Editing GANEFO

{{Short description|1962–1967 multisports event set up by Indonesia}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Games of the New Emerging Forces
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = GANEFO seal
| image = GANEFO flag.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = GANEFO flag
| size = 
| type = Sporting event organization
| formation = 1962–1967
| logo = GANEFO seal.svg
| headquarters = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| membership = 51 active members
| leader_title = Federation cofounder
| leader_name = [[Sukarno]]<br>{{small|President of Indonesia}}
| language = English <br>{{small|and host country's official language when necessary}}
| purpose = To boycott the [[International Olympic Committee]] after the suspension of [[Indonesia]] from that organisation
}}
{{Sukarno series}}
The '''Games of the New Emerging Forces''' ('''GANEFO'''; {{langx|id|Pesta Olahraga Negara-Negara Berkembang}}) were the games set up by [[Indonesia]] as a counter to the [[Olympic Games]]. Established for the athletes of the so-called "emerging nations" (mainly socialist states and newly independent former colonies), GANEFO was the name given both to the games held in [[Jakarta]] in 1963 and the 36-member sporting federation established the same year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The New Emerging Forces|last=Modelski|first=George|publisher=Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies|year=1963|location=Canberra}}</ref> A second GANEFO scheduled for [[Cairo]] in 1967 was cancelled and GANEFO had only one subsequent event, an "Asian GANEFO" held in [[Phnom Penh]] in 1966.

== Sports and politics at GANEFO ==
[[File:GANEFO Stadium.jpg|thumb|1st GANEFO]]
[[Indonesia]] established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged fourth edition of [[1962 Asian Games|Asian Games in 1962]] in [[Jakarta]] which Indonesia hosted and for which [[Chinese Taipei at the Asian Games|Taiwan]] and [[Israel at the Asian Games|Israel]] were refused entry cards. This ran against the doctrine of the [[International Olympic Committee]], which strove to separate politics from sport.  The IOC's eventual reaction was to suspend Indonesia indefinitely from the IOC. Indonesia had “thrown down a challenge to all international amateur sports organizations, which cannot very well be ignored,” in the words of IOC president [[Avery Brundage]]. This was the first time the IOC suspended one of its members, although Indonesia was readmitted in time for the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/24926/files/?ln=en|title=The Olympic Movement's Response to the Challenge of Emerging Nationalism in Sport: An Historical Reconsideration of GANEFO|last=Field|first=Russell|publisher=University of Manitoba|year=2011|location=Winnipeg}}</ref>

Indonesian president [[Sukarno]] responded that the IOC was itself political because it did not have the [[China|People's Republic of China]] or [[North Vietnam]] as members; the IOC was simply "a tool of the [[Imperialism|imperialists]] and [[Colonialism|colonialists]]."<ref name=":0" /> 
In his words: “The International Olympic Games have proved to be openly an imperialistic tool… Now let’s frankly say, sports have something to do with politics. Indonesia proposes now to mix sports with politics, and let us now establish the Games of the New Emerging Forces, the GANEFO… against the Old Established Order.” <ref name="Boykoff">{{cite book|title=A Political History of the Olympics|author=Jules Boykoff|year=2016 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781784780722}}</ref> GANEFO itself would make it clear in its constitution that [[politics]] and [[sport]] were intertwined. The event was inspired by the [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]], [[Decolonization|anti-colonial]] movement and the ideas of the [[Bandung Conference|1955 Bandung Conference]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Lutan |first1=Rusli |last2=Hong |first2=Fan |date=September 2005 |title=The politicization of sport: GANEFO–A case study |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17430430500260503 |journal=Sport in Society |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=425–439 |doi=10.1080/17430430500260503 |issn=1743-0437|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Ten countries ([[Cambodia]], China, [[Guinea]], Indonesia, [[Iraq]], [[Mali]], [[Pakistan]], Vietnam, and the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]) announced plans to form GANEFO in April 1963, and another 36 signed on as members in November 1963.<ref name=":0" /> Despite its doctrine of separating sports and politics, the IOC nevertheless decreed that the athletes attending GANEFO would be ineligible to participate in the Olympic Games.

Sukarno would later form, with Chinese support, a ''Conference of New Emerging Forces, or'' [[CONEFO]] (''Conference of New Emerging Forces).''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://megamercusuar.blogspot.ca/2012/02/conefo-conference-of-new-emerging.html|title=Fakta Sejarah: CONEFO}}</ref>

== 1st GANEFO ==
{{Infobox games
| name          = 1st Games of the New Emerging Forces
| host_city     = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia
| nations       = 51
| athletes      = 2,700
| events        =
| opening       = {{Start date|1963|11|10|df=yes}}
| closing       = {{End date|1963|11|22|df=yes}}
| opened_by     = [[Sukarno]]<br>{{small|[[President of Indonesia]]}}
| athlete_oath  =
| judge_oath    =
| torch_lighter =
| stadium       = [[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium|Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium]]
| logo          = 1963 GANEFO countries.png
| size          = 250px
| caption       = Participating states
}}

[[File:GANEFO Sukarno.jpg|thumb|100px|President [[Sukarno]] extinguishing the GANEFO flame at the closing ceremony.]]

===Participating states in 1st GANEFO===
The first edition of GANEFO was held in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], on 10 to 22 November 1963. Athletes from 46 states dispatched about 2,700 athletes and seven nations sent staff and officials. In total, 51 states participated in the Games from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America such as [[Afghanistan]], [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]], [[Algeria]], [[Argentina]], [[Belgium]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Burmese Way to Socialism|Burma]], [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]], [[Chile]], [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]], [[Cuba]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], [[North Korea|DPR Korea]], the [[Dominican Republic]], [[Finland]], [[France]], the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]], [[Guinea]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iraq]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mexico]], [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]], [[Morocco]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], Palestine (the [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordanian West Bank]] and the [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Egyptian Gaza Strip]]), [[China|People's Republic of China]], the [[History of the Philippines (1946–65)|Philippines]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Mali|Republic of Mali]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Senegal]], [[Somalia]], [[Thailand]], [[Tunisia]], [[Soviet Union]], [[Syria]], [[North Vietnam]], the [[United Arab Republic]], [[Uruguay]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia.]] Unlike the Olympics, there was also a team representing "Arab Palestine."<ref>{{YouTube |HrG3joA9QMI|GANEFO opening ceremony footage}}</ref>

No country, however, was represented officially by its national Olympics committee, for fear of IOC reprisals.<ref name=":1" /> For instance, the [[Soviet Union]], in a show of solidarity, sent athletes to the first GANEFO, but in order not to jeopardise their position in the IOC, the Soviet athletes were not of Olympic calibre. Japan let their athletes of non-Olympic calibre attend the first GANEFO to take account of the host nation's position of [[1964 Summer Olympics]]. Nevertheless, in the lead-up to the first GANEFO, the Japanese NOC did receive a thinly-veiled threat from the American IOC President at the time, Avery Brundage, regarding Japanese participation in the first GANEFO.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shuman|first=Amanda|date=2013-11-13|title=Elite Competitive Sport in the People's Republic of China 1958–1966: The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO)|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/525098|journal=Journal of Sport History|language=en|volume=40|issue=2|pages=258–283|doi=10.5406/jsporthistory.40.2.258 |issn=2155-8450|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Commemorative stamps===
A set of eight postage stamps were issued by Indonesia on November 10, 1963 to publicise the GANEFO.

<gallery>
File:GanefoStamp1.png
File:GanefoStamp2.png
File:GanefoStamp0.png
</gallery>

===Medal table at 1st GANEFO===
In the first edition of GANEFO, [[People's Republic of China|China]] was the highest-ranking country with 68 gold medals, [[Soviet Union]] the second, followed by the [[United Arab Republic]] on the third, [[Indonesia]] the fourth, and [[North Korea]] the fifth.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pembagian medal|date=23 November 1963|newspaper=Harian Rakyat}}</ref> In all, 48 countries reportedly won medals.<ref name=":1" />
{{inc-results|date=October 2021}}

{{Medals table
 | caption        = 
 | host           = INA
 | flag_template  = 
 | event          = 
 | team           = 
 | gold_CHN = 68 | silver_CHN = 58 | bronze_CHN = 45
 | gold_URS = 27 | silver_URS = 21 | bronze_URS = 9 | name_URS = {{flagcountry|URS|1955}}
 | gold_INA = 21 | silver_INA = 25 | bronze_INA = 35 | host_INA = yes 
 | gold_UAR = 22 | silver_UAR = 18 | bronze_UAR = 12
 | gold_PRK = 13 | silver_PRK = 15 | bronze_PRK = 24 | name_PRK = {{flagcountry|PRK|1948}}
 | gold_ARG = 5 | silver_ARG = 0 | bronze_ARG = 4
 | gold_JPN = 4 | silver_JPN = 10 | bronze_JPN = 14 | name_JPN = {{flagcountry|JPN|1947}}
}}

<gallery>
File:GanefoBronzeMedal.png|Front of Ganefo Bronze medal for Argentinian Water Polo Team
File:GanefoBronzeMedal1.png|Back of Ganefo Bronze medal for Argentinian Water Polo Team
</gallery>

== 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO) ==
{{Infobox games
| name          = 2nd Asian GANEFO
| host_city     = [[Phnom Penh]], [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]]
| nations       = 17
| athletes      = 2,000
| events        =
| opening       = {{Start date|1966|11|25|df=yes}}
| closing       = {{End date|1966|12|06|df=yes}}
| opened_by     = [[Prince Sihanouk]]
| athlete_oath  =
| judge_oath    =
| torch_lighter =
| stadium       = [[Olympic Stadium (Phnom Penh)|Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh]]
| logo          = 1966 GANEFO countries.png
| size          = 250px
| caption       = Participating states
}}

The second edition of GANEFO had been planned to be held in [[Cairo]], [[United Arab Republic]], in 1967, but this was cancelled for various political reasons.<ref name=":2" />

The second GANEFO was held in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]], on 25 November – 6 December 1966.

=== Participating nations in 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO) ===
About 2,000 athletes participated in the 2nd edition of GANEFO from 17 nations ([[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]], [[Ceylon]], [[People's Republic of China|China PR]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iraq]], [[Japan]], [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|North Korea]], [[Laos]], [[Lebanon]], [[Mongolia]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Palestine]], [[Singapore]], [[Syria]], [[North Vietnam]] and [[Yemen]]). The games were opened by then [[Prince Sihanouk]], the then [[Chief of State of Cambodia]].

The second GANEFO was restricted to Asia, except [[Guinea]] which participated in the qualifying tournament in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]], on 1–11 August 1965. Consequently, only 17 Asian countries participated in the second tournament in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]], on 25 November – 6 December 1966 which was named '1st Asian GANEFO'.

===Medal table at 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)===
{{inc-results|date=October 2021}}
In the second edition of GANEFO, [[People's Republic of China|China PR]] was the highest-ranking country with 108 gold medals, [[North Korea]] the second, and the host nation, [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]], the third.

{{Medals table
 | caption        = 
 | host           = CAM
 | flag_template  = 
 | event          = 
 | team           = 
 | gold_CHN = 108 | silver_CHN = 57 | bronze_CHN = 34
 | gold_PRK = 30 | silver_PRK = 42 | bronze_PRK = 32 | name_PRK = {{flagteam|PRK|1948}}
 | gold_CAM = 13 | silver_CAM = 42 | bronze_CAM = 10 | host_CAM = yes 
 | gold_JPN = 10 | silver_JPN = 12 | bronze_JPN = 8 | name_JPN = {{flagteam|JPN|1947}}
}}

==2nd Asian GANEFO==
In September 1967 was announced a second Asian GANEFO to be held in [[Beijing]], [[China]], in 1970, but later Beijing dropped the plans to host the Games, which were then awarded to [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]. The Games never occurred, however, and the GANEFO organisation collapsed.

==See also==
* [[CONEFO]]
* [[BRICS Games]]
* [[Athletics at the 1963 GANEFO]]
* [[Athletics at the 1966 GANEFO]]
* [[Badminton at GANEFO]]
* [[1976 Summer Olympics]] (also boycotted by [[China]], and [[Africa]]n countries)
* [[1980 Summer Olympics]] (also boycotted by [[Indonesia]] and [[China]], and [[Western Bloc]] countries)
* [[1984 Summer Olympics]] (also boycotted by [[North Korea]], and [[Eastern Bloc]] countries)
* [[Friendship Games]] (event held by [[Soviet Union]] to nations who boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/gang.htm Athletics Records at the 1st GANEFO]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbrXMREobwE YouTube Video of the 1st Asian GANEFO]
*[https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2935.html GANEFO I: Sports and Politics in Djakarta] by Ewa T. Pauker
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QF5s5mxHdko YouTube Video of the GANEFO 1963] by ZalChannel

{{Olympic Games controversies}}
{{Multi-sport events}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganefo}}
[[Category:GANEFO]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Defunct multi-sport events]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by Indonesia]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by Cambodia]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in Asia]]
[[Category:International sports boycotts]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1962]]
[[Category:Third-Worldism]]
[[Category:Politics and sports]]