Editing Gap creationism

{{Short description|Type of creationism}}
{{About|an interpretation of the biblical creation account|the philosophical argument for God's existence|God of the gaps}}
{{creationism2}}

'''Gap creationism''' (also known as '''ruin-restoration creationism''', '''restoration creationism''', or "'''the Gap Theory'''") is a form of [[creationism]] that posits that the six-''[[yom]]'' creation period, as described in the [[Book of Genesis]], involved six literal 24-hour days (light being "day" and dark "night" as God specified), but that there was a gap of time between two distinct creations in the first and the second verses of Genesis, which the theory states explains many scientific observations, including the [[age of the Earth]].<ref>''Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction'', [[Eugenie Scott]], pp61-62</ref><ref>''The Scientific Case Against Scientific Creationism'', Jon P. Alston, p24</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html|title=What is Creationism?}}</ref> It differs from [[day-age creationism]], which posits that the 'days' of creation were much longer periods (of thousands or millions of years), and from [[young Earth creationism]], which although it agrees concerning the six literal 24-hour days of creation, does not posit any gap of time.

== History ==
From 1814,<ref name=McIver>{{cite journal | last = McIver | first = Tom | title = Formless and Void: Gap Theory Creationism | journal = Creation/Evolution | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages =1–24 | date = Fall 1988 | url = http://www.ncseprojects.org/cej/8/3/formless-void-gap-theory-creationism |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727114224/http://www.ncseprojects.org/cej/8/3/formless-void-gap-theory-creationism |archivedate=July 27, 2011}}
</ref> [[Thomas Chalmers]] popularized gap creationism;<ref>{{cite book|last= Moore|first= Randy|title= More Than Darwin: An Encyclopedia of the People and Places of the Evolution-creationism Controversy|year= 2008|publisher= Greenwood Press|isbn= 978-0313341557|author2= Mark D Decker|page= 302}}</ref> he attributed the concept to the 17th-century Dutch [[Arminianism |Arminian]] theologian [[Simon Episcopius]]. Chalmers wrote:
{{quotation|"My own opinion, as published in 1814, is that it [Genesis 1:1] forms no part of the first day, but refers to a period of indefinite antiquity when God created the worlds out of nothing. The commencement of the first day's work I hold to be the moving of God's Spirit upon the face of the waters. We can allow geology the amplest time...without infringing even on the literalities of the Mosaic record."<ref>McIver T., Formless and Void: Gap Theory Creationism, Creation Evolution Journal (8)3, 1988, p. 6.</ref>}}

Chalmers became a [[Divinity (academic discipline) |divinity professor]] at the University of Edinburgh, founder of the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Church of Scotland]], and author of one of the ''[[Bridgewater Treatises]]''. Other early proponents of gap creationism included [[Oxford University]] geology professor and fellow ''Bridgewater'' author [[William Buckland]], [[Sharon Turner]] and [[Edward Hitchcock]].<ref name=McIver/> The idea gained widespread attention when a "second creative act"<ref name="SRNO">[http://www.studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=ge&chapter=001 Scofield References Notes online], verse by verse notes on Genesis 1.</ref> was discussed prominently in the reference notes for Genesis in the influential 1917 [[Scofield Reference Bible]].<ref name="McIver" />

In 1954, a few years before the re-emergence of young-Earth [[flood geology]] eclipsed gap creationism, influential evangelical theologian [[Bernard Ramm]] wrote in ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'':<ref name="McIver" />
{{quotation|"The gap theory has become the standard interpretation throughout hyper-orthodoxy, appearing in an endless stream of books, booklets, Bible studies, and periodical articles. In fact, it has become so sacrosanct with some that to question it is equivalent to tampering with Sacred Scripture or to manifest [[Modernist Christianity| modernistic]] leanings".}}

Ramm's book became influential in the formation of another alternative to gap creationism, that of [[progressive creationism]], which found favour with more conservative members of the [[American Scientific Affiliation]] (a fellowship of scientists who are Christians), with the more modernist wing of that fellowship favouring [[theistic evolution]].<ref>Numbers(2006) p208</ref>

Religious proponents of this form of creationism have included [[Oral Roberts]], [[Cyrus I. Scofield]], [[Harry Rimmer]], [[Jimmy Swaggart]],<ref>Numbers(2006), p11</ref>  Perry Stone, [[G. H. Pember]], L. Allen Higley,<ref name="McIver" /> [[Arthur Pink]], [[Peter Ruckman]], [[Finis Jennings Dake]], [[Chuck Missler]], [[E. W. Bullinger]], [[Charles Welch]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://levendwater.org/analysis/a3/pleroma.htm|title=Pleroma - an Alphabetical Analysis by Charles H. Welch}}</ref> [[Victor Paul Wierwille]],<ref name="PFAL">{{cite book |last= Wierwille |first= Victor P. |date= 1971 |title= Power for Abundant Living |publisher= American Christian Press |page= [https://archive.org/details/powerforabundant00wier/page/229 229-247] |isbn= 0910068011 |url= https://archive.org/details/powerforabundant00wier/page/229 }}</ref> [[Donald Grey Barnhouse]], [[Herbert W. Armstrong]], [[Garner Ted Armstrong]], [[Michael Pearl]] and [[Clarence Larkin]].<ref>
''Unformed and Unfilled'', Weston Fields, {{ISBN|0-89051-423-2}}, p43.
</ref>

==Interpretation of Genesis==
{{See also|Genesis creation narrative}}
[[File:Re-creation (Gap) Theory.png|thumb|Gap creationism]]
Some gap creationists may believe that science has proven beyond reasonable doubt that the [[Age of Earth|Earth is far older]] than can be accounted for by, for instance, adding up the ages of [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Biblical patriarchs]] as [[James Ussher]] famously attempted in the 17th century when he developed the [[Ussher chronology]].

For some, the gap theory allows both the [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] creation account and geological science to be [[Biblical inerrancy|inerrant]] in matters of scientific fact. Gap creationists believe that certain facts about the past and the age of the Earth have been omitted from the Genesis account; they hold that there was a gap of time in the biblical account that lasted an unknown number of years between a first creation in {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:1|}} and a second creation (or restoration) in {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:2-31|}}. By positing such an event, various observations in a wide range of fields, including the age of the Earth, [[Age of the Universe|the age of the universe]], dinosaurs, fossils, [[ice core]]s, [[ice age]]s, and geological formations are allowed by adherents<ref name="Chafer"/><ref name="Thieme">Thieme (1974)</ref><ref name="KJVG">[http://www.kjvbible.org/ The Bible, Genesis, and Geology], Gaines Johnson, 1997.</ref> to have occurred as outlined by science without contradicting their [[Biblical literalism|literal belief in Genesis]].

== Biblical support ==
Because there is no specific information given in Genesis concerning the proposed gap of time, other scriptures are used to support and explain what may have occurred during this period and to explain the specific linguistic reasoning behind this interpretation of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] text. A short list of examples is given below:

* The [[Masoretic Text]] contains a small mark at the end of Genesis 1:1, referred to as a ''rebhia'', which acts as a "disjunctive accent", indicating that the reader is to pause before proceeding to the next verse. It is one indication, among others, that the ''waw'' which introduces verse 2 should be translated "but" rather than "and".<ref>Custance, Arthur C., ''Without Form and Void'', 1970, pp. 18-19.</ref>
* The word "was" in {{bibleverse||Genesis|1:2}} for some adherents is more accurately translated "became". Such a word choice makes the gap interpretation easier to see in modern English.<ref name="Thieme"/><ref name="WFAV">{{cite web|url=http://www.custance.org/Library/WFANDV/|title=Without Form and Void - Frontpage}}</ref><ref name="Pink">Pink (2007)</ref>
* God is perfect and everything He does is perfect, so a newly created Earth from the hand of God should not have been [[Tohu wa-bohu|without form and void]] and shrouded in darkness. {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|32:4|}}, {{bibleverse||Isaiah|45:18|}} {{bibleverse|1|John|1:5|}}<ref name="Chafer">Chafer (1964), p15-27</ref><ref name="Thieme"/><ref name="Pink"/>
* The [[Holy Spirit]] was "renewing" the face of the Earth as he hovered over the face of the waters, noting that the water-covered planet already existed. {{bibleverse||Psalms|104:30|}}<ref name=Thieme/><ref name=Pink/>
* [[Angels]] already existed in a state of grace when God "laid the foundations of the Earth", so there had been at least one creative act of God before the six days of Genesis. {{bibleverse||Job|38:4-7|}}<ref name=Thieme/>
* [[Satan]] and his angels caused the [[war in Heaven]] ({{bibleverse|Revelation|12:7-9|}}) and had fallen from grace ({{bibleverse|Isaiah|14:12|}}) ({{bibleverse||Luke|10:18|}}) "in the beginning" which, since the [[Serpent (Bible)|serpent]] tempted [[Adam and Eve]], had to have occurred before the [[Fall of man]]. {{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:12-15|}}, {{bibleverse||Ezekiel|28:11-19|}}, {{bibleverse||John|8:44|}}<ref name=Chafer/><ref name=Thieme/>

==See also==
* [[Answers in Genesis]]
* [[Dating creation]]
* [[Silurian hypothesis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book
  | last = Chafer
  | first = Lewis Sperry
  | author-link = Lewis Sperry Chafer
  | title = Satan: His Motive and Methods
  | publisher = Zondervan
  | year = 1964|edition=reprint
  | isbn = 0-310-22361-X
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Custance
  | first = Arthur C.
  | author-link = Arthur Custance
  | title = Without Form and Void: A Study of the Meaning of Genesis 1:2
  | url= https://custance.org/Library/WFANDV/
  | publisher = Classic Reprint Press
  | year = 2008|edition=reprint
  | isbn = 978-1934251331
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Gaebelein
  | first = Arno
  | title = The History of the Scofield Reference Bible
  | publisher = Living Words Foundation
  | year = 1991|edition=reprint
  | isbn = 0-9628169-0-6
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Larkin
  | first = Clarence
  | title = Dispensational Truth
  | publisher = Kessinger Publishing
  | year = 2005|edition=reprint
  | isbn = 0-7661-8427-7
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Numbers
  | first = Ronald
  | author-link = Ronald Numbers
  | title = [[The Creationists]]: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition
  | publisher = Harvard University Press
  | date = November 30, 2006
  | isbn = 0-674-02339-0
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Pember
  | first = George
  | author-link = G.H. Pember
  | title = Earth's Earliest Ages
  | publisher = Kregel Publications
  | year = 1987|edition=reprint
  | isbn = 0-8254-3533-1
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Pink
  | first = Arthur
  | author-link = Arthur Pink
  | title = Gleanings in Genesis
  | publisher = Filiquarian Publishing, LLC.
  | year = 2007|edition=reprint
  | isbn = 978-1-59986-741-0
  }}
*{{cite book
  | last = Thieme
  | first = Robert
  | author-link = Robert Thieme
  | title = Creation: Chaos and Restoration
  | publisher = Berachah Tapes and Publications
  | year = 1974
  }}

==Further reading==
* Sailhammer, John, ''Genesis Unbound'' (Multnomah Books, 1996, {{ISBN|0-88070-868-9}}).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gap Creationism}}
[[Category:Dispensationalism]]
[[Category:Old Earth creationism]]