Editing GEM (desktop environment)

{{short description|Operating environment created by Digital Research}}
{{distinguish|Graphics Environment for Multimedia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox software
| name                   = GEM
| logo                   = Graphics Environment Manager logo and wordmark.svg
| screenshot             = IBM PC GEM.jpg
| caption                = IBM PC displaying GEM desktop in EGA on a monochrome monitor
| developer              = [[Digital Research]] <br>Lee Jay Lorenzen
| released               = {{Start date and age|1985|02|28|df=yes}}<ref name="ANALOG_TCS_1"/><!-- demo: November 1984,<ref name="DRI_GEM_Announce_1984"/><ref name="Fitler_1989"/> -->
| latest release version = GEM/3 3.11
| latest release date    = {{Start date and age|1988|11|03|df=yes}}
| repo                   = 
| operating system       = [[MS-DOS]], [[Concurrent DOS]], [[FlexOS]], [[CP/M-68K]], GEMDOS, [[TOS (Atari)|TOS]]
| platform               = [[Intel 8088]], [[Motorola 68000]]
| genre                  = [[Windowing system]]
| license                = [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]]
| website                = {{URL|www.deltasoft.com}}
}}

'''GEM''' (for '''Graphics Environment Manager'''<ref name="DRI_1988_CDOS"/>) is a discontinued [[operating environment]] released by [[Digital Research]] in 1985. GEM is known primarily as the native [[graphical user interface]] of the [[Atari ST]] series of computers, providing a [[WIMP (computing)|WIMP]] desktop. It was also available for [[IBM PC compatible]]s<ref name="Fitler_1989"/><ref name="DRI_GEM_Announce_1984"/> and shipped with some models from [[Amstrad]]. GEM is used as the core for some commercial MS-DOS programs, the most notable being [[Ventura Publisher]]. It was ported to other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained traction. The final retail version of GEM was released in 1988.

Digital Research later{{when|date=January 2025}} produced X/GEM for their [[FlexOS]]<ref name="Fitler_1989"/><ref name="CW_1989"/> [[real-time operating system]] with adaptations for [[OS/2 Presentation Manager]]<ref name="Barney_1987"/><ref name="Fitler_1989"/> and the [[X Window System]] under preparation as well.<ref name="Fitler_1989"/>

==History==
==={{anchor|GDOS|GIOS|GSX 1.0|GSX 1.1|GSX 1.2|GSX 1.3}}GSX===
[[File:Cbasic.svg|thumb|GSX and CBASIC workflow diagram]]
[[File:CP⁄M Ad, InfoWorld, November 29, 1982.jpg|thumb|GSX advertisement in 1982]]
In late 1984, GEM started life at DRI as an outgrowth of a more general-purpose graphics library known as GSX (Graphics System Extension),<ref name="Wong_1984_GSX"/> written by a team led by Don Heiskell since about 1982.<ref name="DRI_1984_DD"/> Lee Jay Lorenzen (at Graphic Software Systems) who had recently left [[Xerox PARC]] (the birthplace of the modern GUI) wrote much of the code. GSX was essentially a DRI-specific implementation of the [[Graphical Kernel System|GKS]] graphics standard proposed in the late 1970s. GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs (charting, etc.) for any of the [[8-bit]] and [[16-bit]] platforms [[CP/M-80]], [[Concurrent CP/M]], [[CP/M-86]] and [[MS-DOS]] ([[NEC APC-III]]) would run on,<ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes3"/> a task that otherwise would have required considerable effort to port due to the large differences in graphics hardware (and concepts) between the various systems of that era.<ref name="Wong_1984_GSX"/>

GSX consisted of two parts: a selection of routines for common drawing operations, and the device drivers that are responsible for handling the actual output. The former was known as '''GDOS''' (Graphics Device Operating System) and the latter as '''GIOS''' (Graphics Input/Output System),<ref name="Elliott_GSX"/> a play on the division of CP/M into the machine-independent [[BDOS]] (Basic Disk Operating System) and the machine-specific [[BIOS]] (Basic Input/Output System).<ref name="Wong_1984_GSX"/> GDOS was a selection of routines that handled the GKS drawing, while GIOS actually used the underlying hardware to produce the output.<ref name="Wong_1984_GSX"/>

==== Known 8-bit device drivers ====
* DDMODE0 [[Amstrad CPC]] screen in mode 0
* DDMODE1 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 1
* DDMODE2 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 2
* DDSCREEN [[Amstrad PCW]] screen
* DDBBC0 [[BBC Micro]] screen in mode 0
* DDBBC1 BBC Micro screen in mode 1
* DDGDC, DDNCRDMV [[NEC μPD7220]]
* DDVRET  [[VT100]] + Retro-Graphics GEN.II (aka 4027/[[Tektronix 4010|4010]])
* DDTS803 [[TeleVideo]] screen
* DDHP26XX HP 2648 and 2627 terminals<ref name="DDHP26XX_2020" />
* DDQX10  [[QX-10]] screen
* DDFXLR8 Epson [[lo-res]], 8-bit
* DDFXHR8 Epson [[hi-res]], 8-bit
* DDFXLR7 [[Epson]] and Epson-compatible printers
* DDCITOLR [[C. Itoh]] 8510A [[lo-res]]
* DDCITOH C. Itoh 8510A
* DD-DMP1 Amstrad DMP1 printer (aka [[Seikosha]] GP500M-2)
* DDSHINWA Printers using Shinwa Industries mechanism
* DDHP7470, DD7470 [[Hewlett-Packard]] [[HP 7470]] and compatible pen plotters, [[HP-GL/2]]
* DD7220 Hewlett-Packard HP 7220, [[HP-GL]]
* DDGEN2  [[ReGIS|Retro-Graphics]] GEN.II ([[Ratfor]] source code in ''Programmer's Guide'')
* DDHI3M   [[Houston Instrument]] HiPlot DMP
* DDHI7M Houston Instrument HiPlot DMP
* DDMX80 [[Epson MX-80]] + [[Graftrax Plus]]
* DDESP Electric Studio Light Pen ([[Amstrad PCW]])
* DDOKI84 [[Oki Data]] Microline
* DDMF GEM metafile
* DDPS [[PostScript]] metafile

==== Known 16-bit device drivers ====
* DDLA100 [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]]
* DDLA50 DEC
* DDNECAPC [[NEC APC]]
* NCRPC4 [[NCR Corporation|NCR]] DecisionMate V
* IBMBLMP2, IBMBLMP3 [[IBM]] [[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]] monochrome mode
* IBMBLCP2, IBMBLCP3 IBM CGA color mode
* IBMCHMP6
* IBMEHFP6, IBMEHMP6, IBMELFP6 IBM [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter]]
* HERMONP2, IBMHERP3, HERMONP6, [[Hercules Graphics Card]] (720×348)
* UM85C408AF UMC [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]] Graphics<ref name="UMC" />
* DDIDSM IDS Monochrome
* DDANADXM Anadex DP-9501 and DP-9001A
* DDCITOLR [[C. Itoh]] 8510A [[lo-res]]
* DDCNTXM [[Centronics]] 351, 352 and 353
* DDDS180 Datasouth
* DDOKI84 [[Oki Data]] Microline
* DDPMVP   [[Printronix]] MVP
* DD3EPSNL IBM/Epson FX-80 lo-res Printer (see DDFXLR7 and DDFXLR8)
* DD3EPSNH IBM/Epson FX-80 hi-res Printer (see DDFXHR8)
* DD75XHM1 [[Regnecentralen]] RC759 Piccoline
* DDGSXM [[Metafile]]
* EPSMONH6
* IBMHP743 Hewlett-Packard 7470A/7475A Plotter (see DDHP7470 and DD7470)
* METAFIL6 [[Metafile]]
* PALETTE [[Polaroid camera]]<ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes2"/>

The [[DOS]] version of GSX supports loading drivers in the [[CP/M-86]] [[CMD file (CP/M)|CMD]] format. Consequently, the same driver binary may operate under both CP/M-86 and DOS.<ref name="Lineback_GSX"/>

===GEM===
===={{anchor|VDI|AES}}Intel versions====
The 16-bit version of GSX 1.3<ref name="Wong_1984_GSX"/><ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes3"/> evolved into one part of what would later be known as ''GEM'', which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis. Originally known as '''Crystal''' as a play on an IBM project called '''Glass''', the name was later changed to '''GEM'''.

Under GEM, GSX became '''GEM VDI''' (Virtual Device Interface), responsible for basic graphics and drawing.<ref name="Elliott_GSX"/> VDI also added the ability to work with multiple [[Typeface|font]]s and added a selection of [[Raster graphics|raster]] drawing commands to the formerly [[vector graphics|vector]]-only GKS-based drawing commands. VDI also added multiple [[viewport]]s, a key addition for use with windows.<ref name="Elliott_VDI"/>

A new module, '''GEM AES''' (Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI elements, and '''GEM Desktop''' used both libraries in combination to provide a GUI.<ref name="Elliott_AES"/> The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed at [[COMDEX]] in November 1984,<ref name="DRI_GEM_Announce_1984"/><ref name="Fitler_1989"/> following a demonstration on the 80286-based [[Acorn Business Computer]] in September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn,<ref name="pcw198501_gem">{{ cite news | url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputerWorld1985-01/page/108/mode/1up | title=Newsprint | work=Personal Computer World | last1=Kewney | first1=Guy | date=January 1985 | access-date=19 March 2021 | pages=108 }}</ref> and the system was shipped as GEM/1 on 28 February 1985.<ref name="ANALOG_TCS_1"/>

====={{anchor|1.0|1.1|1.2|1.3}}GEM/1=====
[[File:Gem_11_Desktop.png|thumbnail|GEM 1.1 Desktop running in 640×350 EGA resolution]]
'''GEM Desktop 1.0''' was released on 28 February 1985.<ref name="ANALOG_TCS_1"/>
'''GEM Desktop 1.1''' was released on 10 April 1985 with support for [[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]] and [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]] displays.<ref name="Lineback_GEM11"/><ref name="Seasip_GEM11"/>
A version for the [[Apricot Computers]] F-Series, supporting 640×200 in up to 8 colors, was also available as '''GEM Desktop 1.2'''.<ref name="Seasip_Apricot"/>

Digital Research also positioned [[Concurrent DOS 4.1]] with GEM as alternative for [[IBM]]'s [[IBM TopView|TopView]].<ref name="CW_1985_CDOS"/>

DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers, and not [[IBM PC compatible|PC compatibles]] like those from [[Compaq]], as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers. Developers reacted with what ''[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]]'' described as "a small explosion"; it reported that at a DRI-hosted seminar in February 1985, more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM's incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation. Later that month the company removed the restriction.<ref name="Markoff_1985"/> Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree Software's [[GEM Write]].<ref name="Kisor_1985"/>

At this point, [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] sued DRI<ref name="Dilger_2007"/>{{unreliable source?|date=March 2018}} in what would turn into a long dispute over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was an almost direct copy of [[Macintosh]] (with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlier [[Apple Lisa|Lisa]], available since January 1983). This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system.<ref name="NYT_1985_GEM"/><ref name="Watt_1985_Apple"/><ref name="Watt_1986_Reorg"/><ref name="GUI_History"/><ref name="Dilger_2007"/> (See also: [[Apple v. Digital Research]].) Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues, including their [[Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.|copyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP]].

In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as the [[Polaroid Palette]].<ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes2"/>

====={{anchor|2.0}}GEM/2=====
[[File:Gem20about.png|thumbnail|GEM 2.0 displaying its Desktop Info dialog. This version of GEM supports 640×480 16-color VGA.]]
DRI responded with the "lawsuit-friendly" '''GEM Desktop 2.0''', released on 24 March 1986, which eventually added support for [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]], sometime after its release in 1987.<ref name="Lineback_GEM20"/> It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (though other programs could do what they wished), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.

In 1988 Stewart Alsop II said that GEM was among several GUIs that "have already been knocked out" of the market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others.<ref name="Alsop_1988"/>

=====GEM XM=====
<!-- section title used in redirects -->
'''GEM&nbsp;XM''' with "GEM Desktop 3.0" was an updated version of GEM/2 in 1986/1987 for [[DOS]] (including [[DOS Plus]]) which allowed task-switching and the ability to run up to ten<!-- one sources writes: twelve --> GEM and DOS programs at once, swapping out to [[expanded memory]] (XM) through [[Expanded Memory Specification|EMS]]/[[Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification|EEMS]] or to disk (including [[RAM disk]]s, thereby also allowing the use of [[extended memory]]).<ref name="Schemenaur_1986"/><ref name="Elliott_2013_GEMXM"/><ref name="DR_1987_GEMXM"/><ref name="Harris_2001"/> Data could be copied and pasted between applications through a [[clipboard (computing)|clipboard]] with filter function (a feature later also found in [[TaskMAX]] under [[DR DOS 6.0]]).<ref name="Elliott_2013_GEMXM"/> Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEM [[Draw Plus]] users and through OEM channels.<ref name="Schemenaur_1986"/>

The GEM&nbsp;XM [[source code]] is now freely available under the terms of [[GNU General Public License]].

{{See also|Concurrent DOS XM}}

====={{anchor|3.0|3.1|3.11}}GEM/3=====
[[File:Gem311about.png|thumbnail|GEM 3.11 displaying its Desktop Info dialog]]
The last retail release was '''GEM/3 Desktop''', released on 3 November 1988,<ref name="Lineback_GEM311"/> which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM/3; the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI's leading customers.

While GEM/2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API; GEM/3 no longer did.<ref name="Elliott_GSX"/>

====={{anchor|GEM/4|Artline}}GEM/4 for CCP Artline=====
'''GEM/4''', released in 1990,<!-- possibly even 1989 --> included the ability to work with [[Bézier curve]]s, a feature still not commonly found outside the [[PostScript]] world.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} This version was produced specifically for [[Artline (program)|Artline]] 2, a drawing program from the German company [[CCP Development|CCP Development GmbH]].<ref name="DR_1990_Artline_URG"/><ref name="CW_1990_Artline"/><ref name="Seasip_GEM4"/><ref name="Krautter_1999"/><ref name="DR_1990_Artline_IST"/><ref name="DR_1990_Artline_GUG"/><ref name="DR_1991_Artline_RN"/>

The system also included changes to the font management system, which made it incompatible with the likes of [[Timeworks Publisher]].

Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3.1.<ref name="Krautter_1999"/>

====={{anchor|GEM/5}}GEM/5 for GST Timeworks Publisher=====
Another version of GEM called '''GEM/5'''<!-- release date? --><ref name="Seasip_GEM5"/> was produced by [[GST Software Products]] for [[Timeworks]]' [[Timeworks Publisher|Publisher]] 2.1.<!-- release date? --> It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, along with features such as on-the-fly font scaling. It came complete with all the standard GEM 3.1 tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the Bézier handling taken from GEM/4.

=====ViewMAX for DR&nbsp;DOS=====
{{Main article|ViewMAX}}
[[File:Viewmax screen shot.png|thumb|Screenshot of [[ViewMAX]] file manager with user-defined colors]]
GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known as [[ViewMAX]] which was used solely as a file management shell under [[DR&nbsp;DOS]]. In this form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to a situation where a number of applications (including ViewMAX) could exist all with their own [[Static build|statically linked]] copy of the GEM system. This scenario was actually rare, as few native GEM programs were published. In 1991, [[ViewMAX 2]] was released.

In these forms, GEM survived until DRI was purchased by [[Novell]] in June 1991<ref name="Scott_1991"/><ref name="BW_1991"/> and all GEM development was cancelled.

=====X/GEM=====
<!-- section title used in redirects -->
Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started with '''X/GEM''' based on GEM/1, but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M-based operating systems.{{clarify|reason=Refs indicate a protected mode X window system in the late 1980, not something CP/M related.|date=September 2018}} DRI also produced X/GEM for their [[FlexOS]]<ref name="Fitler_1989"/><ref name="CW_1989"/> [[real-time operating system]] with adaptations for [[OS/2 Presentation Manager]]<ref name="Barney_1987"/><ref name="Fitler_1989"/> and the [[X Window System]] under preparation as well.<ref name="Fitler_1989"/>

=====Ventura Publisher=====
Lee Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development. He then joined with two other former DRI employees, Don Heiskell and John Meyer, to start [[Ventura Software]]. They developed [[Ventura Publisher]] (which was later marketed by [[Xerox]] and eventually by [[Corel]]), which would go on to be a very popular [[desktop publishing]] program for some time.

===={{anchor|ST GEM|GEMDOS}}Atari versions====
[[File:Tos492.png|thumbnail|TOS 4.92 ([[Atari Falcon]]) running HomePage Penguin and Desktop]]
{{Main article|Atari TOS}}

Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984, when Atari sent a team called "The Monterey Group" to [[Digital Research]] to begin work on porting GEM. Originally, the plan was to run GEM on top of [[CP/M-68K#16-bit versions|CP/M-68K]], both ostensibly ported to [[Motorola 68000]] by DRI prior to the ST design being created. In fact, these ports were unusable and would require considerable development. Digital Research also offered GEMDOS (originally written as GEM&nbsp;DOS, it was also called "Project Jason"), a DOS-like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms. It was available for [[Intel 8086|8086]] and [[Motorola 68000|68000]] processors and had been adapted to the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[Lisa 2/5]] and the [[Motorola]] [[VME board|VME]]/10<ref name="Motorola_VME10"/> development system.<ref name="Harris_GEMDOS"/> Atari decided in January 1985<ref name="Landon 2008"/> to give up on the existing CP/M-68K code and instead port DRI GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform, referring to it as [[Atari TOS|TOS]].<ref name="Daniels_1988"/>

As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version, they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse-license it back to DRI. As a result, the Apple-DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM, and they were allowed to keep a more Mac-like UI.

Over the next seven years, from 1985 to 1992, new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line. Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster-side of the system, but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support. In 1992, Atari released TOS 4, or [[MultiTOS]], along with their final computer system, the [[Falcon030]]. In combination with [[MiNT]], TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM.

====Continued development====
[[File:Gem1.png|thumbnail|Screenshot of [[OpenGEM]] 5]]
When [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]] bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996,<ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera"/> initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface for [[OpenDOS]] in mobile applications<ref name="Caldera_1997_WebSpyder"/><ref name="Jemmett_1999"/> as ''[[Caldera View]]''<!-- trademark -->, but these plans were abandoned by [[Caldera UK]] in favour of [[DR-WebSpyder]] and [[Graphical ROMable Object Windows|GROW]]. [[Caldera Thin Clients]] (later known as [[Lineo]]) released the source to GEM and GEM&nbsp;XM under the terms of [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL-2.0-only]] in April 1999.<ref name="Jemmett_1999"/> The development of GEM for PC continues as [[FreeGEM]] and [[OpenGEM]].

On the Atari ST platform, the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open source [[Atari TOS|TOS]] clone [[EmuTOS]].  New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form of [[XaAES]], and MyAES,<ref name="MyAES"/> both of which are fully re-entrant and support multitasking on top of the [[MiNT|FreeMiNT]] multitasking extensions to [[Atari TOS|TOS]].

==Description==
The "full" GEM system consisted of three main parts:

#GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
#GEM AES (Application Environment Services)
#GEM Desktop (an application providing drag-and-drop file management)

GEM '''VDI''' was the core graphics system of the overall GEM engine. It was responsible for "low level" drawing in the form of "draw line from here to here". VDI included a resolution and coordinate independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from applications through a fairly simple interface. VDI also included environment information (state, or context), current color, line thickness, output device, etc.

These commands were then examined by GDOS, whose task it was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering. For instance, if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen, the VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing. Simply changing the environment to point to the printer was all that was needed (in theory) to print, dramatically reducing the developer workload (they formerly had to do printing "by hand" in all applications). GDOS was also responsible for loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded.

One major advantage VDI provided over the Macintosh was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled. In the Mac such information was stored in memory inside the application. This resulted in serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre-emptive multitasking, as the drawing layer ([[QuickDraw]]) needed to have direct memory access into all programs. In GEM VDI however, such information was stored in the device itself, with GDOS creating "virtual devices" for every context &ndash; each window for instance.

GEM '''AES''' provided the window system, window manager, UI style and other GUI elements (widgets). For performance reasons, many of the GUI widgets were actually drawn using character graphics. Compared to the Macintosh, AES provided a rather spartan look and the system shipped with a single monospaced font.

AES performs its operations by calling the VDI, but in a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in applications. Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window, with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that window.

GEM '''Desktop''' was an application program that used AES to provide a file manager and launcher, the traditional "desktop" environment that users had come to expect from the Macintosh. Unlike the Macintosh, the GEM Desktop ran on top of DOS ([[MS-DOS]], [[DOS Plus]] or [[DR DOS]] on the PC, GEMDOS/[[Atari TOS|TOS]] on the Atari), and as a result the actual display was cluttered with computer-like items, including path names and wildcards. In general, GEM was much more "geeky" than the Mac, but simply running a usable shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own. Otherwise, GEM has its own advantages over Mac OS such as proportional sliders.

Native PC GEM applications use the file extension .APP for executables, whereas GEM desktop accessories use the file extension .ACC instead.<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN"/> All desktop accessories (and also a few simple applications) can be run under ViewMAX without modification.<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Atari TOS]]
* [[EmuTOS]]
* [[FreeGEM]]
* [[OpenGEM]]
* [[GEM character set]]
* [[Atari ST character set]]
* [[Resource construction set]] (RCS)
* [[Pantone Color Computer Graphics]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dilger_2007">{{cite web |title=Office Wars 3 – How Microsoft Got Its Office Monopoly |work=RoughlyDrafted Magazine |date=2007-09-10 |author-last=Dilger |author-first=Daniel Eran |location=San Francisco, California, USA |url=http://www.roughlydrafted.com/2007/09/10/office-wars-3-how-microsoft-got-its-office-monopoly/ |access-date=2013-08-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819163331/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/2007/09/10/office-wars-3-how-microsoft-got-its-office-monopoly/ |archive-date=2013-08-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Barney_1987">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Computerworld]] |issn=0010-4841 |volume=XXI |number=44 |publisher=[[CW Publishing, Inc.]] |date=1987-11-02 |title=Microbits: Waiting is hardest part |author-first=Douglas |author-last=Barney |pages=37, 45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUSIMiurpfYC&pg=PP44 |access-date=2020-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111070925/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUSIMiurpfYC&pg=PP44 |archive-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>
<ref name="Fitler_1989">{{cite journal |title=Writing portable applications with X/GEM - How does X/GEM compare with other windowing systems? |author-first=Bill |author-last=Fitler |date=March 1989 |journal=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]] |url=http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/rpn/biblio/ddj/Website/articles/DDJ/1989/8903/8903c/8903c.htm |access-date=2016-11-24 |archive-date=2014-08-11  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811034828/http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/rpn/biblio/ddj/Website/articles/DDJ/1989/8903/8903c/8903c.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="DRI_GEM_Announce_1984">{{cite web |url=http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/view.php?s=events&id=1822 |title=Digital Research Announces GEM |work=Corporate Histories Collection - Computer History Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725190931/http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/view.php?s=events&id=1822 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_1989">{{cite news |title=Der GEM-Oldie von Digital Research läuft und läuft: Eine Benutzeroberfläche für diverse Rechnerarchitekturen |language=de |newspaper=[[Computerwoche]] |issn=0170-5121 |publisher=[[IDG Business Media GmbH]] |date=1989-08-18 |url=http://www.computerwoche.de/a/eine-benutzeroberflaeche-fuer-diverse-rechnerarchitekturen,1151796 |access-date=2016-11-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124153620/http://www.computerwoche.de/a/eine-benutzeroberflaeche-fuer-diverse-rechnerarchitekturen%2C1151796 |archive-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera">{{cite news |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |series=News |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |volume=18 |issue=31 |issn=0199-6649 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3 |access-date=2020-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208123222/https://books.google.de/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PP1&focus=viewport&hl=de |archive-date=2020-02-08}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Jj0EAAAAMBAJ/page/n6/mode/1up]; {{cite news |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad' |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[Computerworld New Zealand]] |issn=0113-1494 |id=CMPWNZ |volume=<!-- different from US issue --> |number=<!-- different from US issue --> |publisher=[[IDG Communications]] |url=https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823043437/https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |archive-date=2018-08-23}} <!-- This article cannot be found in the US issue of Computerworld |issn=0010-4841 |volume=30 |number=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrz6PIR7f0oC --></ref>
<ref name="Caldera_1997_WebSpyder">{{cite web |editor-first=Joseph P. |editor-last=Morris |title=Caldera Announces OEM Availability of "Web-TV"-like Functionality Using OpenDOS - Caldera WebSpyder Adds Customizable Inter/Intranet Functionality to OEM Solutions |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |location=Provo, Utah, USA |orig-year=1997-05-19 |date=1997-05-23 |via=www.delorie.com/opendos |url=http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/1997/05/23/11:49:03 |access-date=2018-08-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826121756/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F1997%2F05%2F23%2F11%3A49%3A03 |archive-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Jemmett_1999">{{cite web |work=Deltasoft - GEM News |title=Caldera releases GEM under the GPL |date=April 1999 |author-first=Ben A. L. |author-last=Jemmett |url=http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm |access-date=2016-11-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107145947/http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm |archive-date=2016-11-07 |quote=[[Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.]] released the source code for GEM and [[ViewMAX]] under the [[GNU General Public License]] in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from [[Novell]] along with the [[DR-DOS]] in 1996<!-- correct: 1996, not 1997! -->, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.}}</ref>
<ref name="Scott_1991">{{cite news |title=Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management |author-first=Karyl |author-last=Scott |date=1991-07-29 |series=Networking |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=13 |issue=30 |page=33 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33 |access-date=2017-01-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209155946/https://books.google.de/books?id=mVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-09}}</ref>
<ref name="BW_1991">{{cite news |title=Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement |date=1991-07-17 |work=[[Business Wire]] |url=http://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |access-date=2017-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818133749/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |archive-date=2018-08-18}}</ref>
<ref name="MyAES">{{cite web |title=MyAES |editor-first1=Olivier |editor-last1=Landemarre |editor-first2=Vincent |editor-last2=Rivière |editor-first3=Didier |editor-last3=Méquignon |editor-first4=Eric |editor-last4=Reboux |editor-first5=Arnaud |editor-last5=Bercegeay |editor-first6=Dominique |editor-last6=Béréziat |editor7=Zorro |editor-first8=Philipp |editor-last8=Donzé |editor-first9=Jean Francois |editor-last9=Lemaire |editor-first10=Roland |editor-last10=Sevin |editor-first11=Jean-Marc |editor-last11=Stocklausen |editor-first12=Frédéric |editor-last12=Boudet |editor-first13=Patrice |editor-last13=Mandin |date=2017-12-10 |orig-year=2011 |version=Release: 0.97 |url=http://myaes.lutece.net/ |access-date=2020-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102084038/http://myaes.lutece.net/ |archive-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
<ref name="Schemenaur_1986">{{cite news |title=Digital Research to Unveil Gem Option That Switches Between Applications |author-first=P. J. |author-last=Schemenaur |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] - The PC News Weekly |issn=0199-6649 |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]] |date=1986-10-27 |volume=8 |issue=42 |page=5 |location=Monterey, California, USA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=2018-09-12 }}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_2013_GEMXM">{{cite web |title=GEM/XM screenshots |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |date=2013 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gemxm.html |access-date=2018-09-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180912002650/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gemxm.html |archive-date=2018-09-12}}</ref>
<ref name="DR_1987_GEMXM">{{cite journal |title=GEM XM switches programs under DOS and DOS Plus |journal=[[European Review (Digital Research)|European Review]] |publisher=[[Digital Research]] |date=January 1987 |issue=20 |page=1 |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/03/102770758-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/03/102770758-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2018-09-12 }}</ref>
<ref name="Harris_2001">{{cite web |editor-first=Dylan |editor-last=Harris |title=download - XM |date=2000 |publisher=[[Digital Research]] |url=https://dylanharris.org/prose/gem/downloads.shtml |access-date=2001-09-12 |quote=GEM XM Desktop allows you to run several applications at once. You can switch at will between them and even pass data from application to application. No longer need you finish one job before starting another. No more errors in typing the output of one programme as input to the next. Even for DOS applications that were not specially written for GEM. These new capabilities are in addition to the easy–to–use GEM Desktop functions of organising and displaying the contents of your discs. All commands use drop–down menus so need no memorizing. Discs and files are represented by icons which are unambiguous and easy to select, especially with a mouse. GEM XM Desktop is delivered complete with the indispensable GEM Diary which has alarm clock, calendar, diary and card index functions constantly available.}}</ref>
<ref name="DRI_1988_CDOS">{{cite web |title=Concurrent DOS - Powerful Multiuser Multitasking Operating Systems |date=1988 |orig-year=1987 |publisher=[[Digital Research Inc.]] |id=1090-1411-002 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/concurrent/1090-1411-002_Concurrent_DOS_Brochure_1988.pdf |access-date=2018-10-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126194741/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/concurrent/1090-1411-002_Concurrent_DOS_Brochure_1988.pdf |archive-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
<ref name="DRI_1984_DD">{{cite news |title=One man's drive to standardize GSX |volume=3 |number=4 |date=August 1984 |newspaper=[[Digital Dialogue (Digital Research)|Digital Dialogue]] - Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc. |publisher=[[Digital Research]] |page=3 |url=http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/03x04%20198408%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf |access-date=2022-09-19  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616225233/http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/03x04%20198408%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_1990_Artline">{{cite news |title=Digital Research stellt Artline 2 vor - Unter GEM-Oberfläche illustrieren und präsentieren |language=de |date=1990-02-09 |author=<!-- CW, staff writer, no byline --> |newspaper=[[Computerwoche]] |issn=0170-5121 |publisher=[[IDG Business Media GmbH]] |location=Munich, Germany |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/unter-gem-oberflaeche-illustrieren-und-praesentieren,1144263 |access-date=2020-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112002517/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/unter-gem-oberflaeche-illustrieren-und-praesentieren,1144263 |archive-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>
<ref name="DR_1990_Artline_IST">{{cite book |title=Digital Research Artline Installation / Startup |publisher=[[Digital Research]] / CCP Development GmbH |id=5161-2052-002 |date=November 1990 |orig-year=1988 |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_digitalRes2.051612052002ArtlineInstallationStartup_6997120/5161-2052-002_Artline_Installation_Startup_Tutorial_Nov90_djvu.txt |access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>
<ref name="DR_1990_Artline_GUG">{{cite book |title=Digital Research Artline Graphics Utilities Guide |publisher=[[Digital Research]] / CCP Development GmbH |id=5161-2042-002 |date=August 1990 |orig-year=1988 |edition=1 |url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_digitalRes2.051612042002ArtlineGraphicsUtilitiesGu_2640303/5161-2042-002_Artline_Graphics_Utilities_Guide_Aug90_djvu.txt |access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>
<ref name="DR_1991_Artline_RN">{{cite book |title=Artline Release Note |edition=3 |date=January 1991 |id=5161-1001-003 |url=https://usermanual.wiki/Document/51611001003ArtlineReleaseNote233Jan91.2932260941/view |access-date=2020-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200112020823/https://usermanual.wiki/Document/51611001003ArtlineReleaseNote233Jan91.2932260941/view |archive-date=2020-01-12}} [https://usermanual.wiki/Document/51611001003ArtlineReleaseNote233Jan91.2932260941/help<!-- https://archive.today/20200112021022/https://usermanual.wiki/Document/51611001003ArtlineReleaseNote233Jan91.2932260941/help -->]</ref>
<ref name="DR_1990_Artline_URG">{{cite book |title=Digital Research Artline User Reference Guide |publisher=[[Digital Research]] / CCP Development GmbH |id=5161-2062-002 |date=November 1990 |orig-year=1988 |edition=2 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/gem/GEM3/Artline_2.0/5161-2062-002_Artline_User_Reference_Guide_Nov90.pdf |access-date=2020-01-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204110131/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/gem/GEM3/Artline_2.0/5161-2062-002_Artline_User_Reference_Guide_Nov90.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
<ref name="ANALOG_TCS_1">{{cite newsgroup |title=DRI Ships GEM |editor-first=C. E. |editor-last=Malloy |work=[[ANALOG Computing|A.N.A.L.O.G.]] TCS #1 |date=1985-07-02 |orig-year=1985-03-20 |newsgroup=net.micro.atari |id=ihlpa.704 |url=https://groups.google.com/group/net.micro.atari/msg/be027ae35c6e11a2?dmode=source&hl=en |access-date=2020-01-11 |quote=Digital Research Inc.'s (DRI) new Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) system software was shipped as scheduled to original-equipment manufacturers (OEMs) February 28, the company announced March 11, 1985.}}</ref>
<ref name="Lineback_GSX">{{cite web |author-first=Nathan |author-last=Lineback |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/gsx.html |title=GSX Screen Shots |work=Toastytech.com |access-date=2020-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200115071430/http://toastytech.com/guis/gsx.html |archive-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Lineback_GEM11">{{cite web |author-first=Nathan |author-last=Lineback |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/gem11.html |title=GEM 1.1 screenshots |work=Toastytech.com |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225055144/http://toastytech.com/guis/gem11.html |archive-date=2019-12-25}}</ref>
<ref name="Lineback_GEM20">{{cite web |author-first=Nathan |author-last=Lineback |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/gem20.html |title=GEM 2.0 Screen Shots |work=Toastytech.com |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822172443/http://toastytech.com/guis/gem20.html |archive-date=2019-08-22}}</ref>
<ref name="Lineback_GEM311">{{cite web |author-first=Nathan |author-last=Lineback |url=http://toastytech.com/guis/gem311.html |title=GEM 3.11 Screen Shots |work=Toastytech.com |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118001922/http://toastytech.com/guis/gem311.html |archive-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Seasip_GEM11">{{cite web |editor-first=John C. |editor-last=Elliott |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/screens.html |title=Screenshots of GEM |work=Seasip.info |date=2007-03-18 |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521190431/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/screens.html |archive-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Seasip_Apricot">{{cite web |editor-first=John C. |editor-last=Elliott |title=Screenshots of Apricot GEM/1 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/apricot.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404060430/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/apricot.html |archive-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>
<ref name="Seasip_GEM4">{{cite web |editor-first=John C. |editor-last=Elliott |title=Screenshots of GEM/4 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem4.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610112712/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem4.html |archive-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Seasip_GEM5">{{cite web |editor-first=John C. |editor-last=Elliott |title=Screenshots of GEM/5 |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem5.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610112840/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem5.html |archive-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Markoff_1985">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-06/1985_06_BYTE_10-06_Programming_Techniques#page/n461/mode/2up |title=A GEM Seminar |magazine=[[BYTE]] |date=June 1985 |access-date=2013-10-27 |author-last1=Markoff |author-first1=John Gregory |author-link1=John Gregory Markoff |author-last2=Robinson |author-first2=Phillip |page=455}}</ref> 
<ref name="Kisor_1985">{{cite news |title=GEM Write Gives IBM Owners Apple-styled Word Processing |author-last=Kisor |author-first=Henry |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=1985-11-16 |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1985/11/16/gem-write-gives-ibm-owners-apple-styled-word-processing/ |access-date=2015-01-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213013907/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-11-16/business/0340370203_1_gem-desktop-graphics-adaptor-called-gem |archive-date=2019-02-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Alsop_1988">{{cite journal |author-last=Alsop |author-first=Stewart II |author-link=Stewart Johonnot Oliver Alsop, Jr. |date=1988-01-18 |title=WUI: The War Over User Interface |journal=P.C. Letter - the Insider's Guide to the Personal Computer Industry |issn=8756-7822 |publisher=PCW Communications Inc. |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–4 |url=http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf |access-date=2020-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823080704/http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/PC-Letter_19880118.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-23}}</ref>
<ref name="Motorola_VME10">{{cite web |title=Motorola VME/10 Microcomputer System Overview Manual |id=M68KVSOM/D1 |edition=1 |date=February 1984 |publisher=[[Motorola Inc.]] |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/motorola/VME_10/M68KVSOM_D1_VME_10_Microcomputer_System_Overview_Manual_Feb84.pdf |access-date=2020-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127151756/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/motorola/VME_10/M68KVSOM_D1_VME_10_Microcomputer_System_Overview_Manual_Feb84.pdf |archive-date=2019-11-27}}</ref>
<ref name="Harris_GEMDOS">{{Cite web |url=https://dylanharris.org/prose/gem/gemdos.zip |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-09-12  |archive-date=2006-07-13  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713152657/http://dylanharris.org/prose/gem/gemdos.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Landon 2008">{{cite web |title=The Atari ST, Part 2 |author-first=Landon |author-last=Dyer |url=http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010044524/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000 |archive-date=2018-10-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Daniels_1988">{{cite magazine |title=3 Years With the ST - An exclusive look inside Tramiel's Atari |author-first=Jeffrey |author-last=Daniels |magazine=[[STart (magazine)|STart]] - The ST Quarterly |publisher=[[Antic Publishing]] |series=START Magazine Archive |volume=3 |number=1 |date=Summer 1988 |page=22 |url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv3n1/threeyearsofst.html |access-date=2020-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102154739/https://www.atarimagazines.com/startv3n1/threeyearsofst.html |archive-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>
<ref name="Krautter_1999">{{cite web |title=GEM/4 |author-first1=Thomas |author-last1=Krautter |author-first2=Chris J. |author-last2=Barnes |date=2006-06-14 |orig-year=1999-12-29 |work=GEM Development |url=https://www.simpits.org/pipermail/gem-dev/2006-June/001176.html |access-date=2020-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085447/http://www.simpits.org/pipermail/gem-dev/2006-June/001176.html |archive-date=2013-03-16 |quote=[…] In general, I like the idea of releasing Artline 1 and/or 2 to the public domain, given, some general things are discussed. […] comments on Artline, because the application all the time has been our own copyright, all code was written at [[CCP Development GmbH|CCP]], the trademark has been [[Digital Research]]'s (now it's ours) and the Artline 2 Operating System has been GEM/4. Artline 1 needs GEM 3.1, while all changes to GEM/4 have been made in cooperation with [[Lee Lorenzen]] and [[Don Heiskell]] to keep compatibility with [[Ventura Publisher|ventura publisher]]. Bill Herndon is currently checking his archive to see, if he may contribute GEM/4 VDI and driver sources. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Wong_1984_GSX">{{cite magazine |title=Digital Research's GSX: Graphics Portability |id=GSX13ART.TXT |author-first=William G. |author-last=Wong |magazine=[[Microsystems (magazine)|Microsystems]] |date=July 1984 |pages=74 |url=http://www.cpm.z80.de/roche/GSX13ART.TXT |access-date=2020-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020124628/http://www.cpm.z80.de/roche/GSX13ART.TXT |archive-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT_1985_GEM">{{cite news |title=Digital Research To Modify GEM |date=1985-10-01 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=D-4 |edition=National |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/01/business/digital-research-to-modify-gem.html |access-date=2020-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193153/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/01/business/digital-research-to-modify-gem.html |archive-date=2018-09-30 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
<ref name="Watt_1985_Apple">{{cite news |title=Apple forces rewrite of GEM |series=News |author-first=Peggy |author-last=Watt |newspaper=[[Computerworld]] |issn=0010-4841 |publisher=[[CW Publishing, Inc.]] |date=1985-10-07 |location=Monterey, California, USA |volume=XIX |number=40 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3IudMVoEusC&pg=PA2 |access-date=2020-02-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212143052/https://books.google.de/books?id=w3IudMVoEusC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
<ref name="Watt_1986_Reorg">{{cite news |author-last=Watt |author-first=Peggy |title=Digital Research tighens belt with layoffs, reorganization - Realign business units, product lines |series=Computer Industry |date=1986-10-27 |newspaper=[[Computerworld]] - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community |publisher=[[CW Communications, Inc.]] |issn=0010-4841 |volume=XX |issue=43 |location=Monterey, California, USA |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95 |access-date=2020-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216233625/https://books.google.de/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
<ref name="GUI_History">{{cite web |author-last=Reimer |author-first=Jeremy  |title=A History of the GUI |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=2005-05-05 |url=http://www.living-information.de/pdf/gui_history.pdf |access-date=2012-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055252/http://www.living-information.de/pdf/gui_history.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19}} (28 pages)</ref>
<ref name="CW_1985_CDOS">{{cite news |author=<!-- CW, staff writer, no byline --> |title=Concurrent DOS 4.1 in den USA angekündigt |language=de |date=1985-06-21 |newspaper=[[Computerwoche]] |issn=0170-5121 |publisher=[[IDG Business Media GmbH]] |url=http://www.computerwoche.de/a/concurrent-dos-4-1-in-den-usa-angekuendigt,1169757 |access-date=2017-01-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118112800/http://www.computerwoche.de/a/concurrent-dos-4-1-in-den-usa-angekuendigt,1169757 |archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_GSX">{{cite web |editor-first=John C. |editor-last=Elliott |title=The Graphics System eXtension |work=Seasip.info |date=2014-07-07 |url=https://www.seasip.info/Cpm/gsx.html |access-date=2020-01-13 }}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_VDI">{{cite web |editor-first=John C. |editor-last=Elliott |title=The Virtual Device Interface |work=Seasip.info |date=2014-07-07 |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/vdi.html |access-date=2020-01-13 }}</ref>
<ref name="Elliott_AES">{{cite web |editor-first1=John C. |editor-last1=Elliott |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-last2=H. |title=The Application Environment Services |work=Seasip.info |date=2014-07-07 |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/aes.html |access-date=2020-01-13 }}</ref>
<ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes2">{{cite news |title=DRI promotes graphics standard |newspaper=[[Micro Notes (Digital Research)|Micro Notes]] - Technical information on Digital Research products |volume=2 |number=2 |date=May 1984 |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |location=Pacific Grove, California, USA |id=NWS-106-002 |page=12 |url=https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf |access-date=2020-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211005618/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-11 |quote=[…] <!-- Once the exact driver names have been identified, they should be moved into the driver list in the article body -->[[Polaroid Palette]] (part of the Presentation Master package from Digital Research), [[Diablo Data Systems|Diablo]] Cl30 Color InkJet printer, Transtar color printer, [[Houston Instruments]] CMP-29/40/41/42 plotter series. Strobe 100/260 plotter series, the [[Hewlett-Packard]] 7473A plotter and [[Philips]] GP&nbsp;300L Hi and Lo Res printers. […]}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211102248/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_bw_full.pdf<!-- https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_bw_full.pdf -->]</ref>
<ref name="DRI_1984_MicroNotes3">{{cite news |title=Language bindings available on data base services |newspaper=[[Micro Notes (Digital Research)|Micro Notes]] - Technical information on Digital Research products |volume=2 |number=3 |date=July 1984 |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |location=Pacific Grove, California, USA |id=NWS-106-003 |page=4 |url=https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf |access-date=2020-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211005618/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-11 |quote=[…] Further documentation in the form of the GSX Language Reference manual is available for 16-bit DRI languages inside the GSX-86 Programmer's Toolkit. The product contains both versions of the newest GSX version 1.3 - one for CP/M-86 (including Concurrent CP/M) and the other for PC-DOS. […]}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211102248/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_bw_full.pdf<!-- https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_bw_full.pdf -->]</ref>
<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN">{{cite book |title=DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0 |series=MPDOSTIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=1997-04-13 |orig-year=1993 |edition=60 |language=de |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm |access-date=2016-11-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122830/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm |archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN">{{cite book |title=NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 |series=MPDOSTIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=1997-06-07 |orig-year=1994 |edition=85 |language=de |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm |access-date=2016-11-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122352/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm |archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
<ref name="DDHP26XX_2020">{{cite web |title=New driver source |date=2020 |url=http://www.vcfed.org/forum/showthread.php?73271-GSX-for-CP-M-2-2 |access-date=2020-07-28 |archive-date=2020-07-28  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728224147/http://www.vcfed.org/forum/showthread.php?73271-GSX-for-CP-M-2-2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="UMC">{{cite web |title=UMC UM85C408AF 16-bit ISA Dram VGA Drivers {{!}} Device Drivers |website=oemdrivers.com |date=27 July 2020 |url=https://oemdrivers.com/graphic-umc-um85c408af-drivers |access-date=2020-07-27 }}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Apricot Portable - Technical Reference Manual |volume=Section 3: Software |publisher=[[ACT (International) Limited]] |date=1984 |url=https://archive.org/details/hack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections |access-date=2020-01-13 }} [https://archive.org/stream/hack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections_djvu.txt][https://archive.org/download/hack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections_text.pdf] (228 pages)
* {{cite book |title=GSX Graphics Extension - Programmer's Guide |date=September 1983 |edition=2 |publisher=[[Digital Research Inc.]] |id=5000-2024 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/gsx/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83.pdf |access-date=2020-01-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211113301/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/gsx/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-11}} [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_digitalResGraphicsExtensionProgrammersGuideSep83_2557741/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83][https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_digitalResGraphicsExtensionProgrammersGuideSep83_2557741/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83_djvu.txt][https://archive.org/download/bitsavers_digitalResGraphicsExtensionProgrammersGuideSep83_2557741/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83_text.pdf]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.deltasoft.com/ GEM] - history, documentation and links to various open-source GEM projects
* [https://aranym.github.io/afros.html Afros] - a distribution of Atari OS components (consisting of for example [http://emutos.sourceforge.net/en/ EmuTOS]), aimed specifically at ARAnyM
* [https://aranym.github.io/ Aranym] Atari Running on Any Machine: an open source emulator/virtual machine that can run Atari GEM applications
* {{cite web|url=http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/gemworld.html |title=GEM : THE PROJECT}}
* [http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=995 Creating of TOS (part 1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512111825/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=995 |date=2011-05-12  }} Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"
* [http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000 Creating of TOS (part 2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921220814/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000 |date=2010-09-21  }} Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"
* [https://archive.org/details/TheMacin1985 GEM demo 1985 Most of the program is about the MAC]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/index.html#archive |title=Intel GEM main page| author=John C. Elliott}}

{{Digital Research}}
{{File managers}}

[[Category:Atari ST software]]
[[Category:Desktop environments]]
[[Category:Digital Research software]]
[[Category:DOS software]]
[[Category:File managers]]
<!-- [[Category:FlexOS software]] -->
[[Category:Formerly proprietary software]]
[[Category:GEM software]]
[[Category:Operating system APIs]]
[[Category:Windowing systems]]
[[Category:1985 software]]