Editing Gampopa

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist teacher, monk and philosopher (1079–1153)}}
{{Infobox person
| name      = Gampopa Sönam Rinchen<br/>སྒམ་པོ་པ་བསོད་ནམས་རིན་ཆེན།
|image     = Gampopa.jpg
| birth_date  = c. 1079 CE
| image_size     = 250px
| caption     = 
| birth_place = Budnyi Chedrak Serlung, Nyel valley, Gyaza dzong and Lung dzong, [[Tibet]]
| death_date  = c. 1153 CE
| death_place = 
| known       = Founder of the [[Dagpo Kagyu]] school and [[Daklha Gampo Monastery|Daklha Gampo monastery]], teacher of sutra [[Mahamudra]].
| occupation  = [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] teacher, monk and philosopher
|}}

[[File:Gampopa - AMNH - DSC06217.JPG|thumb|200px|Gampopa in the [[American Museum of Natural History]], New York City]]
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
'''Gampopa Sönam Rinchen''' ({{bo|t=སྒམ་པོ་པ་བསོད་ནམས་རིན་ཆེན་|w= sgam po pa bsod nams rin chen}}, 1079–1153) was the main student of [[Milarepa]], and a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] master who codified his own master's ascetic teachings, which form the foundation of the [[Kagyu]] educational tradition. Gampopa was also a doctor and [[Tantra|tantric]] master. He authored the first [[Lamrim]] text, ''[[Jewel Ornament of Liberation]],'' and founded the [[Dagpo Kagyu]] school. He is also known as '''Dvagpopa''', and by the titles ''Dakpo Lharjé'' "the physician from Dakpo" ({{bo|t=དྭགས་པོ་ལྷ་རྗེ་|w=dwags po lha rje}}) and ''Daö Zhönnu'', "''Candraprabhakumara''" ({{bo|t=ཟླ་འོད་ཞོན་ནུ་|w=zla 'od gzhon nu}}).<ref>Sgam-po-pa and Guenther, Herbert V. (trans). ''The Jewel Ornament of Liberation'' p. ix (Preface). Shambhala Publications (2001) {{ISBN|1-57062-614-6}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=P1844 TBRC RID P1844]</ref>

==Biography==
Gampopa was born in the Nyal (or Nyel) district, [[Central Tibet]] and from an early age was a student of medicine in the Indian, Chinese and Tibetan medical traditions.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, vii</ref> Later in his life he moved to the region of Dakpo (''dwags po'') in southern Tibet and hence was also called Dakpopa (''dwags po pa''), the man from Dakpo. The region is also near Gampo Hills, hence his other name, Gampopa.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, viii</ref> In his youth Gampopa studied under the [[Nyingma]] lama Barey as well as under the [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadampa]] teacher Geshe Yontan Drag.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, viii</ref> He married a daughter of a man named Chim Jose Darma Wo (''mchims jo sras dar ma 'od'') and had a child, but they both died, causing him to renounce the householder's life. In 1104, at the age of twenty-five he took ordination, either in Dakpo or in Penyul, at Gyachak Ri monastery ('''phan yul rgya lcags ri''), receiving the name Sönam Rinchen (''bsod nams rin chen'')."<ref name="treasuryoflives">{{Cite encyclopedia | last = Gardner | first = Alexander | title = Gampopa Sonam Rinchen | encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]] | access-date = 2013-08-18 | date = December 2009 | url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Gampopa-Sonam-Rinchen/3168 }}</ref> After becoming a monk in the Kadampa lineage under Geshe Lodan Sherab and focused on studying the Kadampa teachings.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, viii</ref> In his 30s he sought out and became the foremost student of the yogi [[Milarepa]].<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, ix</ref> Milarepa instructed him in the practice of [[Vajravārāhī|Vajravārahī]], ''[[tummo]]'' (''gtum mo'') and [[Mahamudra|Mahāmudrā]].<ref>Alexander Gardner, "Gampopa Sonam Rinchen," Treasury of Lives, accessed May 25, 2018, http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Gampopa-Sonam-Rinchen/3168 .</ref> 

Gampopa's position in the transmission lineage of the [[Mahamudra]] teaching is as follows:
# [[Tilopa]] (988-1069), the Indian [[yogi]] who experienced the original transmission of the Mahamudra
# [[Naropa]] (1016–1100), who perfected the methods of accelerated enlightenment described in his [[Six Yogas of Naropa]].
# [[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa]] (1012–1097), the first Tibetan in the lineage, who translated the Vajrayana and Mahamudra texts into [[Old Tibetan]]
# [[Milarepa]] (1040–1123), poet and master who overcame Marpa's reluctance to teach but nonetheless attained enlightenment in a single lifetime
# Gampopa, Milarepa's most important student, who integrated [[Atiśa]]'s Kadam teachings and Tilopa's Mahamudra teaching to establish the Kagyü lineage

This lineage sequence, taken together, is called the "Five Founding Masters" by the [[Kagyu]] school.

After his studies with Milarepa, Gampopa founded [[Daklha Gampo Monastery]] (''Dwags lha sgam po'') in 1121 [[Common Era|CE]]. He had many great students who were accomplished tantric practitioners, both monks and laymen.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, x</ref> Gampopa's teaching joined the [[Lamrim]] teachings of the Kadampa school with the [[Mahamudra]] and tantric teachings of the Kagyu school.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, xii</ref> According to Tony Duff, he taught Mahamudra in two approaches, "one is a gradual approach called the Four Yogas of Mahamudra, the other is a sudden approach called Essence Mahamudra."<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, xiii</ref>

==Dagpo Kagyu Lineages==
Gampopa taught extensively, and attracted many students. He is the source of the major surviving Kagyu sub-schools, all known as the ''[[Dagpo Kagyu]]''. Following Gampopa, there evolved the so-called "Four Major and Eight Minor" lineages of the Dagpo (sometimes rendered "Tagpo" or "Dakpo") Kagyu School. This phrase is descriptive of the generation or order in which the schools were founded, not of their importance. The four "major" Kagyu schools were those of:

* [[Barom Kagyu]] founded by [[Barompa Darma Wangchug]] (1127-1194?)<ref name = "treasuryoflives"/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Martin
| first = Dan
| title = Barompa Darma Wangchuk
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-18
| date = August 2008
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Barompa-Darma-Wangchuk/3181
}}</ref>
* [[Phagdru Kagyu]] founded by [[Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo]] (1110-1170)<ref name = "treasuryoflives"/><ref>{{Cite news
| last = Martin
| first = Dan
| title = Pakmodrupa Dorje Gyelpo
| work = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-18
| date = August 2008
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Pakmodrupa-Dorje-Gyelpo/2539
}}</ref>
* [[Karma Kagyu]], founded by [[Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama]] (1110-1193)<ref name = "treasuryoflives"/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Gardner
| first = Alexander
| title = The First Karmapa, Dusum Khyenpa
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-18
| date = December 2009
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/First-Karmapa-Dusum-Khyenpa/2683
}}</ref>
* [[Tsalpa Kagyu]] founded by [[Zhang Yudragpa Tsondru Drag]] (1123-1193)<ref name = "treasuryoflives"/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia
| last = Martin
| first = Dan
| title = Zhang Yudrakpa Tsondru Drakpa
| encyclopedia = [[The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters]]
| access-date = 2013-08-18
| date = August 2008
| url = http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Zhang-Yudrakpa-Tsondru-Drakpa/3182
}}</ref>

The succession of Gampopa's own monastery passed to his nephew, Dakgom Tsültrim Nyingpo ({{bo|w=dwags sgom tshul khrims snying po}}, 1116-1169).

==Teachings==
Gampopa's most famous teaching is known as "The Four Dharmas of Gampopa", this is outlined, for example, in a key text of Gampopa called ''The Four Dharmas in Brief'':<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, xviii</ref><blockquote>"It is necessary for: dharma to turn to dharma; dharma to turn into the path; the path to dispel confusion; and confusion to turn into wisdom"<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, p. 3</ref></blockquote>''The Four Dharmas in Brief'' further states about each of the four Dharmas:

(1) Dharma to turn to dharma means to meditate on impermanence, the fact that all things will be left behind at death and that only Dharma is of use, all must be renounced except Dharma.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, p. 3</ref>

(2) Dharma turns into the path is explained as:<blockquote>if there is the rational mind of loving kindness and compassion that cherishes other more than oneself-the fictional enlightenment mind-and then on top of that the understanding that all phenomena, outer and inner, appearing as the coming together of interdependency are illusory, then the primal dharma turns into the path.</blockquote>(3) The Path is to be used to dispel confusion means that "confusion has to be dispelled from top to bottom", Gampopa explains this as follows:<blockquote>First, meditation on impermanence dispels the confusion of clinging to this life, then meditation on karma and effect dispels the confusion of bad views, then meditation on the disadvantages of cyclic existence dispels the confusion of attachment to cyclic existence, then meditation on loving kindness and compassion dispels the confusion of the [[Lesser Vehicle]], then meditation on appearances being dream-like, illusory, dispels the confusion of grasping at conceived-of things...</blockquote>(4) Confusion turns into wisdom:<blockquote>If, the force of meditation done on all phenomena being free from birth and cessation in superfact ([[Paramārtha-satya|paramartha satya]]) causes whatever appears, whatever is known, to be resolved as its own entity, then confusion has dawned as wisdom.<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, p. 5</ref></blockquote>The doctrine is the subject of several further short texts found in Gampopa's collected works and numerous commentaries by later authors. It also has a close connection to [[Sachen Kunga Nyingpo]]'s ''Parting from the Four Attachments''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scheuermann |first=Rolf |date=2015 |title=When Sūtra Meets Tantra – Sgam po pa's Four Dharma Doctrine as an Example for his Synthesis of the Bka' gdams- and Mahāmudrā-Systems |url=https://utheses.univie.ac.at/detail/34183 |journal=University of Vienna, Thesis |language=en |doi=10.25365/THESIS.38587}}</ref>

==Works==
Gampopa's collected works (known as the ''Dags po'i Bka' 'bum'') were published in Dvag Lha Gampo monastery, but that edition has been lost. There are three main editions extant today:<ref>Duff, Tony, Gampopa Teaches Essence Mahamudra, xi</ref>

* An edition made in Hemis Monastery, Ladhak, in the nineteenth century; 
* A copy of the above, published in February 1982, in India; 
* The Derge wood block edition.

Gampopa's ''[[The Jewel Ornament of Liberation]]'' ({{bo|w=dam chos yid bzhin nor bu thar pa rin po che'i rgyan}}) is one of his most important works, it has been translated into English, first by Herbert Guenther in 1959 and again by Khenpo Konchok Gyeltsen in 1998.

== See also ==
* [[Shri Singha]]
* [[Taklung Monastery]]

== Notes ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.samye.org/gampopa.htm Gampopa (1079-1153)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093923/http://www.samye.org/gampopa.htm |date=2015-09-24 }} Lifestory in detail
* [http://wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%AD%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D དྭགས་པོ་ཐར་རྒྱན།] - Gampopa's ''Jewel Ornament of Liberation'' in Tibetan

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{{succession box
  | before = [[Milarepa]]
  | title  = [[Kagyu]] school
  | years  = 
  | after  = [[Dusum Khyenpa]], [[Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo|Phagmo Drupa]], [[Barompa Darma Wangchug|Barom Darma Wangchug]], [[Dagpo Gomtsul]]
}}
{{s-end}}

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[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists]]
[[Category:1079 births]]
[[Category:1153 deaths]]
[[Category:Dagpo Kagyu]]
[[Category:Kagyu lamas]]
[[Category:11th-century Tibetan people]]
[[Category:12th-century Tibetan people]]
[[Category:11th-century lamas]]
[[Category:12th-century lamas]]