Editing Futurians

{{Short description|Group of science fiction fans}}
{{for-multi|the comic book series|Futurians (comics)|the sci-fi punk band|Futurians (band)}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2019}}
The '''Futurians''' were a group of [[science fiction]] fans, many of whom became [[science fiction editors|editors]] and [[science fiction authors|writers]] as well. The Futurians were based in [[New York City]] and were a major force in the development of science fiction writing and [[science fiction fandom]] in the years 1937–1945.

==Origins of the group==
As described in [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1979 autobiography ''[[In Memory Yet Green]]'', the Futurians spun off from the [[Greater New York Science Fiction Club]] (headed by [[Sam Moskowitz]], later an influential sci-fi editor and historian) over ideological differences, with the Futurians wishing to take a more overtly [[Marxist]] political stance. Other sources indicate that [[Donald A. Wollheim]] was pushing for a more [[left-wing politics|left-wing]] direction with a goal of leading fandom toward a political ideal, all of which Moskowitz resisted. As a result, Wollheim broke off from the Greater New York group and founded the Futurians in September, 1938.<ref name = "Kyle">{{cite journal
  | last =Kyle
  | first =David
  | title =SaM – Fan Forever
  | journal =Mimosa
  | issue =21
  | pages =7–10
  |date=December 1997
  | url =http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m21/kyle.htm
  | access-date = 24 Apr 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{dead link|date=October 2017}}[http://fancyclopedia.editme.com/FUTURIAN Fancylopedia, ''Futurians'']</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://efanzines.com/FWD/FWD.htm| title = efanzines.com, ''FUTURIAN WAR DIGEST''}}</ref> The fans following Moskowitz reorganized into the Queens Science Fiction Club.

[[File:With Frederik Pohl and John Michel c. 1938.jpg|thumbnail|Donald A. Wollheim, Frederik Pohl and John Michel in 1938]] 
[[Frederik Pohl]], in his autobiography ''The Way the Future Was'', said that the origin of the Futurians lay with the [[Science Fiction League]] founded by [[Hugo Gernsback]] in 1934, the local New York City chapter of which was called the "Brooklyn Science Fiction League," headed by G. G. Clark.

Wollheim, [[John Michel (science fiction)|John Michel]], and [[Robert A. W. Lowndes]] were also members of the Brooklyn Science Fiction League.  Along with Pohl, the four started calling themselves the "Quadrumvirate".  Pohl, commenting about that time, said "we four marched from Brooklyn to the sea, leaving a wide scar of burned out clubs behind us. We changed clubs the way [[Detroit]] changes tailfins, every year had a new one, and last year's was junk".

There were several club names during that period, before finally settling on the Futurians. In 1935 there was the East New York Science Fiction League, later the Independent League for Science Fiction. In 1936 came the International Cosmos Science Club, which also involved [[Will Sykora]]. Pohl then says that "on reflection 'Cosmos' seemed to take in a bit more territory than was justified, so we changed it to the International Scientific Association (it wasn't International either, but then it also wasn't scientific)". It was then renamed the New York Branch-International Scientific Association.

In 1937, after a falling-out with Will Sykora and others, the "Quadrumvirate" went on to found the Futurians. Sykora then founded the [[Queens Science Fiction League]] with [[Sam Moskowitz]] and [[James V. Taurasi]]. Later, the Queens Science Fiction League changed into [[New Fandom]]. Pohl said the New Fandom and the Futurians were "Addicted to Feuds", that "No [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] nor [[KGB]] ever wrestled so valiantly for the soul of an emerging nation as New Fandom and the Futurians did for science fiction".

Most of the group's members also had professional ambitions within science fiction and related fields, and collectively were very effective at achieving this goal, as the roster of members suggests.  At one point in the earliest 1940s, approximately half of all the pulp sci-fi and fantasy magazines in the U.S. were being edited by Futurians: Frederik Pohl at the [[Popular Publications]] offshoot Fictioneers, Inc. (''[[Astonishing Stories]]'' and ''[[Super-Science Stories]]''); Robert Lowndes at [[Columbia Publications]], most notably with ''[[Science Fiction (American magazine)|Science Fiction]]'' and ''[[Future Fiction]]'' (though through the decade to come, Lowndes's responsibilities would expand to other types of fiction magazine in the chain), and Donald Wollheim at the very marginal Albing Publications with the short-lived, micro-budgeted ''[[Cosmic Stories]]'' and ''[[Stirring Science Stories]]'' (Wollheim soon moved on to [[Avon Books]]; Doë "[[Leslie Perri]]" Baumgardt also worked on a romance fiction title for Albing). Most of these projects had small editorial budgets, and relied in part, or occasionally entirely, on contributions from fellow Futurians for their contents.

==Political tendencies==

At the time the Futurians were formed, Donald Wollheim was strongly attracted by [[communism]] and believed that followers of science fiction "should actively work for the realization of the scientific world-state as the only genuine justification for their activities and existence".<ref name = "Carr">{{cite book |last=Carr |first=Terry |title=Classic Science Fiction: The First Golden Age |year=1979 |publisher= [[Robson Books]] |isbn=0-86051-070-0}} p. 430</ref> It was to this end that Wollheim formed the Futurians, and many of its members were in some degree interested in the political applications of science fiction. Members of the Futurians, including Wollheim, Michel, Lowndes, and Cohen briefly became interested in [[Technocracy movement|Technocracy]], a utopian movement led by [[Howard Scott (engineer)|Howard Scott]], and attended a study course, although they later dismissed Scott as a "crackpot".<ref name = "Knight">{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Damon |title=The Futurians |year=1977 |publisher=John Day}} pp. 47–8</ref>

Hence the group included supporters of [[Trotskyism]], like [[Judith Merril]] and others who would have been deemed [[far left]] for the era ([[Frederik Pohl]] became a member of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] in 1936, but quit in 1939).

Pohl, in his autobiography, ''[[The Way the Future Was]]'', said Wollheim voted for [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Presidential Candidate [[Alfred Landon]] in 1936.

==Members included==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Isaac Asimov]]
* [[Elsie Wollheim|Elise Balter]] (also known as Elsie Wollheim)
* [[James Blish]]
* [[Hannes Bok]]
* [[Daniel Burford]]
* [[Chester Cohen]]
* [[Rosalind Cohen]] (later Mrs. Dirk Wylie)
* [[Dirk Wylie|Harry Dockweiler]] (also known as Dirk Wylie)
* Jack Gillespie
* [[Virginia Kidd]]
* [[Damon Knight]]
* [[Cyril Kornbluth]]
* [[Mary Kornbluth|Mary Byers]] (also known as Mary Kornbluth)
* [[Walter Kubilius]]
* [[David Kyle]]
* [[Herman Leventman]]
* [[Robert A. W. Lowndes]]
* [[Judith Merril]]
* [[John Michel (science fiction)|John Michel]]
* [[Frederik Pohl]]
* [[Leslie Perri]], a pseudonym of Doris "Doë" Baumgardt
* [[Jack Rubinson]]
* [[Larry Shaw (editor)|Larry Shaw]]
* [[Richard Wilson (author)|Richard Wilson]]
* [[Donald A. Wollheim]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[1st World Science Fiction Convention]]

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
* ''In Memory Yet Green'' by Isaac Asimov (1979)
* ''The Futurians'' by Damon Knight (1977)
* ''The Way The Future Was'' by Frederik Pohl (1978)
* ''All Our Yesterdays'' by [[Harry Warner, Jr.]] (1969)

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020611072342/http://media-in-transition.mit.edu/science_fiction/profiles/pohl.html Frederik Pohl profile with several paragraphs on the Futurians]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180743/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/tag/futurians/ Frederik Pohl blogging on the Futurians]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011126190852/http://www.sff.net/people/Diccon/FOXTROT.HTM Fancyclopedia II: F] (see the entries under FUTURIANS, and FUTURIAN HOUSES)
* [http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/author_list.html#kyle List of articles about the Futurians and old Fandom by David Kyle]
* [http://www.jophan.org/mimosa/m21/kyle.htm "Moskowitz, the Futurians and the Great Exclusion Act of 1939" by David Kyle]
* [http://jophan.org/mimosa/m29/kyle.htm "Caravan to the Stars" by David Kyle]

[[Category:Futurians| ]]
[[Category:Science fiction organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1938]]