Editing Gabriel Narutowicz

{{short description|Polish academic and first President of Poland (1865–1922)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Gabriel Narutowicz
| image               = Portret Narutowicz (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Narutowicz in 1915
| order               = [[President of Poland]]
| term_start          = 11 December 1922
| term_end            = 16 December 1922
| primeminister       = [[Julian Nowak]]
| predecessor         = [[Józef Piłsudski]] (as Chief of State)
| successor           = [[Stanisław Wojciechowski]]<br /><small>[[Maciej Rataj]] (acting)</small>
| order2              = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start2         = 28 June 1922
| term_end2           = 14 December 1922
| primeminister2      = [[Artur Śliwiński]]<br />[[Julian Nowak]]
| predecessor2        = [[Konstanty Skirmunt]]
| successor2          = [[Aleksander Skrzyński]]
| office3             = Minister of Public Works
| term_start3         = 28 June 1920
| term_end3           = 6 June 1922
| primeminister3      = [[Władysław Grabski]] <br> [[Wincenty Witos]] <br> [[Antoni Ponikowski]]
| predecessor3        = Andrzej Kędzior
| successor3          = Władysław Ziemiński
| birth_name          = Gabriel Józef Narutowicz
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1865|3|29|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Telšiai]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Lithuania]])
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1922|12|16|1865|3|17|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Warsaw]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]
| death_cause         = [[Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz|Assassination]]
| education           = [[ETH Zurich]]
| party               = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /><small>(supported by the [[Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"]])</small>
| spouse              = Ewa Krzyżanowska
| children            = Stanisław, Anna
| profession          = {{hlist|Engineer|Politician|Statesman|Diplomat}}
| honorific_prefix    = 
| honorific_suffix    = 
}}
{{Agrarianism in Poland |Politicians}}
'''Gabriel Józef Narutowicz''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈɡabrjɛl naruˈtɔvit͡ʂ|lang}}; 29 March 1865 – 16 December 1922)<!--full dates in infobox, per MOS--> was a [[Polish people|Polish]] professor of [[hydroelectric]] [[engineering]] and [[politician]] who served as the first [[president of Poland]] from 11 December 1922 until [[Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz|his assassination]], five days after assuming office. He previously served as the [[Minister of Public Works|minister of public works]] from 1920 to 1922 and briefly as the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|minister of foreign affairs]] in 1922. A [[Independent politician|non-partisan]] and an engineer by profession, Narutowicz was the first elected [[head of state]] following Poland's regained sovereignty from [[Partitions of Poland|partitioning powers]].

Born into a noble family with the strong patriotic sentiment, Narutowicz studied at the [[Saint Petersburg Imperial University]] before relocating to [[Zurich Polytechnic]] and completing his studies in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/gabriel-narutowicz |title=Gabriel Narutowicz. |access-date=2018-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920104512/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/gabriel-narutowicz |archive-date=2019-09-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An engineer by profession, he was a pioneer of [[electrification]] and his works were presented at exhibitions across Western Europe. Narutowicz also directed the construction of the first European hydroelectric power plants in [[Monthey]], [[Mühleberg]] and [[Andelsbuch]]. In 1907, he was nominated a professor of hydroelectric and water engineering in Zurich, and was subsequently assigned to maintaining the [[Rhine]]. In September 1919, Narutowicz was invited by the Polish authorities to work on reconstruction projects in the aftermath of [[World War I]]. On 23 June 1920, Narutowicz became the minister of public works in [[Władysław Grabski]]’s government. Following his successful conduct of the Polish delegation at the [[Genoa Conference (1922)|Genoa Conference]], on 28 June 1922 he became the minister of foreign affairs in [[Artur Śliwiński]]’s cabinet.

During the [[1922 Polish presidential elections|1922 presidential election]], Narutowicz was supported by a centre-left coalition of the [[Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"]], [[Polish Socialist Party|Socialist Party]], and [[Bloc of National Minorities]], but was opposed by the conservative [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democrats]]. Ultranationalists and [[Catholic Integralism|Catholic Integralists]] attacked him for his defence of the rights of [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]]. After five rounds of voting, Narutowicz defeated the National Democratic candidate, [[Maurycy Zamoyski]], becoming the first [[President of Poland]]. After only five days in office, he was assassinated by a mentally disturbed artist, [[Eligiusz Niewiadomski]], while viewing paintings at the [[Zachęta|Zachęta Art Gallery]].<ref>[https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Narutowicz-Gabriel;3945908.html Narutowicz Gabriel at Encyclopaedia PWN.]</ref> His funeral, attended by almost 500,000 people, was simultaneously a manifestation of peace which diminished the power of the far-right movement in the upcoming years.
Narutowicz was a non-practicing Catholic and an active [[Freemason]]; he participated in rituals throughout the whole country.

==Family==
Gabriel Józef Narutowicz was born into a [[Polish-Lithuanian identity|Polish-Lithuanian]] [[szlachta|noble family]] in [[Telšiai]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]] after the [[partitions of Poland|partitioning]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dzieje.pl/postacie/gabriel-narutowicz-1865-1922 |title=Gabriel Narutowicz (1865-1922) |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> His father, Jan Narutowicz, was a local district judge and landholder in the [[Samogitia]]n village of {{Ill|Brėvikiai|lt}}. As a result of his participation in the [[January Uprising|January 1863 Uprising]] against Imperial Russia, he was sentenced to a year in prison; he died when Gabriel was only one.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://opinie.wp.pl/gabriel-narutowicz-6151603717531777c |title=Gabriel Narutowicz - Najnowsze informacje |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

Gabriel’s mother, Wiktoria Szczepkowska, was Jan's third wife. Following her husband's death, she raised the sons herself. An educated woman, intrigued by the philosophy of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], she had a great influence on the development of Gabriel and his siblings' world view. In 1873 she moved to [[Liepāja]], [[Latvia]], so that her children would not be forced to attend a Russian school ([[Russification]] in Latvia after the Uprising of 1863 was less enforced than in Lithuania and Poland, the center of the uprising).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zw.lt/opinie/gabriel-narutowicz-litewski-polak-prezydent-polski-skonczylby-150-lat/ |title=Gabriel Narutowicz, litewski Polak, prezydent Polski, skończyłby 150 lat… |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

An illustration of the dual nature of the family's identity is Gabriel Narutowicz’s brother, [[Stanisław Narutowicz]], who, after Lithuania regained independence in 1918, became a [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]], not Polish, citizen. Earlier, towards the end of [[World War I]], Stanisław had become a member of the [[Council of Lithuania]], the provisional [[Lithuanian parliament]]. He was a [[Signatory of the Act of Independence of Lithuania|signatory]] of the [[Act of Independence of Lithuania]] of 16 February 1918.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://przegladbaltycki.pl/6698,85-temu-samobojstwo-popelnil-stanislaw-narutowicz.html |title=85 lat temu samobójstwo popełnił Stanisław Narutowicz |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

==1865–1920==
[[File:Gedenktafel für Gabrjel Narutowicz Ki 00032-04.tif|thumb|left|150px|Memorial plaque commemorating Gabriel Narutowicz ([[ETH Zurich]], 1932)]]
Narutowicz finished his secondary education at the [[Liepāja Gymnasium]], [[Latvia]]. He then enrolled at the [[Saint Petersburg Imperial University]], in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Illness, however, caused him to suspend those studies and to later transfer to the [[Zurich Polytechnic]] in Switzerland, where he studied from 1887 to 1891.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zw.lt/opinie/gabriel-narutowicz-litewski-polak-prezydent-polski-skonczylby-150-lat/ |title=Gabriel Narutowicz, litewski Polak, prezydent Polski, skończyłby 150 lat… |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

Narutowicz helped exiled Poles on the run from the Russian authorities during his time in Switzerland. He was also connected with a Polish émigré socialist party, "[[Proletariat (party)|Proletariat]]". As a result of his associations, he was banned from returning to Russia and had a warrant issued for his arrest. In 1895 Narutowicz became a Swiss citizen and, after completing his studies, he was employed as an engineer during the construction of the [[St. Gallen]] railway.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/gabriel-narutowicz-1865-1922-minister-i-pierwszy-prezydent-rp |title=Gabriel Narutowicz |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

Narutowicz proved to be an outstanding engineering expert and, in 1895, became chief of works on the River Rhine. Later he was hired by the Kurstein technical office. His works were exhibited at the International Exhibition in Paris (1896), and he would become a famous pioneer of electrification in Switzerland. Narutowicz directed the construction of many other European hydroelectric power plants, such as in [[Monthey]], [[Mühleberg]], and [[Andelsbuch]].

In 1907 he became a professor at [[ETH Zurich]], in the water construction institute in Zurich. He was dean of that institute from 1913 to 1919. He was also a member of the Swiss Committee for Water Economy. In 1915 he was chosen chairman of the International Committee for the regulation of the River [[Rhine]].

During World War I, he cooperated with the General Swiss Committee tasked with helping victims of the war in Poland and was also a member of ''La Pologne et la Guerre'', located in [[Lausanne]]. A follower of the ideas of [[Józef Piłsudski]], in September 1919 Narutowicz was invited by the Polish government to return to Poland to take part in the rebuilding of the nation's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.polskieradio24.pl/5/3/Artykul/1558551,Prezydent-Andrzej-Duda-zlozyl-kwiaty-na-grobie-Gabriela-Narutowicza |title=Prezydent Andrzej Duda złożył kwiaty na grobie Gabriela Narutowicza |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

==1920–22==
[[File:Gabriel Narutowicz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Narutowicz in his office, just days before the assassination]]  
After coming back to Poland, on 23 June 1920 Narutowicz became the Minister of Public Works in [[Władysław Grabski]]’s government. He held that post until 26 June 1922 (in four different subsequent cabinets: of Władysław Grabski, [[Wincenty Witos]] and the first and the second governments of [[Antoni Ponikowski]]). After becoming the Minister of Public Works, Narutowicz immediately started to work on the rebuilding of his country, using the experience acquired in Switzerland as a pioneer of electrification. He would soon go about reorganizing the reconstruction bureaucracy and reduce the number of employees fourfold over the course of two years, in that way greatly increasing its efficiency.

Narutowicz traveled around the country often to personally supervise and direct public works. By 1921 almost 270,000 buildings and 300 bridges had been rebuilt, most of the roads mended, and about 200&nbsp;km of highways added. He also designed dams and supervised the building of a hydroelectric power plant in Porąbka on the river [[Soła]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://biznesalert.pl/elektrownia-szczytowo-pompowa-porabka-zar-swietuje-40-lat-istnienia/ |title=Elektrownia Szczytowo-Pompowa Porąbka-Żar świętuje 40 lat istnienia |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> in the [[Beskid Mountains]], and worked on irrigation control of the [[Vistula River]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dzieje.pl/postacie/gabriel-narutowicz-1865-1922 |title=Gabriel Narutowicz (1865-1922) |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

Politically he had a reputation as a moderate, reasonable and broad-minded man. He was a member of the government in every subsequent cabinet (a period of constant government crises and turnover). In April 1922, Narutowicz was delegated (together with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the time, [[Konstanty Skirmunt]]) to participate in the [[Genoa Conference (1922)|Genoa Conference]], and was given credit for the success of the Polish delegation—many Western diplomats had greater trust in the highly respected Narutowicz than in the other government ministers of the newly re-established country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpilsudski.org/artykuly-historyczne-pilsudski/jozefa-pilsudskiego-pisma-zebrane/item/2310-jozef-pilsudski-wspomnienia-o-gabrielu-narutowiczu |title=JÓZEF PIŁSUDSKI. WSPOMNIENIA O GABRIELU NARUTOWICZU |access-date=29 February 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331003715/https://www.jpilsudski.org/artykuly-historyczne-pilsudski/jozefa-pilsudskiego-pisma-zebrane/item/2310-jozef-pilsudski-wspomnienia-o-gabrielu-narutowiczu |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 28 June 1922, he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in [[Artur Śliwiński]]’s government. He also held that post in the later government of [[Julian Nowak|Julian Ignacy Nowak]]. In October 1922, he represented Poland at a conference in [[Tallinn]]. In the election of [[1922 Polish legislative election|1922]], he supported the center-right National Public Union (''Unia Narodowo-Państwowa''), connected with Józef Piłsudski. He himself was a candidate of the Public Union on Eastern Borderlands (''Państwowe Zjednoczenie na Kresach'') but did not gain a seat in Parliament.<ref name="president.pl">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.pl/en/president/polish-presidents/gabriel-narutowicz/|title=President of the Republic of Poland / President / Polish Presidents / Gabriel Narutowicz|website=www.president.pl|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326120115/https://www.president.pl/en/president/polish-presidents/gabriel-narutowicz/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Elections==
[[File:Narutowicz Pilsudski.jpg|220px|left|thumb|President Gabriel Narutowicz with Marshal [[Józef Piłsudski]] in [[Warsaw]], 1922]]
After having lost the elections, Narutowicz continued as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Julian Nowak. To his own great surprise that December he was nominated as a candidate for the ensuing presidential election. Although Piłsudski tried to discourage him from becoming a presidential candidate (he himself had originally wanted to decline the nomination, which the [[Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"]] had proposed), he eventually relented and accepted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/historia/1533461,1,dlaczego-zginal-narutowicz.read |title=Dlaczego zginął Narutowicz |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

According to the [[March Constitution of Poland]], the president had to be chosen by the [[National Assembly of Poland|National Assembly]], that is, the two houses of parliament (Pol: ''Zgromadzenie Narodowe'' i.e. the Sejm and the Senate). There was no clear winner after the first round of voting. In the second round, the official socialist candidate, [[Ignacy Daszyński]], was eliminated; but again, there was no clear victor. The next to drop out were the two candidates most favored by representatives of the national minorities: namely, [[Jan Baudouin de Courtenay]] and [[Stanisław Wojciechowski]] (the latter supported by some of the Left). In the last and decisive round, only two candidates remained: Count [[Maurycy Klemens Zamoyski]] (backed by the right-wing [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democracy]] movement) and Narutowicz (supported by some center and left-wing parties as well as by spokesmen for various national minorities).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://historykon.pl/kalendarium-historyczne/9-grudnia-1922-roku-gabriel-narutowicz-zostal-wybrany-na-prezydenta-polski |title=9 grudnia 1922 roku Gabriel Narutowicz został wybrany na prezydenta Polski |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Narutowicz exit.jpg|thumb|right|Narutowicz leaving the Polish [[Sejm]] after being proclaimed president, 11 December 1922]]

Narutowicz prevailed thanks to the votes of the left, of the representatives for national minorities vote (these representatives were determined to defeat the National Democracy movement), and of the centrist [[Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–1931)|Polish People’s Party "Piast"]] (PSL "Piast"). This last group, initially inclined toward Zamoyski, unexpectedly switched its backing to Narutowicz instead. Eventually, Narutowicz won 289 votes, whereas Zamoyski won only 227 votes, and so Narutowicz was elected the first president of the Second Polish Republic.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.prezydent.pl/prezydent/historia-prezydentury/ii-rzeczpospolita/ |title=II Rzeczpospolita |access-date=29 February 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025110452/https://prezydent.pl/prezydent/historia-prezydentury/ii-rzeczpospolita/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Narutowicz's victory came as an extremely unpleasant surprise to various leading right-wingers. Following the election, certain Catholic and nationalist groups began an aggressive campaign against Narutowicz personally. Among other accusations, they called him an [[Atheism|atheist]] and a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]], and some of the press referred to him as “the Jewish president”. The anti-[[Józef Piłsudski|Pilsudski]] faction, supported by General [[Józef Haller]], also criticized the new president's overall support of Piłsudski's policies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://jpilsudski.org/artykuly-ii-rzeczpospolita-dwudziestolecie-miedzywojnie/polityka-wewnetrzna-i-gospodarcza/item/1730-endecja-a-zabojstwo-prezydenta-gabriela-narutowicza |title=ENDECJA A ZABÓJSTWO PREZYDENTA GABRIELA NARUTOWICZA |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117055654/http://jpilsudski.org/artykuly-ii-rzeczpospolita-dwudziestolecie-miedzywojnie/polityka-wewnetrzna-i-gospodarcza/item/1730-endecja-a-zabojstwo-prezydenta-gabriela-narutowicza |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Presidency==
Gabriel Narutowicz served as president of Poland for a mere five days.<ref>Richard M. Watt, ''Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918 to 1939'', p. 168.</ref> During his oath of office ceremony on 11 December 1922, members of the [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democracy]] and others manifested their opposition against the president-elect with anti-government demonstrations in [[Warsaw]]. Earlier on that day, opponents of his election attempted to prevent the president-elect from entering the [[Sejm]] by blocking the streets and throwing mud at his motorcade. Narutowicz was never comfortable with the widespread belief that he was a representative of [[Left-wing politics|the Left]] in Polish politics. He had only become the candidate of the Polish Peasant Party "Wyzwolenie" by happenstance; he had also not expected to win the election (in its first-round Narutowicz gained just 62 votes whereas Count Zamoyski had 222).<ref name="president.pl"/>

During his first days after his taking the oath of office, Gabriel Narutowicz met with the representatives of the Christian Democratic Party and Cardinal [[Aleksander Kakowski]]. Narutowicz realized that it would be impossible to form a majority government in the Parliament, so he made an attempt to create a government beyond the purview of parliament. As a gesture to the [[Right-wing politics|right wing]], he offered the post of [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] to his rival Zamoyski.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rp.pl/Historia/312109963-Narutowicz--prezydent-ktory-chcial-jednoczyc.html |title=Narutowicz – prezydent, który chciał jednoczyć |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

==Death==
{{Main|Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz}}
[[File:Narutowicz.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Narutowicz [[lying in state]] on a [[bier]], 22 December 1922.]]

Only five days after taking office, on 16 December 1922, Narutowicz was shot dead while attending an art exhibit in the [[Zachęta National Gallery of Art]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/12/17/archives/polands-president-assassinated-after-two-days-in-office-insane.html |title=Poland's President Assassinated After Two Days in Office |work=The New York Times |date=17 December 1922 |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jozef-Pilsudski/Later-years |title=Gabriel Narutowicz |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> The assassin was a painter, [[Eligiusz Niewiadomski]], who had some connections with the right wing party but became pro Piłsudski since 1905.

===Trial===
Niewiadomski was sentenced to death in a one-day trial and executed outside the [[Warsaw Citadel]] on 31 January.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://culture.pl/en/article/assassination-at-the-art-museum-autumn-1922 |title=Assassination at the Art Museum - Autumn 1922 |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

===Funeral===
Nearly 500,000 people attended 
Narutowicz's funeral was simultaneously a manifestation of peace which diminished the power of the far-right movement in the upcoming years. He was buried with honors on 22 December 1922 in the vault of [[St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw|St. John's Cathedral]] in [[Warsaw]].

===In film===
The murder of Narutowicz was the main theme of the [[1977 in film|1977]] Polish feature film ''[[Death of a President (1977 film)|Death of a President]]'' (Pol: ''Śmierć prezydenta''), directed by [[Jerzy Kawalerowicz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.polska1918-89.pl/pdf/smierc-prezydenta-film,2122.pdf |title=Śmierć prezydenta |access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of presidents of Poland]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Richard M. Watt, ''Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918 to 1939'', New York, [[Simon & Schuster]], 1979, {{ISBN|0-671-22625-8}}.
* {{cite book|title=Narodowa Demokracja 1893-1939|author=Wapiński, Roman|author-link=Roman Wapiński|year=1980|publisher=Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich|location=Wrocław|isbn=83-04-00008-3}}

== External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.narutowicz.blogspot.com/ Documentary project Narutowicz.pl]

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{{succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|before=[[Konstanty Skirmunt]]|after=[[Aleksander Skrzynski|Aleksander Skrzyński]]|years=1922}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Polish heads of state (1918–present)|President of the Republic of Poland]]|before=[[Józef Piłsudski]]<br />{{Small|(Head of State)}}|after=[[Maciej Rataj]]<br />{{Small|(Acting)}}|years=1922}}
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{{Presidents of Poland}}
{{Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Poland}}
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