Editing Gadiformes

{{Short description|Order of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Maastrichtian|present}}
| image = Atlantic-cod-1.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| image_caption = ''[[Gadus morhua]]''
| taxon = Gadiformes
| authority = [[Edwin Stephen Goodrich|Goodrich]], 1909
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = See text
| type_species = ''[[Gadus morhua]]''
| type_species_authority = Linnaeus 1758
}}

'''Gadiformes''' {{IPAc-en|'|g|æ|d|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}, also called the '''Anacanthini''', are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[ray-finned fish]] that include the [[cod]], [[hake]]s, [[pollock]], [[haddock]], [[burbot]], [[Lotidae|rockling]]s and [[Moridae|mora]]s, many of which are [[food fish]] of major commercial value. They are mostly [[marine fish]] found throughout the world and the vast majority are found in [[temperate]] or colder regions (tropical species are typically deep-water) while a few species may enter [[brackish]] [[estuaries]]. [[Microgadus proximus|Pacific tomcod]]s, one of the two species that makes up the genus ''[[Microgadus]]'', are able to enter freshwater, but there is no evidence that they breed there. Some populations of landlocked [[Microgadus tomcod|Atlantic tomcod]] on the other hand, complete their entire life cycle in freshwater. Yet only one species, the [[burbot]] (''Lota lota''), is a true [[freshwater fish]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UO6nAgAAQBAJ&dq=Gadidae+tomcod+landlocked+life+cycle+burbot&pg=PA417 The Freshwater Fishes of British Columbia]</ref>

Common characteristics include the positioning of the [[pelvic fin]]s (if present), below or in front of the [[pectoral fin]]s. Gadiformes are [[physoclist]]s, which means their [[swim bladder]]s do not have a [[pneumatic duct]]. The fins are spineless. Gadiform fish range in size from the [[codlet]]s, which may be as small as {{convert|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} in adult length, to the [[Atlantic cod]], ''Gadus morhua'', which reaches up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Cohen, D.M.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 130–132|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>

The earliest gadiforms are ''[[Palaeogadus|Palaeogadus weltoni]]'' from the [[Maastrichtian]] of the United States and the undescribed, informally named "''Protocodus''" from the [[Danian|Early Paleocene]] of [[Greenland]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Gary |last2=Schwarzhans |first2=Werner |date=2021-09-01 |title=Upper Cretaceous teleostean otoliths from the Severn Formation (Maastrichtian) of Maryland, USA, with an unusual occurrence of Siluriformes and Beryciformes and the oldest Atlantic coast Gadiformes |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |pages=104867 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104867 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021CrRes.12504867S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Friedman |first1=Matt |last2=V. Andrews |first2=James |last3=Saad |first3=Hadeel |last4=El-Sayed |first4=Sanaa |date=2023-06-16 |title=The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018 |url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048 |journal=Geologica Belgica |language=en |doi=10.20341/gb.2023.002 |issn=1374-8505|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The following classification is based on ''[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]]'':<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Fricke |first=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

* Order '''Gadiformes'''
** Suborder Stylephoroidei
*** Family [[Stylephoridae]] <small>[[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1839</small> (tube-eyes or threadtails)
** Suborder Bregmacerotoidei
*** Family [[Codlet|Bregmacerotidae]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1872</small> (codlets)
** Suborder Gadoidei
*** Family [[Phycidae]] <small>Swainson, 1838</small> (phycid hakes)
*** Family [[Gaidropsaridae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1898</small> (rocklings)
*** Family [[Lotidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1835</small> (hakes and burbots)
*** Family [[Gadidae]] <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810</small> (cods and haddocks)
** Suborder Ranicipitoidei
*** Family [[Ranicipitidae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1835</small> (tadpole fishes)
** Suborder Merluccioidei
*** Family [[Merlucciidae]] <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small> (merlucciid hakes)
** Suborder Macrouroidei
*** Family [[Euclichthyidae]] <small>Cohen, 1984</small> (Eucla cods)
*** Family [[Muraenolepididae]] <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1903</small> (eel cods)
*** Family [[Melanonidae]] <small>[[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & [[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|Bean]], 1896</small> (arrowtails or pelagic cods)
*** Family [[Trachyrincidae]] <small>Goode & Bean, 1896</small> (armoured grenadiers)
*** Family [[Moridae]] <small>Moreau, 1881</small> (codlings or deepsea cods)
*** Family [[Macruronidae]] <small>Regan, 1903</small> (blue grenadiers)
*** Family [[Lyconidae]] <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1887</small> (Atlantic hakes)
*** Family [[Bathygadidae]] <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1898</small> (rattails)
*** Family [[Steindachneriidae]] <small>[[Albert Eide Parr|Parr]], 1942</small> (luminous hakes)
*** Family [[Macrouridae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (grenadiers or rattails)<ref name="Iwamoto2015">Iwamoto, T., Nakayama, N., Shao, K.-T. & Ho, H.-C. (2015): Synopsis of the Grenadier Fishes (Gadiformes; Teleostei) of Taiwan. ''Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, (Series 4), 62 (3): 31–126.''</ref>

==Timeline of genera==
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 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1  from:	-85.8	till:	-70.6	text:	[[Rankinian]]
 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM2  from:	-83.5	till:	-65.5	text:	[[Paratichthys]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM3  from:	-55.8	till:	-48.6	text:	[[Rhinocephalus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM4  from:	-55.8	till:	-37.2	text:	[[Trichurides]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM5  from:	-55.8	till:	-11.608	text:	[[Palaeogadus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM6  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	[[Urophycis]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM7  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	[[Raniceps]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM8  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	[[Nezumia]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM9  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	[[Merluccius]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM10  from:	-55.8	till:	0	text:	[[Melanonus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM11  from:	-48.6	till:	0	text:	[[Bregmaceros]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM12  from:	-37.2	till:	0	text:	[[Tripterophycis]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM13  from:	-37.2	till:	0	text:	[[Macruronus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM14  from:	-37.2	till:	0	text:	[[Eulichthys]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM15  from:	-37.2	till:	0	text:	[[Coelorhynchus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM16  from:	-37.2	till:	0	text:	[[Bathygadus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM17  from:	-33.9	till:	-28.4	text:	[[Eophycis]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM18  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Trachyrhinchus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM19  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Squalogadus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM20  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Phycis]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM21  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Lota]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM22  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Hymenocephalus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM23  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Gaidropsarus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM24  from:	-33.9	till:	0	text:	[[Gadiculus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM25  from:	-28.4	till:	-15.97	text:	[[Pseudoraniceps]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM26  from:	-28.4	till:	-11.608	text:	[[Palaeomolva]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM27  from:	-28.4	till:	0	text:	[[Trisopterus]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM28  from:	-28.4	till:	0	text:	[[Micromesistius]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM29  from:	-28.4	till:	0	text:	[[Coryphaenoides]]
 color:oligocene bar:NAM30  from:	-28.4	till:	0	text:	[[Brosmius]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM31  from:	-23.03	till:	-15.97	text:	[[Bregmacerinia]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM32  from:	-23.03	till:	-5.332	text:	[[Trichiurichthys]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM33  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	[[Ventrifossa]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM34  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	[[Physiculus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM35  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	[[Austrophycis]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM36  from:	-15.97	till:	0	text:	[[Molva]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM37  from:	-15.97	till:	0	text:	[[Merlangius]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM38  from:	-15.97	till:	0	text:	[[Lepidion]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM39  from:	-15.97	till:	0	text:	[[Laemonema]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM40  from:	-11.608	till:	-5.332	text:	[[Eclipes]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM41  from:	-11.608	till:	-5.332	text:	[[Bolbocara]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM42  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	[[Paratrisopterus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM43  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	[[Gadus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM44  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	[[Gadomus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM45  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	[[Brosme]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM46  from:	-5.332	till:	-2.588	text:	[[Pseudophycis]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM47  from:	-5.332	till:	-2.588	text:	[[Gadella]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM48  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	[[Theragra]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM49  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	[[Microgadus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM50  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	[[Melanogrammus]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM51  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	[[Lycodopsis]]
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM52  from:	-2.588	till:	-0.0117	text:	[[Pollachius]]

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 from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
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</timeline>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q216241}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gadiformes| ]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edwin Stephen Goodrich]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]]
[[Category:Extant Maastrichtian first appearances]]