Editing Garganey

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Garganey
| image = Garganey,_Israel.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Anas_querquedula,_Slottsskogen,_Göteborg,_Sweden_1.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author =BirdLife International | title = ''Spatula querquedula'' | page = e.T22680313A86016410 | year = 2016| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680313A86016410.en | access-date = 22 February 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Spatula
| species = querquedula
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms = 
*''Anas querquedula'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
*''Anas circia'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
| range_map = Spatula querquedula map.svg
}}

The '''garganey''' ('''''Spatula querquedula''''') is a small [[dabbling duck]]. It breeds in much of Europe and across the [[Palearctic]], but is strictly [[bird migration|migratory]], with the entire population moving to Africa, India (in particular [[Santragachi]]), Bangladesh (in the natural reservoirs of [[Sylhet]] district) and [[Australasia]] during the winter of the Northern hemisphere,<ref name=Clements/> where large flocks can occur. This species was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']]. Like other small [[ducks]] such as the [[Eurasian teal]], this species rises easily from the water with a fast twisting [[wader]]-like flight.

Their breeding habitat is grassland adjacent to shallow [[marsh]]es and [[steppe]] lakes.

==Taxonomy==
The first [[Species description|formal description]] of the garganey was by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He introduced the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Anas querquedula''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C. | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1| volume=v.1 | edition=10th | page=126 | publisher=Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727031}}</ref> A [[molecular phylogentic]] study comparing [[mitochondrial DNA]] sequences published in 2009 found that the genus ''Anas'', as then defined, was [[monophyletic|non-monophyletic]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Gonzalez | first1=J. | last2=Düttmann | first2=H. | last3=Wink | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=279 | issue=3 | pages=310–318 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x}}</ref> The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the garganey moved into the resurrected genus ''[[Spatula (genus)|Spatula]]''.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Screamers, ducks, geese & swans | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist [[Friedrich Boie]] in 1822.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | year=1822 | title=Generalübersicht | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=1822 | at=Col 564| language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27515513}}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=460 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109100}}</ref> The name ''Spatula'' is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet is derived from Latin ''querquedula'', a word believed to represent to its call.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=328, 361 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n328/mode/1up}}</ref>

The common English name dates from the 17th century and comes from [[Lombard language]] ''gargenei'', the plural of ''garganell'', which ultimately comes from the [[Late Latin]] ''gargala'' "tracheal artery".<ref name=AHD/> The English usage owes its origins to [[Conrad Gesner]] who used the Italian name in the third volume of his ''[[Historiae animalium (Gesner)|Historiae Animalium]]'' (History of Animals) of 1555.<ref name=OED/>

==Description==
[[File:Garganey (Anas querquedula) in AP W IMG 2844.jpg|thumb|left|Females]]
[[File:Spatula querquedula MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.18.1.jpg|thumb|''Spatula querquedula'' - [[MHNT]]]]
The adult male is unmistakable, with its brown head and breast with a broad white crescent over the eye. The rest of the plumage is grey, with loose grey scapular feathers. It has a grey bill and legs. In flight, it shows a pale blue [[speculum feathers|speculum]] with a white border. When swimming it will show prominent white edges on its [[tertials]]. His [[crown (anatomy)]] is dark and his face is reddish brown.<ref name=Dunn/>

Some care is needed in separating the brown female from the similar [[common teal]], but the stronger face markings and more frequent head-shaking when dabbling are good indicators. Confusion with the female of the [[blue-winged teal]] is also possible, but the head and bill shape is different, and the latter species has yellow legs. Pale eyebrow, dark eye line, pale [[Lore (anatomy)|lore]] spot bordered by a second dark line.<ref name=Dunn/>

'''Measurements''':<ref>{{Cite web|last=Oiseaux.net|title=Sarcelle d'été - Spatula querquedula - Garganey|url=https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/garganey.html|access-date=2020-09-26|website=www.oiseaux.net|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Size''': 41&nbsp;cm
* '''Wingspan''': 58 – 69&nbsp;cm.
* '''Weight''': 300–440 g

These birds feed mainly by skimming rather than upending.

The male has a distinctive crackling [[mating call]]; the female is rather silent for a female duck, but can manage a feeble ''quack''.

Garganey are rare breeding birds in the [[British Isles]], with most breeding in quiet marshes in [[Norfolk]] and [[Suffolk]]. In [[Ireland]] a few pairs breed in [[County Wexford]], and at [[Lough Beg]] in [[County Londonderry]], with occasional breeding elsewhere.

The garganey is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies. The status of the garganey on the [[IUCN Red List]] is [[least concern]].<ref name=IUCN/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=AHD>{{cite web |website=[[American Heritage Dictionary]] |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=garganey&submit.x=0&submit.y=0 |title=gar·ga·ney |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=Clements>{{cite book |last=Clements |first=James |year=2007 |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca}}</ref>

<ref name=Dunn>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=J. |last2=Alderfer |first2=J. |year=2006 |title=National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America |edition=5th}}</ref>

<ref name=OED>{{OED|Garganey|access-date=1 June 2007}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Spatula querquedula}}
{{Wikispecies|Anas querquedula}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Garganey |volume=11 |short=x}}
* {{BirdLife|22680313|Spatula querquedula}}
* [http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/guide/g/garganey/index.asp RSPB Birds by Name: Garganey]
* {{InternetBirdCollection|garganey-anas-querquedula}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183523/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/80_GarganeyAquerquedula.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.1 MB) by Gerd-Michael Heinze & Javier Blasco-Zumeta]
* {{Avibase|name=Spatula querquedula}}
* {{VIREO|Garganey}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22680313/166201991|Spatula querquedula}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Anas|querquedula|Garganey}}

{{Taxonbar |from1=Q25644|from2=Q28106902}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Spatula (genus)]]
[[Category:Ducks]]
[[Category:Birds of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of Africa]]
[[Category:Wintering birds of Indomalaya]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]