Favored|page=D2|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113697170}}}}</ref> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, East 57th Street largely contained homes and structures built for the arts.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 357">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=357}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-2042">{{cite web|date=October 19, 1999|title=130 West 57th Street Studio Building|url=http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1999---130w57.pdf|access-date=November 20, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|pages=2–3|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423083747/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1999---130w57.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Central Presbyterian Church (New York City)|Central Presbyterian Church]] bought the Madison Avenue Church structure in 1915.<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 28, 1915|title=Old Church Goes Out of Existence; Central Presbyterian Takes Property of Madison Av. Reformed at 57th Street.|language=en-US|page=3|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/02/28/301788112.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113133536/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/02/28/301788112.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the residential structures on 57th Street were replaced with offices, shops, and art galleries by the 1920s.<ref name="Stern (1987) p. 357"/><ref name="nyht19290113">{{cite news|date=January 13, 1929|title='Shanty Land' Now Site of $125,000,000 New Construction: Skyscrapers and Shops Have Replaced Homes of 5,000 Squatters in 57th Street|page=D1|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1111941344}}}}</ref> In April 1928, the Charles of London Corporation was planning to buy the Central Church building, with plans to redevelop the site with a 30-story skyscraper.<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 14, 1928|title=Plans Skyscraper on Site of Church; Charles of London Seeks to Buy the Central Presbyterian in Madison Avenue|language=en-US|page=25|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/04/14/91499082.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ultimately, the [[Fuller Construction Company]] purchased the Central Church building, and the Central Church moved to Park Avenue.<ref name="nyt19280510">{{Cite news|date=May 10, 1928|title=Fuller Co. Is Buyer of Madison Av. Site; Builders Bought Central Presbyterian Church in RecentDeal for a Skyscraper|language=en-US|page=48|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/05/10/91510891.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The Fuller Building was designed by [[Walker & Gillette]] in the [[Art Deco architecture|Art Deco style]], although in a very conservative fashion.<ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland|page=118}}</ref><ref name="aia5">{{cite aia5|page=336}}</ref> The building is {{convert|492.13|ft}} tall and contains 40 stories.<ref name="Emporis">{{Cite web|title=Fuller Building|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/115552/fuller-building-new-york-city-ny-usa|access-date=January 1, 2021|publisher=Emporis|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411174519/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/115552/fuller-building-new-york-city-ny-usa|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The building's design contains relatively little ornament, as much of the design emphasis is on its shape, as well as the contrast of granite and stone on the [[facade]]. The Fuller Building contains numerous [[Setback (architecture)|setbacks]] to comply with the [[1916 Zoning Resolution]], and the exterior contains various textures of stone to provide vertical and horizontal emphases on different parts of the facade.<ref name="NYCL p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="nyt19950611">{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|date=June 11, 1995|title=Streetscapes/Fuller Building; Art Deco Delight Seeks to Recapture Its Past Glory|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/11/realestate/streetscapes-fuller-building-art-deco-delight-seeks-to-recapture-its-past-glory.html|access-date=April 8, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324201249/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/11/realestate/streetscapes-fuller-building-art-deco-delight-seeks-to-recapture-its-past-glory.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The exterior uses Rockwood stone and black Swedish granite.<ref name="Robins pp. 124-125">{{harvnb|Robins|2017|pp=124–125|ps=.}}</ref><ref name="nyt19290623" /> The interior uses gray Tennessee marble, black Belgian marble, golden veined Formosa marble, and Bottocino marble.<ref name="nyt19290623">{{Cite news|date=June 23, 1929|title=Stone From Many Lands: Foreign Marble and Granite Used in Fuller Building.|language=en-US|page=RE12|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/06/23/91834691.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Christopher Gray]] wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1995 that the building was "a jazz-age testament to the emerging commercial chic of 57th Street".<ref name="nyt19950611" /> The ''[[AIA Guide to New York City]]'' called it "the [[Brooks Brothers]] of Art Deco: black, gray and white."<ref name="aia5">{{cite aia5|page=336}}</ref>

=== Form ===
The six-story base occupies the entire lot, and the setbacks are largely restricted to the fifteen stories above the base.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> The limestone contains rounded corners at the setbacks, although these corners are generally too small to see from the street.<ref name="nyt19950611" /> The overall form was intended to be visualized in several vertical sections: a large base, a mass with setbacks, a narrow tower, and a crown.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Robins p. 124">{{harvnb|Robins|2017|p=124|ps=.}}</ref> The base was intended for stores and galleries; the set-back midsection was for art dealers; and the narrow tower was for businesses. These differing uses were to be reflected by the differing materials used on the facade, as well as the setbacks themselves.<ref name="Robins pp. 124-125" /> Because of the proximity of other tall buildings, [[Paul Goldberger]] wrote for the ''Times'' in 1978 that "almost no one ever sees it" as having several vertical sections.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Goldberger|date=May 18, 1978|title=The grandeur of an intact Automat and the drama of an empty lot|page=C10|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|id={{ProQuest|123698640}}}}</ref>

The outer sections of the southern elevation on 57th Street, and the southern section of the western elevation on Madison Avenue, contain setbacks on the 11th, 13th, and 15th floors, with black stone highlights at the tops of the setbacks. The eastern elevation has setbacks at the 10th, 13th, and 15th floors, which blend with the setbacks on the eastern section of the 57th Street elevation. The northern elevation contains no setbacks.<ref name="NYCL pp. 7-8">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|pp=7–8}}</ref>

At the 16th through 21st stories on 57th Street, there are setbacks at every floor except the 18th. Along this elevation of the facade, the center two vertical [[Bay (architecture)|bays]] project slightly from the 17th to 20th stories. Above the 20th story, the building rises as a continuous rectangular tower.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> At the 38th and 40th stories are setbacks with black stone bands. The roof of the building, above the 40th floor, also contains some setbacks for mechanical equipment.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" />

===Facade===

==== Base ====
[[File:Fuller Building 41 East 57th Street entrance.jpg|thumb|upright|The three-story entrance on 57th Street with architectural sculptures by [[Elie Nadelman]] at the top|left]]

The lowest six stories of the Fuller Building are clad in black Swedish granite.<ref name="Robins p. 124" /><ref name="NYCL p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=6}}</ref><ref name="NY1930">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Gilmartin|Mellins|1987|p=367}}</ref> Along the southern side, facing 57th Street, the facade consists of eight [[Bay (architecture)|bays]].<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /> The western side, on Madison Avenue, consists of four bays.<ref name="NYCL p. 8">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=8}}</ref> There are two entrances at the base: the main entrance on 57th Street and the secondary one on Madison Avenue.<ref name="NYCL p. 6" /><ref name="AF 1930-06">{{cite magazine|date=Jun 1930|title=Fuller Building, New York, Walker & Gillette, Architects|url=https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1930-06-1.pdf|journal=Architectural Forum|pages=842|access-date=April 11, 2021|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805055107/https://usmodernist.org/AF/AF-1930-06-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vornado Realty Trust">{{cite web|title=595 Madison Avenue|url=https://www.vno.com/office/property/595-madison-avenue/3311671/landing|access-date=April 10, 2021|website=Vornado Realty Trust|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160829/https://www.vno.com/office/property/595-madison-avenue/3311671/landing|url-status=live}}</ref> In general, the Fuller Building's art galleries have tended to use the address 41 East 57th Street, while the offices have used the address 595 Madison Avenue.<ref name="nyt19950611" />

The main entrance portal is in the fourth bay from west on 57th Street; it is three stories high and is flanked by granite-and-stone [[pilaster]]s. There are four brass-framed glass doors at ground level, slightly recessed from the street. In front of and above the doors is a glass panel, which hangs from a bronze [[lintel]] with diamonds. At the center of the lintel is a glass-and-brass light fixture topped by an eagle. The second and third floors of the main entrance portal contain a grid of square windows framed by metal [[mullion]]s. Atop the third story are stone-on-granite letters reading {{Smallcaps|fuller building}}.<ref name="NYCL pp. 6-7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|pp=6–7}}</ref><ref name="Robins p. 125">{{harvnb|Robins|2017|p=125|ps=.}}</ref> Above this sign, at the fourth story, is a limestone sculptural group designed by [[Elie Nadelman]].<ref name="NY1930" /><ref name="Robins p. 125" /> The sculptural group represents two construction workers flanking a clock, behind which is a carving of a skyline.<ref name="NY1930" /><ref name="Haskell Nadelman">{{cite book|last=Haskell|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwpQAAAAMAAJ|title=Elie Nadelman: Sculptor of Modern Life|publisher=Whitney Museum of American Art|year=2003|isbn=978-0-87427-132-4|page=180|access-date=April 11, 2021|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411174519/https://books.google.com/books?id=DwpQAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=March 7, 1929|title=Motive for Skyscraper Shows Modern Builders: Will Be Placed as Tribute to George A Fuller|page=41|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1111952323}}}}</ref>

The secondary entrance is a single-story opening in the northernmost bay on Madison Avenue. The Madison Avenue entrance contains a brass service elevator door on the left and a brass-framed glass double door on the right. Atop these doors, but beneath the second story, is a sign with the stone letters {{Smallcaps|fuller building}}. The rest of the base is designed similarly on both street facades.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> The ground level generally contains storefronts separated by vertical granite [[Pier (architecture)|piers]], which extend through the second to sixth floors.<ref name="Robins pp. 124-125" /><ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> The second through fifth floor windows are separated horizontally by bronze [[spandrel]] panels with wave-and-inverted [[ziggurat]] designs.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /><ref name="Robins p. 125" /> The fifth and sixth floors are separated horizontally by a granite band with a [[Meander (art)|Greek key]] motif made of limestone. The window openings on each floor consist of large glass panes surrounded by smaller panes.<ref name="NYCL p. 7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=7}}</ref>

==== Upper stories ====
At the seventh floor, the design of the facade changes to a light-colored limestone cladding with black granite accenting. Centered above the 57th Street entrance, on the seventh through 16th floors, are five bays, each with four windows per floor, which correspond to openings at the base. Within these bays, each story is separated by horizontal bands that project slightly from the windows. Along 57th Street, the outer bays on the seventh through 16th floors consist of single-width windows with limestone piers.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> The center two bays on Madison Avenue have similar horizontal bands and four-window-wide bays as on 57th Street, while the outer bays contain narrower windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> On the first 17 floors, the northern and eastern facades are clad with two-tone brick and are largely unornamented.<ref name="NYCL pp. 8-9">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|pp=8–9}}</ref> On the eastern facade, there are horizontal and vertical yellow brick bands contrasting with a darker background.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" />

Above the 17th story, all of the facades contain single-width windows with limestone piers. Except for the northern facade, the 18th through 21st stories are clad with limestone on all sides. At the [[lintel]]s above the 20th-story windows, there are black-stone geometric designs, and the piers between each bay are capped by stone slabs.<ref name="NYCL pp. 7-8" /> The northern facade on these stories contains intermittent limestone cladding with brick.<ref name="NYCL p. 9">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=9}}</ref>
[[File:Fuller Building and Four Seasons Hotel (4675626539).jpg|thumb|Upper story detail (center right) with the Four Seasons Hotel in the background]]
Above the 20th story, the west, south, and east facades are designed identically and are each six bays wide.<ref name="NYCL pp. 7-8" /> On these facades, the two center bays are flanked by wide piers and separated by a narrow pier, with recessed spandrels separating the windows on each floor. Within the four outer bays on each facade, the windows on different stories are separated by horizontal bands.<ref name="NYCL p. 7" /> In the center bays from the 36th to 39th stories, the piers contain horizontal bands. The spandrels beneath the 36th and 37th floors contain black vertical lines, and there are balconies on the 38th floor. At the 39th floor are black-and-white sunburst motifs flanking a round window in the center bays. The roof above the 40th floor contains friezes with black-and-white triangles and zigzag patterns.<ref name="NYCL p. 8" /> The northern facade is similar but has no windows in the center two bays. Additionally, there is no balcony on the 38th floor, and the 39th and 40th floors have dark geometric patterns without any windows.<ref name="NYCL p. 9" />

=== Features ===
The Fuller Building had a rentable area of about {{Convert|210000|ft2}} when it was completed.<ref name="nyht19281202" /><ref name="AF 1930-06" /> According to the [[New York City Department of City Planning]] and building owner [[Vornado Realty Trust]], the building has a [[gross floor area]] of approximately {{Convert|322,000|ft2}}.<ref name="ZoLa" /><ref name="Vornado Realty Trust" /> The third through 19th floors typically contain an area of {{Convert|7800|to|14700|ft2}}, while the 20th through 40th stories are much smaller, with an area of {{Convert|2000|to|4200|ft2}}. Ceiling heights range from {{Convert|11|to|14|ft}}, while the floors can carry loads of {{Convert|120|lb/ft2}}.<ref name="Vornado Realty Trust" />

The building is constructed with a steel [[superstructure]].<ref name="AF 1930-06" /> The steel structure contains wind bracing to minimize movement due to wind.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 20, 1929|title=Steel Bracing in Fuller Building.|language=en-US|page=RE2|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/01/20/91747268.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 3, 1929|title=Winds Cannot Sway New Fuller Building|pages=17|work=The Brooklyn Citizen|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75437850/winds-cannot-sway-new-fuller-building/|access-date=April 9, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410002938/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75437850/winds-cannot-sway-new-fuller-building/|url-status=live}}</ref> When the Fuller Building was completed, it contained a then-novel vertical [[fire alarm system]], with direct lines to the [[New York City Fire Department]] at every other floor, as well as tanks and standpipes throughout the height of the building.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 21, 1929|title=Vertical Fire System.; Novel Protection Methods in New Fuller Building.|language=en-US|page=148|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/07/21/94169847.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 7, 1929|title=Fuller Building to Have 'Vertical' Fire Alarm: Apparatus Can Be Summoned by Tenants on Upper Floors|page=D2|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1111990625}}}}</ref>

====Lobby====
The lobby is T-shaped in plan,<ref name="AF 1930-06" /><ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 5" /> with marble, bronze, and mosaic decorations.<ref name="Robins p. 125" /> The main entrance hall leads north from 57th Street to the elevator lobby, which leads east from the Madison Avenue entrance.<ref name="AF 1930-06" /><ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior|1986|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> Just inside either entrance are small vestibules with doors leading to the main lobby.<ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 5" /> The 57th Street vestibule's wall consists of light tan marble, with horizontal black bands on the lowest sections of the walls. One light marble panel on each wall is flanked by two narrower, darker marble pilasters, which are flush with the rest of the wall. At the top of each dark marble panel are [[Fret (architecture)|fret]] designs intended to resemble the [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] of a column.<ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 6" /> The floors contain stylized mosaics inlaid with the letter "F", as well as decorative borders.<ref name="Robins p. 125" /><ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 6">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior|1986|ps=.|p=6}}</ref> The Madison Avenue vestibule is similar in design, except it has three doors to the lobby, whereas the 57th Street vestibule has four. Additionally, a stair to the basement is on the northern side of the Madison Avenue lobby.<ref name="NYCL (Interior) pp. 6-7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior|1986|ps=.|pp=6–7}}</ref>

The main lobby walls have similar designs to the vestibules, except the dark marble pilasters are placed in regular intervals along the light-tan marble surface. A black frieze with a fret pattern runs atop the entirety of all the walls.<ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 6" /> The floor of the main lobby consists of gray, black, white, and tan mosaic tiles with [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]-patterned borders and geometric patterns.<ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 7" /> The center of the floor contains three roundels depicting notable structures in the Fuller Construction Company's history: the [[Tacoma Building (Chicago)|Tacoma Building]], the [[Flatiron Building]], and the Fuller Building.<ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 7" /><ref name="nyt19290818">{{Cite news|date=August 18, 1929|title=Mosaics Show Three Buildings.|language=en-US|page=N21|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/08/18/91920621.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="nyht19290602">{{cite news|date=June 2, 1929|title=Story of Skyscraper To Be Incased in Floor|page=D2|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1111977157}}}}</ref> These mosaics were made by Vincent Foscato in [[Long Island City]].<ref name="nyt19290818" /><ref name="nyht19290602" /> The ceiling is made of white plaster and contains an [[anthemion]] molding along its borders, as well as [[coffer]]ed ribs that divide the ceiling perpendicularly. The perpendicular ribs contain rectangular lighting fixtures, rosettes, and plain panels. The center of the ceiling contains hexagonal lighting fixtures.<ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 7">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior|1986|ps=.|p=7}}</ref>
[[File:Fuller Building (53872606073).jpg|thumb|Base as seen from across Madison Avenue and 57th Street]]
The Madison Avenue hallway contains nine elevators at the intersection with the 57th Street hallway. The south wall of the lobby has three elevators: a freight elevator west of the 57th Street hallway and two passenger elevators east of the elevators. The north wall contains six passenger elevators.<ref name="AF 1930-06" /><ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 6" /> Each elevator contains a double-leaf bronze door with eight hexagonal bronze reliefs depicting the process of construction, as well as Art Deco-style decorative molding.<ref name="Robins p. 125" /><ref name="NYCL (Interior) p. 6" /> There is a staircase on the far eastern end of the Madison Avenue hallway, on the south wall.<ref name="AF 1930-06" /> In addition, the service elevator next to the Madison Avenue entrance contains a {{Convert|10|by|15|ft|adj=on}} cab.<ref name="nyt19631020">{{Cite news|last=Dalton|first=Dudley|date=October 20, 1963|title=Office Building Plays Dual Role; Structure on Madison Ave. Is Also an Art Center Cater to Special Needs|language=en-US|page=304|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/10/20/121487865.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In total, the Fuller Building has ten elevators, of which eight are for passengers and two are for freight.<ref name="Vornado Realty Trust"/>

====Shops, galleries, and offices====
The lowest six stories were reserved for shops or art galleries.<ref name="nyt19281202" /><ref name="Robins p. 124" /> ''The New York Times'' said the base was designed to provide "salon shop space",<ref name="nyt19281202" /> and Walker and Gillette called it "the first high-class multiple-purpose skyscraper" in the city.<ref name="Robins p. 124" /> Tenants could occupy ground-level storefronts on 57th Street or Madison Avenue, as well as space on the second through sixth floors above their respective storefronts.<ref name="nyt19281202" /><ref name="nyht19281202" /><ref name="NYCL p. 5" /><ref name="Robins p. 124" /> Each space could be served by its own elevator and circular stair.<ref name="NY1930" /><ref name="NYCL pp. 4-5">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|pp=4–5}}</ref> The arrangement of vertical storefronts and the lobby's design were intended to "give the greatest attraction to the exteriors of the shops", according to Douglas Grant Scott of the [[United States Realty and Construction Company]], the Fuller Company's parent corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 22, 1929|title=Vertical Shops; Stores in Fuller Building Indicate Modern Trend.|language=en-US|page=RE2|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/12/22/92045527.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Rents for the stores was initially calculated by averaging the rates for the first through sixth floors; in typical buildings, space on higher floors was subjected to lower rates than space on lower floors.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 20, 1929|title=Square Foot Basis to Give Wav to Front Foot Values: Will Be Used Figuring Rents for Six-Story Stores in 57th Street|page=D11|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1111945251}}}}</ref>

In the years after its opening, many galleries were opened on the storefronts in the lowest six floors. The Fuller Building became "one of Manhattan's most prestigious gallery addresses", as ''The New York Times'' described it.<ref name="nyt19920904">{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Roberta|date=September 4, 1992|title=The Art Market|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/arts/the-art-market.html|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410003018/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/arts/the-art-market.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The gallery tenants over the years have included the [[Nailya Alexander Gallery]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mNLAQAAIAAJ|title=Photograph|publisher=Photography|year=2010|page=41|access-date=May 3, 2021|archive-date=September 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905203901/https://books.google.com/books?id=_mNLAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Crispo]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vogel|first=Carol|date=June 11, 1993|title=The Art Market|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/11/movies/the-art-market.html|access-date=April 11, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411174149/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/11/movies/the-art-market.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Scher 2016">{{cite web|last=Scher|first=Robin|date=July 19, 2016|title='Round 57th Street: New York's First Gallery District Continues (for Now) to Weather Endless Changes in the Art World|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/round-57th-street-new-yorks-first-gallery-district-continues-for-now-to-weather-endless-changes-in-the-art-world-6685/|access-date=April 11, 2021|website=ARTnews.com|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411174157/https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/round-57th-street-new-yorks-first-gallery-district-continues-for-now-to-weather-endless-changes-in-the-art-world-6685/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Charles Egan Gallery]],<ref name="Scher 2016" /> [[André Emmerich]],<ref name="nyt19920904" /><ref name="Scher 2016" /> [[Hammer Galleries]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 16, 1951|title=Art Dealers Expanding: Hammer Galleries Lease Three Floors in 51 East 57th St.|language=en-US|page=50|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/01/16/84831018.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Howard Greenberg Gallery]], [[Marlborough Fine Art|Marlborough-Gerson]],<ref name="nyt19631020" /> [[Pierre Matisse]],<ref name="nyt19311209" /> the [[Katharina Rich Perlow Gallery]],<ref>{{cite web|date=October 29, 1998|title=John Winship|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1032627|access-date=April 11, 2021|publisher=NPR|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411174149/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1032627|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Zabriskie Gallery]].<ref name="Scher 2016" /> Other gallery occupants have included the Kent Fine Art Gallery, [[Jan Krugier]], [[David McKee]], [[Robert Miller (art dealer)|Robert Miller]], the [[Tibor de Nagy Gallery]], and Joan Washburn.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=John|date=April 24, 1988|title=Three Worlds of 57th Street; the World of Art|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/24/magazine/three-worlds-of-57th-street-the-world-of-art.html|access-date=April 11, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128060606/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/24/magazine/three-worlds-of-57th-street-the-world-of-art.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 7th to 15th stories were designed as spaces for interior decorators and art dealers to sell merchandise. The 16th to 40th stories were designed as offices.<ref name="nyt19281202" /><ref name="NYCL p. 5" /> The Fuller offices on the 16th through 19th stories were trimmed extensively in teakwood and had private elevator service.<ref name="nyt19290908">{{Cite news|date=September 8, 1929|title=Fuller Offices Moved: Company to Occupy Four Floors in New Building.|language=en-US|page=RE6|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/09/08/91932038.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="nyht19290908">{{cite news|date=September 8, 1929|title=Fuller Co. Moves North|page=D4|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1112001934}}}}</ref> At the roof, Walker and Gillette designed an eleven-room penthouse apartment for [[J. H. Carpenter]], president of the Fuller Construction Company at the time of the building's completion.<ref name="nyt19281202" /> The offices were built with cement floors, white plaster walls, and steel-and-glass partitions, while the corridors had marble and terrazzo floors.<ref name="AF 1930-06" />

==History==
Architect [[George A. Fuller]] had founded the George A. Fuller Company in 1882.<ref>{{Harvnb|Alexiou|2010|ps=.|p=9}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 2">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> Unlike other architecture firms of the time, Fuller's firm intended to handle all aspects of building construction except for the design, similar to the modern general contractor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Alexiou|2010|ps=.|p=10}}</ref><ref name="NYCL p. 3">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> Following Fuller's death in 1900, his son-in-law Harry S. Black took over as president of the Fuller Company and made it a subsidiary of the new United States Realty and Construction Company.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /><ref>{{harvnb|Alexiou|2010|ps=.|pp=103–104}}</ref> Shortly after Fuller's death, Black constructed what is now the Flatiron Building at [[Fifth Avenue]] and [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|23rd Street]] for the company's headquarters.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 9, 1902|title=Flatiron Structure to be Called the Fuller Building|language=en-US|page=3|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/08/09/118475079.html|access-date=June 3, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> That structure was supposed to be called the "Fuller Building" in honor of the late Fuller, but its triangular [[Clothes iron|flatiron]] shape led to the popular name "Flatiron Building" instead.<ref name="NYCL p. 3" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Lance Jay|url=http://www.archdaily.com/515780/urban-design-for-an-urban-century-shaping-more-livable-equitable-and-resilient-cities/|title=Urban Design for an Urban Century: Shaping More Livable, Equitable, and Resilient Cities|last2=Dixon|first2=David|last3=Gillham|first3=Oliver|date=June 21, 2014|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]|isbn=978-1-118-45363-6|edition=2nd|location=Hoboken|access-date=April 11, 2021|archive-date=May 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235030/https://www.archdaily.com/515780/urban-design-for-an-urban-century-shaping-more-livable-equitable-and-resilient-cities|url-status=live}}</ref> By the 1920s, the center of business in Manhattan had moved northward to Midtown.<ref name="nyt19281202" /><ref name="NYCL p. 3" />

=== Development ===
[[File:57th St Madison Av td 17 - Fuller Building.jpg|thumb|Viewed from across Madison Avenue and 57th Street]]
In May 1928, the Fuller Company purchased the Central Church at Madison Avenue and 57th Street for $3 million.<ref name="nyt19280510" /> The United States Realty and Construction Company founded a subsidiary, the GAF Realty Company, to construct a 30-story building on the site. The board of GAR Realty consisted of officers from the [[National City Bank of New York]] and the Fuller Company, which were to occupy the building.<ref name="nyt19280510" /><ref name="nyht19280510">{{cite news|date=May 10, 1928|title=Skyscraper Will Be Built on Church Site: 30-Story Building Planned for Central Presbyterian Plot on Madison Avenue|page=41|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113451790}}}}</ref> Walker and Gillette were hired to draw the plans.<ref name="nyt19280510" /> The plans were revised to 39 stories by September 1929, when the official blueprints were filed with the [[New York City Department of Buildings|Manhattan Bureau of Buildings]].<ref name="nyt19280908">{{Cite news|date=September 5, 1928|title=39-Story Building Planned On Madison Avenue Corner|language=en-US|page=54|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/09/05/95606417.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

To fund the construction, United States Realty sold $5 million in [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] and $3 million from [[debenture]]s in January 1929.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 20, 1929|title=Bond Sales Provide Capital for Fuller Bldg|page=D1|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1111945756}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 14, 1929|title=Bond Flotations.; New Issues to Be Marketed for Investment and Realty Corporations. Fuller Building.|language=en-US|page=40|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/01/14/95708968.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 11, 1929|title=The Day's New Investments|pages=23|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1118568/fuller-building/|access-date=April 10, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151615/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1118568/fuller-building/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Fuller Company planned to name the new structure "Fuller Building", transferring the name from the Flatiron Building.<ref name="nyht19281202" /><ref name="NYCL p. 4">{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> The Fuller Company labeled both entrances of its new building prominently, likely in an attempt to prevent the structure from being mislabeled like its predecessor had been.<ref name="NYCL p. 4" /> In June 1929, twenty-four mechanics received craftsmanship awards for their work on the Fuller Building.<ref>{{cite news|date=June 23, 1929|title=Twenty-four Mechanics Will Receive Certificates: Skill of Workers on Fuller Building Gains Recognition|page=D2|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1113613195}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=June 22, 1929|title=Mechanics to Get Awards.; Twenty-four Workers on Fuller Building Chosen for Craft.|language=en-US|page=34|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/06/22/94166186.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The building was completed on September 7, 1929.<ref name="AF 1930-06" /> Two days later, the Fuller Company moved its offices to the 16th through 19th floors of the building, becoming its first tenant.<ref name="nyt19290908" /><ref name="nyht19290908" />

=== 1930s to 1980s ===
In the building's first two decades, its commercial tenants included Kaskel and Kaskel, a [[haberdasher]] that moved to the corner storefront in the Fuller Building.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 21, 1929|title=$3,000,000 Will Be Paid by Haberdashers: Kaekel & Kaskel Take Lease on Store in Fuller Building|page=45|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1109366234}}}}</ref> as well as McGibbon & Co., one of the city's oldest linen merchants.<ref>{{cite news|date=February 22, 1931|title=McGibbon, Linen Merchant, Soon Will Move to 57th Street: Sixty-five Years in New York Trade, Firm Will Locate on Madison Ave. in May|page=E1|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1114170855}}}}</ref> Storefront and basement space was also leased to Sally Gowns Inc. and McGibben & Co., both clothing companies,<ref>{{cite news|date=August 26, 1931|title=Real Estate News and Projects: Dress Dealers Lease Space in Fuller Building Sally Gowns Takes Quarters in Plaza Zone; Garment Section Renting Active|page=34|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1114282174}}}}</ref> and Edward Garratt Inc., furniture dealer.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 13, 1941|title=Real Estate: Furniture Firm Rents Quarters In East 57th St Edward Garratt, Inc., Has Store and Fourth Floor Space in Fuller Building|page=33|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1263550881}}}}</ref> Galleries moved to the building as well, including the [[F. Kleinberger Galleries]],<ref>{{cite news|date=February 28, 1936|title=Art Firm Leases Large Space on Madison Ave.|page=34|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1330798068}}}}</ref> the Pierre Matisse Gallery,<ref name="nyt19311209">{{Cite news|last=Jewell|first=Edward Alden|date=December 9, 1931|title=Art; Matisse Presents Gromaire. Another Davies Exhibition. Young Americans Hold Forth. Fine and Applied Arts Merge. Mrs. Force in Radio Talk. Etching Show Opens Today.|language=en-US|page=34|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/12/09/98086488.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the French Art Galleries,<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 13, 1936|title=Galleries; Two More New Show Places Open|language=en-US|page=X11|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/12/13/85443545.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and manuscript and autograph dealer Thomas F. Madigan Inc.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 16, 1940|title=Madigan Rents Fuller Building Display Space: Pealer in Old Manuscripts Takes 57th St. Gallery; London Furrier Leases|page=26|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1320080033}}}}</ref> The office story tenants included the [[French Consulate General, New York City|French Consul]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 13, 1932|title=French Consul Lease in Fuller Building; Will Move From East Fortieth Street, Where Office Has Been for Years.|language=en-US|page=43|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/01/13/100684801.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> food processor [[Standard Brands]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 22, 1956|title=Quick Turnover in Office Space; Subleases Made of 100,000 Square Feet on Floors of Fuller Building|language=en-US|page=277|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/04/22/91136179.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> book publisher Jordanoff Aviation Corporation,<ref>{{cite news|date=October 14, 1943|title=Large West Side Parcel Leased for Long Tern|page=34|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1268056041}}}}</ref> developer [[Paul Tishman]],<ref>{{cite news|date=April 26, 1949|title=Paul Tishman Organizes Own Building Firm: Joseph P. Blitz Will Be Official of New Concern|page=37|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1335420908}}}}</ref> financier Frederick Lewisohn, former New York governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]], and businessman [[Bernard Baruch]].<ref name="nyt19950611" /> A committee was formed in 1935 to protect the interests of the building's bondholders.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 5, 1935|title=Fuller Building Group Formed|page=25|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1243875003}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 5, 1935|title=To Guard Fuller Building Bonds|language=en-US|page=24|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/01/05/93770073.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The Penroy Realty Company. led by Miami-based realtor Kenneth S. Keyes, bought the building on behalf of "out-of-town" investors in January 1949. At the time, the Fuller Construction Company still maintained its executive offices there.<ref name="nyht19490101" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=January 1, 1949|title=Miami Interests Buy The Fuller Building|language=en-US|page=24|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/01/01/96609503.pdf|access-date=April 8, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the building received a $3 million first mortgage from [[MassMutual|Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance]].<ref>{{cite news|date=February 19, 1949|title=Fuller Building Is Refinanced For $3,000,000: Massacsetts Mutual Makes Loan on 40-Story Office Structure on Madison|page=22|work=New York Herald Tribune|id={{ProQuest|1327124484}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 19, 1949|title=$3,000,000 Loan Placed; Financing Obtained for Fuller Building on Madison Ave.|language=en-US|page=25|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/02/19/86767543.pdf|access-date=April 8, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  In January 1961, investor [[Lawrence Wien]] purchased the building's 33-year lease from the Fuller Building Corporation, with two options for 25-year renewals.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 19, 1961|title=Lease Acquired on Tall Building: Investor Gets Skyscraper at 595 Madison Ave. -- 'Village' House Sold|language=en-US|page=48|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/01/19/118014600.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Four months later, a syndicate headed by Irving Brodsky and Richard Gittlin bought a 99-year [[leasehold]] for the land from the Fuller Building Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 11, 1961|title=Leasehold Sold on Madison Ave.; Syndicate Acquires 99-year Rights to Fuller Building|language=en-US|page=62|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/05/11/101462317.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  Leases on {{Convert|100000|ft2}}, about half of the office space, were set to expire in 1962, and it was renting at a rate below the average for the neighborhood. As a result, the owners decided to renovate the building's mechanical features such as acoustical ceilings, fluorescent lighting, and air conditioning. Simultaneously, new or existing tenants signed leases for the remaining office space.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 4, 1962|title=Buyers Renovate Fuller Building: Rent Increases Help Create Sound Operating Basis|language=en-US|page=50|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/09/04/83519602.pdf|access-date=April 9, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1968, Brodsky signed a contract to purchase the Fuller Building on behalf of the [[Fred F. French|Fred F. French Company]], which paid cash to cover the $4.2 million mortgage.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 30, 1968|title=News of Reality: Skyscraper Sale; Contract Signed to Acquire Fuller Building at 57th St.|language=en-US|page=73|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/10/30/76899152.pdf|access-date=April 8, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

By the late 20th century, the Fuller Building had become a center for art galleries. Not only was 57th Street still an artistic hub, but also, building management was willing to accommodate each gallery's specific needs, such as large doorways, minimal window space, and heavy floor slabs.<ref name="nyt19631020" /> Accordingly, by the 1970s, much of the showroom space on the lowest six floors was used mostly by galleries. The building's retail space also remained popular despite being split across multiple levels. As Carter B. Horsley wrote for ''The New York Times'' in 1978, the building was one of the few in the city "that have been successful in maintaining more than two retail floors", aside from specialty buildings.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Horsley|first=Carter B.|date=January 15, 1978|title=The Shops On Madison: A Triumph Of the Small And Smart|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/15/archives/the-shops-on-madison-a-triumph-of-the-small-and-smart-madison-a.html|access-date=April 11, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411045638/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/15/archives/the-shops-on-madison-a-triumph-of-the-small-and-smart-madison-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Fuller Company continued to occupy the building until the early 1980s. The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] designated the exterior and lobby interior as city landmarks in 1986.<ref name="nyt19950611" />

=== 1990s to present ===
[[Cushman & Wakefield]] took over management of the building in 1990. While the Fuller Building contained over twenty art galleries at the time, several gallery tenants expressed frustration that rents at the building were much higher compared to other buildings.<ref name="nyt19920904" /> By the beginning of 1994, the Fuller Building was more than 25 percent vacant. Within the same year, the office space remained vacant but much of the available gallery space was occupied.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deutsch|first=Claudia H.|date=September 4, 1994|title=Commercial Property/The Art World; Galleries, Off Critical List, Opening or Expanding|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/04/realestate/commercial-property-art-world-galleries-off-critical-list-opening-expanding.html|access-date=April 11, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411045635/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/04/realestate/commercial-property-art-world-galleries-off-critical-list-opening-expanding.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The mortgage holder [[L&B Group]] retook the building in December 1994 and subsequently started renovating the building. The changes included replacement windows, a facade cleaning, and upgrading the interior to modern standards. By then, the Fuller Building had been overshadowed by the construction of the much taller Four Seasons Hotel on the adjacent lot, which had been completed in 1993.<ref name="nyt19950611" />

In August 1999, Vornado Realty Trust arranged to purchase the Fuller Building for approximately $125 million;<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Bloomberg News|date=August 19, 1999|title=Metro Business; Vornado to Buy Building|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/19/nyregion/metro-business-vornado-to-buy-building.html|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160829/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/19/nyregion/metro-business-vornado-to-buy-building.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=August 19, 1999|title=Business Brief -- Vornado Realty Trust: Pact Is Reached to Acquire New York Office Building|page=B14|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|398654665}}}}</ref> the next month, the company closed on its purchase.<ref name="The Real Deal 2019">{{cite web|date=March 13, 2019|title=595 Madison Avenue - TRD Research|url-access=limited|url=https://therealdeal.com/new-research/topics/property/595-madison-avenue/|access-date=April 10, 2021|website=The Real Deal|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160828/https://therealdeal.com/new-research/topics/property/595-madison-avenue/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vornado announced in 2002 that it planned to renovate the base to designs by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], though this plan received some opposition. The proposal called for replacing the glass above the main entrance with "electronic glass", which could alternate between being transparent or opaque, as well as adding similar glass above the lobby ceiling.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Denny|date=January 6, 2002|title=Neighborhood Report: Midtown; Space-age Skin Proposed for an Art Deco Trophy|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/06/nyregion/neighborhood-report-midtown-space-age-skin-proposed-for-an-art-deco-trophy.html|access-date=April 10, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160829/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/06/nyregion/neighborhood-report-midtown-space-age-skin-proposed-for-an-art-deco-trophy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Coach Inc.]] opened its global flagship store in the building in 2005.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Coach to Reopen Global Flagship in New York; Expands Into Neighboring Retail Space, Makes Significant Restorations to Landmark Fuller Building|date=November 18, 2005|access-date=April 11, 2021|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/445326044/|publisher=Business Wire}}</ref> Coach abruptly closed its store in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 24, 2020|title=Coach to Close Flagship Store on Madison Avenue|url-access=limited|url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/01/24/coach-abruptly-shuts-doors-at-vornados-595-madison/|access-date=April 10, 2021|website=The Real Deal New York|language=en-US|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410044334/https://therealdeal.com/2020/01/24/coach-abruptly-shuts-doors-at-vornados-595-madison/|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Berluti]] flagship opened in part of the former Coach space in December 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palmieri|first=Jean E.|date=December 4, 2020|title=Berluti Opens New Flagship on 57th Street|url=https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-retail-business/berluti-flagship-57th-street-1234669468/|url-status=live|access-date=April 10, 2021|website=WWD|language=en-US|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217194012/https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-retail-business/berluti-flagship-57th-street-1234669468/}}</ref> and a two-level [[Fendi]] flagship store opened in another part of Coach's space in July 2021.<ref name="Palmieri Palmieri 2021">{{cite web | last=Palmieri | first=Jean E. | title=Fendi Makes Splash in New York With Flagship | website=WWD | date=July 15, 2021 | url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/fendi-flagship-new-york-kim-jones-couture-1234881739/ | access-date=September 2, 2022}}</ref> By the end of 2021, the building was 81&nbsp;percent occupied, and its tenants included fashion firms such as [[Bottega Veneta]] and [[Tom Ford (brand)|Tom Ford]].<ref name="Crain's New York Business 2022">{{cite web | title=Plaza District leases by Chubb and Hermes buoy comeback hopes | website=Crain's New York Business | last=Hughes | first=C.J. | date=March 29, 2022 | url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/who-owns-block/plaza-district-leases-chubb-and-hermes-buoy-comeback-hopes | access-date=September 2, 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal bar|Architecture|New York City}}
* [[Art Deco architecture of New York City]]
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets]]

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite flatiron|page=9}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1460.pdf|title=Fuller Building|date=March 18, 1986|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1986}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1461.pdf|title=Fuller Building, First Floor Interior|date=March 18, 1986|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior|1986}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Robins |first=Anthony W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnC6DgAAQBAJ |title=New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4384-6396-4 |series=Excelsior Editions |oclc=953576510}}
* {{cite NY1930}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Fuller Building}}
* [http://www.thecityreview.com/57e41.html Midtown Book, The Fuller Building]
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039400299&view=1up&seq=22&skin=2021&q1=%22fuller%20building%22 Images from ''Architecture and Building'' (1930)]

{{Midtown North, Manhattan}}

[[Category:1929 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:1920s architecture in the United States]]
[[Category:Art Deco architecture in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Art Deco skyscrapers]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1929]]
[[Category:Midtown Manhattan]]
[[Category:Madison Avenue]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York City interior landmarks]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers on 57th Street (Manhattan)]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan]]