Editing Garwolin

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Garwolin
| image_skyline = Garwolin k.jpg
| image_caption = Collegiate church of Transfiguration in Garwolin
| image_flag = POL Garwolin flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Garwolin COA.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Masovian Voivodeship|Masovian]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Garwolin County|Garwolin]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Garwolin <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Marzena Świeczak
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 15th century
| area_total_km2 = 22.08
| population_as_of = 31 December 2021<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=2022-08-04|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 1403011.</ref>
| population_total = 17566
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|51|53|50|N|21|36|54|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 08-400
| area_code = +48 25
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = WG
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[File:S17-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S17 (Poland)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[National roads in Poland|National roads]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:DK76-PL.svg|32px]]
| website = https://www.garwolin.pl 
}}
'''Garwolin''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Garwolin.ogg|g|a|r|'|w|o|l|J|i|n}} is a town on the [[Wilga (Garwolin)|Wilga]] river in eastern [[Poland]], capital of [[Garwolin County]], situated in the southeast part of the Garwolin plateau in [[Masovian Voivodeship]], {{convert|62|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Warsaw]], {{convert|100|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Lublin]].{{TERYT}} As of December 2021, the town has 17,566 inhabitants.<ref name = population />

==History==
[[File:Narcyz Witczak-Witaczyński - Obchody święta 3 maja w Garwolinie (107-766-1).jpg|thumb|left|[[3 May Constitution Day]] in Garwolin in 1936]]
The name of the town occurs in the medieval notes in 1386 and 1404. Name Garwolin comes from a Garwoł, which is a name. However, there is a popular legend connecting the town's name with [[Rook (bird)|rooks]] (Polish: ''gawrony'').

Traces of settlement on terrains of present days boundaries of Garwolin are more than 2000 years old. It is believed that Garwolin received its city charter in 1423, but the exact date is unknown; it is almost certain that the document from 1423 was only acknowledgement of before-stated city laws. In time of [[The Deluge (Polish history)|the Deluge]] casualties exceeded 90%.

During the [[Polish–Soviet War]], the town was captured and briefly occupied by the invading Russians, before it was recaptured by the Poles led by Gen. Konarzewski on August 16, 1920.<ref name=ak>{{cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Andrzej|year=1995|title=Miejsca pamięci związane z Bitwą Warszawską 1920 r.|journal=Niepodległość i Pamięć|language=pl|publisher=[[Museum of Independence|Muzeum Niepodległości w Warszawie]]|issue=2/2 (3)|page=130|issn=1427-1443}}</ref> Polish Marshal [[Józef Piłsudski]] stayed in the town the next day.<ref name=ak/>

During [[World War II]] and the [[Nazi occupation of Poland]], about 70% of the city was destroyed. The town and the [[powiat]] were administered by Kreishauptmann [[Karl Freudenthal]], who was responsible for the murder of more than 1000 inhabitants, the deportation of several thousand local [[Polish people|Poles]] to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] and [[slave labor in Nazi Germany]], and the transfer of the local [[Jews]] to various [[Nazi ghettos|ghettos]] in the region. For his war crimes, Freudenthal was sentenced to death by the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish underground]], and the sentence was carried out by the [[Home Army]] on 5 July 1944, as part of [[Operacja Główki]] ("Operation Heads").

Two Poles from Garwolin were also murdered by the Russians in the large [[Katyn massacre]] in 1940, and six died in Soviet [[Gulag]] camps between 1939 and 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://garwolin.pl/dzien-pamieci-ofiar-zbrodni-katynskiej/|title=Dzień Pamięci Ofiar Zbrodni Katyńskiej|website=Miasto Garwolin|access-date=26 September 2021|language=pl}}</ref>

At the end of July 1944 the [[Red Army]]'s [[2nd Guards Tank Army]], under the command of [[Alexei Radzievsky]], routed the German [[73rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|73rd Infantry Division]] at Garwolin, capturing its commander, [[Friedrich Franek]].<ref>Robert Forczyk, ''Warsaw 1944: Poland's bid for freedom'' (2009, {{ISBN|1846033527}}), [https://books.google.com/books?id=P8gnhBvVziwC&pg=PA13 p. 13]</ref>

After the war Garwolin was restored to Poland and enlarged. From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the [[Siedlce Voivodeship]]. The [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-Baroque]] church, dating from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, is a notable building.

==Education==
* The [[Józef Piłsudski]] secondary school - founded in 1918, in the beginning served as a primary school that included only the first 3 levels of education (introductory, first and second grade) and functioned in a building belonging to another school. In the year 1934 the school has moved to a new building in which it functions to this day. In 1937 the school was named after [[Józef Piłsudski]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rys historyczny |url=https://logarwolin.edu.pl/szkola/historia/rys-historyczny/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=I LO w Garwolinie |language=pl-PL}}</ref> In the year 2022 the school managed to take 256th place in a national ranking of secondary schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Znamy najlepszych - ranking Liceów i Techników Perspektywy 2022 - Powiat Garwoliński - Portal gov.pl |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/powiat-garwolin/znamy-najlepszych---ranking-liceow-i-technikow-perspektywy-2022 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Powiat Garwoliński |language=pl-PL}}</ref>
* The [[Cyprian Norwid]] Catholic secondary school - founded in 1996 by Andrzej Banasiuk, it is the only Catholic school in the town of Garwolin. Since 1999 it has been a public school and is located on the grounds belonging to the [[Collegiate church of Transfiguration in Garwolin]]. The school focuses on a religious and patriotic upbringing of its students and cultivating national, religious and school traditions through mass events taking place at the school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katolickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. C. K. Norwida w Garwolinie |url=http://klogarwo.pl/szkola/o-nas/ |access-date=2024-08-07}}</ref> In the year 2022 the school managed to take 97th place in a national ranking of secondary schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Znamy najlepszych - ranking Liceów i Techników Perspektywy 2022 - Powiat Garwoliński - Portal gov.pl |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/powiat-garwolin/znamy-najlepszych---ranking-liceow-i-technikow-perspektywy-2022 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Powiat Garwoliński |language=pl-PL}}</ref>
* The [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] upper-secondary school complex nr 2 in Garwolin - founded in 1969 it is one of the two vocational schools in Garwolin. In 1978 it was named after the Polish military engineer [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]. In 2003 the school administration decided to open a non-vocational secondary school in the same building. It was closed down in 2009 after just 6 years of operation<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Historia |url=https://www.zsp2garwolin.pl/szkola/historia |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Zespół Szkół nr 2 im. Tadeusza Kościuszki w Garwolinie |language=pl-pl}}</ref>
* The [[Westerplatte]] heroes upper-secondary school complex nr 1 in Garwolin - established in 1961 by decision of the Board of Trustees of the School District of Warsaw, it was a vocational school focused on education in the field of economics. The school building was built in 1977 and it is used to this day. The design of the building included a 60 square meter mosaic commemorating the achievements of the Polish army. In the year 1997 the school was given the name of "Bohaterów [[Westerplatte]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owczarczyk |first=Mariusz |title=Historia szkoły część 1 |url=https://www.zsgarwolin.pl/index.php/szkola/historia-szkoly/czesc-1-1961-2014 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.zsgarwolin.pl |language=pl-pl}}</ref>
* Academy of Management in [[Łódź]], branch in Garwolin.

==Economy==
Centre of industry and services; machine, means of transport, nutritive (milk co-operative, meat) industries, clothing, leather, construction materials, furniture and cosmetics manufactures.

==Transport==
===Roads===
* [[Expressway S17 (Poland)|S17 expressway]]: direction [[Warsaw]]-Garwolin-[[Lublin]]-[[Hrebenne (Tomaszów Lubelski County)|Hrebenne]],
* [[National road 76 (Poland)|National road 76]]: direction [[Łuków]]-Garwolin-[[Wilga, Masovian Voivodeship|Wilga]].

===Rail===
[[Garwolin railway station]] is located {{convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west from the center of town in the nearby village [[Wola Rębkowska]], on rail route [[Warsaw]]-[[Lublin]].

==Culture and sports==
* "Wilga" cinema 3D
* Centre of Sports and Culture
* "Garwolanka" swimming pool
* Wilga Garwolin sports Club.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Garwolin}}
* [http://www.garwolin-starostwo.pl/ County of Garwolin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427025440/http://www.garwolin-starostwo.pl/ |date=2012-04-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030527012632/http://www.garwolin.pl/um/ City's Hall Official Page]
* [http://www.wspolnota.garwolin.pl/ Garwolin County's Community Association]
* [http://www.garwolin-gmina.pl/ Community of Garwolin]
* [https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/554-garwolin Jewish Community in Garwolin] on Virtual Shtetl

{{Garwolin County}}
{{Gmina Garwolin}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Masovian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Garwolin County]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]