Editing Gattaca

{{short description|1997 film by Andrew Niccol}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Gattaca
| image          = Gattaca poster.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Andrew Niccol]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Danny DeVito]]
* [[Michael Shamberg]]
* [[Stacey Sher]]
* [[Gail Lyon]]
}}
| writer         = Andrew Niccol
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ethan Hawke]]
* [[Uma Thurman]]
* [[Alan Arkin]]
* [[Jude Law]]
* [[Loren Dean]]
* [[Ernest Borgnine]]
}}
| music          = [[Michael Nyman]]
| cinematography = [[Sławomir Idziak]]
| editing        = [[Lisa Zeno Churgin]]
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]]
* [[Danny Devito|Jersey Films]]
}}
| distributor    = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
| released       = {{Film date|1997|10|24|United States}}
| runtime        = 106 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gattaca-film|title=''Gattaca'' (15)|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=November 5, 1997|access-date=February 21, 2019|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221232655/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gattaca-film|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country        = United States
| language       = {{Plainlist|
* English
* Esperanto
}}
| budget         = $36 million<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gattaca|title=Gattaca Financial Information|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=February 21, 2019|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000039/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gattaca|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross          = $12.5 million (domestic only)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gattaca.htm|title=Gattaca (1997)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=2020-04-20|archive-date=2019-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609002105/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gattaca.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Gattaca''''' is a 1997 American [[dystopian]] [[science fiction film]] written and directed by [[Andrew Niccol]] in his [[List of directorial debuts|feature directorial debut]]. It stars [[Ethan Hawke]] and [[Uma Thurman]] with [[Jude Law]], [[Loren Dean]], [[Ernest Borgnine]], [[Gore Vidal]], and [[Alan Arkin]] appearing in supporting roles.<ref name=challenging /> The film presents a future society driven by [[eugenics]] where children are conceived through genetic selection to ensure they possess the best hereditary traits of their parents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://neuroethics.upenn.edu/resources/narrative-perspectives-neuroethics-in-books-and-film/ |title=NEUROETHICS &#124; The Narrative Perspectives |publisher=Neuroethics.upenn.edu |access-date=2018-02-22}}</ref> The principal character, Vincent Freeman, played by Hawke, was conceived outside the eugenics program and struggles to overcome [[genetic discrimination]] to realize his dream of going into space.

The film draws on concerns over [[reproductive technologies]] that facilitate eugenics, and the possible consequences of such technological developments for society. It also explores the idea of [[destiny]] and the ways in which it can and does govern lives. Characters in ''Gattaca'' continually battle both with society and with themselves to find their place in the world and who they are destined to be according to their genes.

The film's title is based on the letters G, A, T, and C, which stand for [[guanine]], [[adenine]], [[thymine]], and [[cytosine]], the four [[nucleobase]]s of [[DNA]]. It was a 1997 nominee for the [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]. A follow-up series was in development at [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]], but has been cancelled as of 2023.<ref name="White">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=June 29, 2023 |title='Gattaca' Series Adaptation & Mandy Patinkin Comedy 'Seasoned' Scrapped At Showtime Along With Two Development Projects |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/gattaca-series-mandy-patinkin-comedy-seasoned-scrapped-showtime-1235427279/ |access-date=June 30, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907150929/https://deadline.com/2023/06/gattaca-series-mandy-patinkin-comedy-seasoned-scrapped-showtime-1235427279/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
In the "not-too-distant" future, [[eugenics]] is common. A genetic registry database uses [[biometrics]] to classify those so created as "valids" while those conceived naturally and more susceptible to genetic disorders are known as "in-valids". [[Genetic discrimination]] is illegal, but in practice [[genotype]] profiling is used to identify valids to qualify for professional employment while in-valids are relegated to menial jobs.

Vincent Freeman was conceived naturally, and his genetic profile indicates a high probability of several disorders and an estimated lifespan of 30.2 years. His parents, regretting their decision, use genetic selection in conceiving their second child, Anton Jr. Growing up, the two brothers often play a game of "[[Chicken (game)|chicken]]" by swimming out to sea as far as possible, with the first one returning to shore considered the loser; Vincent always loses. Vincent dreams of a career in space travel, but is always reminded of his genetic inferiority. One day, Vincent challenges Anton to a game of chicken and beats him. Anton starts to drown and is saved by Vincent. Shortly after, Vincent leaves home.

Years later, Vincent works cleaning office spaces, including that of spaceflight conglomerate Gattaca Aerospace Corporation. He gets a chance to pose as a valid by using donated hair, skin, blood, and urine samples from former swimming star Jerome Eugene Morrow, who was paralyzed after being hit by a car. With Jerome's genetic makeup, Vincent gains employment at Gattaca and is assigned as a navigator for an upcoming mission to Saturn's moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]. To conceal his identity, Vincent must meticulously groom and scrub down daily to remove his own genetic material, pass daily DNA scanning and urine tests using Jerome's samples, and hide his heart defect.

When a Gattaca administrator is murdered a week before a [[Launch window|possible launch]], the police find one of Vincent's eyelashes near the crime scene, but can only identify it as from an "unregistered" in-valid, and thus launch an investigation to find who owns the eyelash. During this, Vincent becomes close to a co-worker, Irene Cassini, and falls in love with her. Though a valid, Irene has a higher risk of heart failure that will bar her from any deep space mission. Vincent also learns that Jerome's paralysis is self-inflicted; after placing [[Silver medal|silver]] in the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], Jerome threw himself in front of a car. Jerome maintains that he was designed to be the best, yet somehow wasn't, and is suffering because of this.

Vincent repeatedly evades the grasp of the investigation. Finally, it is revealed that Gattaca's mission director Josef killed the administrator because he threatened to cancel the mission. Vincent learns that the detective who closed the case was his brother Anton, who consequently has discovered Vincent's presence. The brothers meet, and Anton warns Vincent about his illegal actions, but Vincent asserts that he has gotten to this position on his own merits. Anton challenges Vincent to a final game of chicken. As the two swim out at night, Vincent's stamina surprises Anton, so Vincent reveals that he won by not saving energy for the swim back. Anton turns back and begins to drown, but Vincent rescues him and swims them back to shore.

On the day of the launch, Jerome reveals that he has stored enough DNA samples for Vincent to last two lifetimes upon his return and gives him an envelope to open once in flight. After saying goodbye to Irene, Vincent prepares to board, but discovers there is a final genetic test, and he currently lacks any of Jerome's samples. He is surprised when Dr. Lamar, who oversees background checks, reveals that he knows Vincent has been posing as a valid. Lamar admits that his son looks up to Vincent and wonders whether his son, who is genetically selected, but "not all that they promised", could exceed his potential just as Vincent has. The doctor changes the test results, allowing Vincent to pass.

As the rocket launches, Jerome dons his swimming medal and [[Self-immolation|immolates]] himself in his home's incinerator. Vincent opens the note to find a lock of Jerome's hair.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth = 25em}}
* [[Ethan Hawke]] as Vincent Freeman, impersonating Jerome Eugene Morrow
** [[Mason Gamble]] as young Vincent
** Chad Christ as teenage Vincent
* [[Uma Thurman]] as Irene Cassini
* [[Jude Law]] as Jerome Eugene Morrow
* [[Loren Dean]] as Anton Freeman
** Vincent Nielson as young Anton
** [[William Lee Scott]] as teenage Anton
* [[Gore Vidal]] as Director Josef
* [[Xander Berkeley]] as Dr. Lamar
* [[Jayne Brook]] as Marie Freeman
* [[Elias Koteas]] as Antonio Freeman
* [[Maya Rudolph]] as delivery nurse
* [[Blair Underwood]] as geneticist
* [[Ernest Borgnine]] as Caesar
* [[Tony Shalhoub]] as German
* [[Alan Arkin]] as Detective Hugo
* [[Dean Norris]] as cop on the beat
* [[Ken Marino]] as sequencing technician
* Cynthia Martells as Cavendish
* [[Gabrielle Reece]] as Gattaca trainer
{{div col end}}

==Production==
[[File:CLA building complex.JPG|thumb|right|[[CLA Building]] complex]]
[[File:Marin Civic Center interior.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marin County Civic Center]]]]
The film was shot under the working title ''The Eighth Day'', a reference to the seven days of creation in the Bible. However, by the time its release was scheduled for the fall of 1997, the Belgian film {{lang|fr|Le huitième jour|italic=yes}} had already been released in the US under the title ''[[The Eighth Day (1996 film)|The Eighth Day]]''. As a result, the film was retitled ''Gattaca'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/gattaca-on-hulu/|title=Gattaca on Hulu|work=Slashfilm|date=28 November 2008|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030203418/https://www.slashfilm.com/gattaca-on-hulu/|url-status=live}}</ref> which takes inspiration from the letters G, A, T, and C, derived from four of the [[nucleobases]] of [[DNA]]: [[guanine]], [[adenine]], [[thymine]] and [[cytosine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/science/11gene.html |title=Now: The Rest of the Genome |first=Carl |last=Zimmer |date=November 10, 2008 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602141000/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/science/11gene.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
The exteriors (including the roof scene) and some of the interior shots of the Gattaca complex were filmed at [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s 1960 [[Marin County Civic Center]] in [[San Rafael, California]].<ref name=sfgate /> The speakers in the complex broadcast announcements in both [[Esperanto]] and English; Miko Sloper from the [[Esperanto-USA|Esperanto League of North America]] went to the recording studio to handle the Esperanto part.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tRJF2EhWtz0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/tRJF2EhWtz0| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title = Esperanto in 'Gattaca' (NPR pt 11, NASK 2000 pt 19)|website=[[YouTube]] |date=2 June 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Design===
The movie uses a swimming treadmill in the opening minutes to punctuate the swimming and futuristic themes.<ref name=endless /> The production design makes heavy use of [[retrofuturism]]; the futuristic electric cars<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avanti in the Science Fiction Film Gattaca|url=https://www.theavanti.com/gattaca.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=www.theavanti.com|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043154/https://www.theavanti.com/gattaca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> are based on 1960s car models like [[Rover P6]], [[Citroën DS19]] and [[Studebaker Avanti]].<ref name=turbinecars />

=== Title sequence ===
The opening title sequence, created by Michael Riley, features closeups of body matter (fingernails and hair), which are later revealed to be from Vincent's daily bodily scourings, hitting the floor accompanied by loud sounds as the objects strike the ground. According to Riley, oversized models of the fingernails and hair were created for the effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://watchthetitles.com/articles/00114-Gattaca|title=Gattaca title sequence - Watch the Titles|last=Vlaanderen|first=Remco|website=watchthetitles.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-date=2018-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011133518/http://watchthetitles.com/articles/00114-Gattaca|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music and soundtrack==
{{Expand section|date=December 2024}}{{Infobox album
| name       = Gattaca: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type       = soundtrack
| artist     = [[Michael Nyman]]
| cover      =
| alt        =
| released   = {{start date|1997|10|21}}
| recorded   =
| venue      =
| studio     =
| genre      = [[Contemporary classical music]], [[film scores]], [[minimalist music|minimalism]]
| length     = 54:55
| label      = [[Virgin Records America]]
| producer   = Michael Nyman
| prev_title = [[Concertos (1997 album)|Concertos]]
| prev_year  = 1997
| next_title = [[The Suit and the Photograph]]
| next_year  = 1998
}}
{{Listen
  | filename = Michael_Nyman-Gattaca-The_Other_Side.ogg
  | title = The Other Side
  | description = From the ''Gattaca'' soundtrack by [[Michael Nyman]]
  | format = [[Ogg]]
  }}
The [[Film score|score]] for ''Gattaca'' was composed by [[Michael Nyman]], and the original soundtrack was released on October 21, 1997.<ref name=allmusic />

==Release==

===Box office===
''Gattaca'' was released in theaters on October 24, 1997, in the United States by [[Columbia Pictures]] and opened at number 5 at the box office; trailing ''[[I Know What You Did Last Summer]]'', ''[[The Devil's Advocate (1997 film)|The Devil's Advocate]]'', ''[[Kiss the Girls (1997 film)|Kiss the Girls]]'' and ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]''.<ref name=thenumbersweekend /> Over the first weekend the film brought in $4.3 million. It ended its theatrical run with a domestic total of $12.5 million against a reported production budget of $36 million.<ref name=thenumbers />

===Home media===
''Gattaca'' was released on DVD on July 1, 1998,<ref>{{cite book |title=Amazon.com: ''Gattaca'' (1997) |isbn=0767805712 }}</ref> and was also released on [[Superbit]] DVD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00005R23Z |title=Amazon.com: ''Gattaca'' (Superbit Collection) (1997) |website=Amazon |access-date=April 7, 2013 }}</ref> Special Edition DVD and [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] versions were released on March 11, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0011UF79C |title=Amazon.com: ''Gattaca'' (Special Edition) (1997) |website=Amazon |access-date=April 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000HEVZ6W |title=Amazon.com: ''Gattaca'' [Blu-ray] (1997) |website=Amazon |access-date=April 7, 2013 }}</ref> Both editions contain a deleted scene featuring historical figures like Einstein, Lincoln, etc., who are described as having been genetically deficient.<ref name=thenumbers />

''Gattaca'' was released on [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gattaca – Media Play News|date=25 March 2021|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/gattaca-review/|access-date=2021-04-24|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413042235/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/gattaca-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
''Gattaca'' received positive reviews from critics.  The film received an approval rating of 82% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 66 reviews, with a rating average of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus states that "Intelligent and scientifically provocative, ''Gattaca'' is an absorbing sci-fi drama that poses important interesting ethical questions about the nature of science."<ref name=rt /> On [[Metacritic]], the film received "generally favorable" reviews with a score of 64 out of 100, based on 20 reviews.<ref name="metacritic" /> [[Siskel and Ebert]] gave the film two thumbs up on the October 25, 1997 episode of their program, with [[Gene Siskel]] commenting that the film had a "smart script".<ref>{{cite book |last1= Ebert |first1= Roger |last2= Siskel |first2= Gene |title= Gattaca/The House of Yes/A Life Less Ordinary/FairyTale: A True Story/Sunday  |date= 25 October 1997 |publisher= Buena Vista Television }}</ref> In his other review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[Roger Ebert]] stated, "This is one of the smartest and most provocative of science fiction films, a thriller with ideas."<ref name=ebert /> [[James Berardinelli]] praised it for "energy and tautness" and its "thought-provoking script and thematic richness."<ref name=reelviews />

Although critically acclaimed, ''Gattaca'' was not a box office success, but it is said to have crystallized the debate over the controversial topic of [[human genetic engineering]].<ref name="darnovsky" /><ref name=popemcroberts /> The film's [[dystopia]]n depiction of "[[genoism]]" has been cited by many [[bioethicist]]s and laypeople in support of their hesitancy about, or opposition to, eugenics and the societal acceptance of the [[genetic determinism|genetic-determinist]] ideology that may frame it.<ref name="kirby" /> In a 1997 review of the film for the journal ''Nature Genetics'', molecular biologist [[Lee M. Silver]] stated that "''Gattaca'' is a film that all geneticists should see if for no other reason than to understand the perception of our trade held by so many of the public-at-large".<ref name="silver" />

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
|-
| [[70th Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Best Art Direction]]
| [[Jan Roelfs]]<br />Nancy Nye
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[ADG Excellence in Production Design Award|Art Directors Guild Award]]
| [[Art Directors Guild Award for Best Production Design – Feature Film|Excellence in Production Design]]
| [[Jan Roelfs]]<br />Sarah Knowles<br />Natalie Richards
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Bogey Awards
|Bogey Award
|
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Festival international du film fantastique de Gérardmer|Gérardmer Film Festival]]
| Special Jury Prize
|rowspan=2|[[Andrew Niccol]]
|{{won}}
|-
| Fun Trophy
|{{won}}
|-
| [[55th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| [[Michael Nyman]]
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Hugo Awards]]
| [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation|Best Dramatic Presentation]]
|rowspan=2| Andrew Niccol
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[London Film Critics' Circle Awards]]
| [[London Film Critics Circle Awards 1998|Best Screenwriter of the Year]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Paris Film Festival
| Grand Prix
|
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Awards]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Art Direction and Production Design|Best Art Direction and Production Design]]
| Jan Roelfs
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3| [[Saturn Awards]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Costume|Best Costume]]
| [[Colleen Atwood]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Saturn Award for Best Music|Best Music]]
| Michael Nyman
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Home Video Release
|
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Sitges Film Festival|Sitges – Catalan International<br />Film Festival]]
| Best Motion Picture
| Andrew Niccol
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Original Soundtrack
| Michael Nyman
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==Continuation==
On October 30, 2009, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that [[Sony Pictures Television]] was developing a television adaptation of the feature film as a one-hour [[police procedural]] set in the future. The show was to be written by Gil Grant, who has written for ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' and ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''.<ref name="adaptation" /> A ''Gattaca'' television series was revealed to be in development at Sony and [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] in March 2023. It was intended to take place one generation after the events of the film. [[Howard Gordon]] and [[Alex Gansa]] were tapped as [[showrunners]], and were also expected to serve as screenwriters alongside [[Craig Borten]]. Gordon, Gansa, Glenn Gellar, and actor [[Danny DeVito]] (who produced the film) would have served as executive producers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Andreeva |first=Nellie |date= March 15, 2023 |title='Gattaca' TV Series Based On Movie In Works At Showtime From Howard Gordon & Alex Gansa |url= https://deadline.com/2023/03/gattaca-tv-series-showtime-howard-gordon-alex-gansa-1235300890/ |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230315221724/https://deadline.com/2023/03/gattaca-tv-series-showtime-howard-gordon-alex-gansa-1235300890/ |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> However, in June 2023, Showtime announced that they had abandoned plans to produce the show.<ref name="White"/>

==Legacy==

===Influence on ''In Time''===
Writer-director [[Andrew Niccol]] has called his 2011 film ''[[In Time]]'' a "bastard child of ''Gattaca''".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/10/in-time-gattaca/ |title=Director Calls In Time 'Bastard Child of Gattaca' |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |first=Robert |last=Capps |date=October 6, 2011 |access-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815152113/https://www.wired.com/2011/10/in-time-gattaca/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/movies/a7251/in-time-andrew-niccol-on-his-gattaca-inspired-new-film-6531927/ |title=In Time: Andrew Niccol on His Gattaca-Inspired New Film |work=[[Popular Mechanics]] |first=Eric |last=McCarthy |date=October 28, 2011 |access-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815152113/https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/movies/a7251/in-time-andrew-niccol-on-his-gattaca-inspired-new-film-6531927/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both films feature classic cars in a futuristic dystopia as well as a [[caste]] privilege schism which the protagonist challenges and which prejudices the authorities into neglecting a thorough investigation in favor of condemning the protagonist.

===Political references===
U.S. Senator [[Rand Paul]] used near-verbatim portions of the plot summary from the [[English Wikipedia]] entry on ''Gattaca'' in a speech at [[Liberty University]] on October 28, 2013, in support of Virginia Attorney General [[Ken Cuccinelli]]'s campaign for [[Governor of Virginia]]. Paul said that [[Abortion-rights movements|abortion rights advocates]] are advancing eugenics in a manner similar to the events in ''Gattaca''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/28/rand-paul-abortion-eugenics/3290839/ |title=Senator: Scientific advances could bring back eugenics |work=[[Courier Journal|The Courier-Journal]] |publisher=[[USA Today]] |first=James R. |last=Carroll |date=October 28, 2013 |access-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106093144/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/28/rand-paul-abortion-eugenics/3290839/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/rachel-maddow-rand-paul-wikipedia-99015.html |title=Rachel Maddow: Rand Paul ripped off Wikipedia |work=[[Politico]] |publisher=[[Sinclair Broadcast Group]] |first=Tal |last=Kopan |date=October 28, 2013 |access-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101125434/http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/rachel-maddow-rand-paul-wikipedia-99015.html? |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Transhumanism===
{{Main|Transhumanism#Socioeconomic effects}}
In the 2004 [[democratic transhumanist]] book ''[[Citizen Cyborg]]'', [[Bioethics|bioethicist]] [[James Hughes (sociologist)|James Hughes]] criticized the premise and influence of the film as fear-mongering, arguing:
# Astronaut-training programs are entirely justified in attempting to screen out people with heart problems for safety reasons;
# In the United States, people are already screened by insurance companies on the basis of their propensities to disease, for actuarial purposes;
# Rather than banning [[genetic testing]] or genetic enhancement, society should develop [[Genetic privacy|genetic information privacy]] [[privacy law|laws]], such as the U.S. [[Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act]] signed into law on May 21, 2008, that allow justified forms of genetic testing and data aggregation, but forbid those that are judged to result in genetic discrimination. Citizens should then be able to make a complaint to the appropriate authority if they believe they have been discriminated against because of their genotype.<ref name="hughes" />

==See also==
* [[Assisted reproductive technology]]
* [[List of films featuring surveillance]]
* [[Transhumanism#Socioeconomic effects|Transhumanism § Socioeconomic effects]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=sfgate>"[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/10/24/DD14694.DTL ''Gattaca'' a Not-So-Perfect Specimen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107011647/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/10/24/DD14694.DTL |date=2008-01-07 }}, Mick LaSalle, ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', Friday, October 24, 1997, URL retrieved 19 February 2009</ref>
<ref name=challenging>{{cite web |url=http://www.challengingdestiny.com/reviews/gattaca.htm |title=Review of Gattaca |publisher=Challengingdestiny.com |date=2004-02-25 |access-date=2009-10-10 |archive-date=2010-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305230838/http://www.challengingdestiny.com/reviews/gattaca.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=endless>{{cite web|url=http://www.endlesspools.com/about-press.php|title=Endless Pools in the Press|publisher=Endlesspools.com|access-date=2012-09-07|archive-date=2012-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020140507/http://www.endlesspools.com/about-press.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=thenumbersweekend>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/charts/weekly/1997/19971024.php |title=US Movie Box Office Chart Weekend of October 24, 1997 |publisher=The Numbers |date=1997-10-24 |access-date=2009-10-10 |archive-date=2009-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917132916/http://www.the-numbers.com/charts/weekly/1997/19971024.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=thenumbers>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1997/GATTA.php |title=Movie Gattaca - Box Office Data, News, Cast Information |publisher=The Numbers |access-date=2009-10-10 |archive-date=2009-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905001559/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1997/GATTA.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=adaptation>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2009/scene/markets-festivals/apostle-preps-for-post-rescue-life-1118010604/|title=Apostle preps for post-'Rescue' life|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106060926/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118010604.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&nid=2562|archive-date=2010-01-06|first=Michael|last=Schneider|date=2009-10-29|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=turbinecars>{{cite web |url=http://www.imcdb.org/movie_119177-Gattaca.html |title="Gattaca, 1997": cars, bikes, trucks and other vehicles |publisher=IMCDb.org |access-date=2009-10-10 |archive-date=2010-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331201719/http://www.imcdb.org/movie_119177-Gattaca.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=rt>{{cite web |url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gattaca/ |title = Gattaca (1997) |access-date = 2009-08-01 |website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |archive-date = 2024-03-22 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240322010559/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gattaca |url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name=metacritic>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/gattaca |title=Gattaca reviews at |website=Metacritic.com |access-date=2011-10-05 |archive-date=2011-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128041130/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gattaca |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=ebert>{{cite news |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gattaca-1997 |title=Gattaca :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews |publisher=Rogerebert.suntimes.com |date=1997-10-24 |author=Roger Ebert |access-date=2022-08-07 |archive-date=2022-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807192755/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gattaca-1997 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=reelviews>{{cite web |url=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/g/gattaca.html |title=Review: Gattaca |publisher=Reelviews.net |access-date=2009-10-10 |archive-date=2019-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219073023/http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/g/gattaca.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=darnovsky>{{Cite web| author = Darnovsky, Marcy| title = Are We Headed for a Sci-Fi Dystopia?| date = 2008| url = https://www.alternet.org/2008/03/are_we_headed_for_a_sci-fi_dystopia/| access-date = 2022-07-30| author-link = Marcy Darnovsky| archive-date = 2022-07-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220731032542/https://www.alternet.org/2008/03/are_we_headed_for_a_sci-fi_dystopia/| url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref name=popemcroberts>{{cite book|last1=Pope|first1= Marcia |last2=McRoberts |first2= Richard | title = Cambridge Wizard Student Guide Gattaca | publisher = Cambridge University press | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-521-53615-4}}</ref>
<ref name=kirby>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kirby | first1 = D.A. | title = The New Eugenics in Cinema: Genetic Determinism and Gene Therapy in GATTACA | journal = Science Fiction Studies |volume=27 |issue=Part 2 |pages=193–215 | date = 2000 | url = http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/essays/gattaca.htm | access-date = 2008-01-08 | author-link = David A. Kirby | archive-date = 2012-03-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327205741/http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/essays/gattaca.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>
<ref name=silver>{{Cite journal| author = Silver, Lee M.| title = Genetics Goes to Hollywood| date = 1997| volume=17| issue=3| doi=10.1038/ng1197-260| author-link = Lee M. Silver| journal = Nature Genetics| pages = 260–261| s2cid = 29335234}}</ref>
<ref name=hughes>{{cite book| last1 = Hughes |first1=James| title = Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future| publisher = Westview Press| date = 2004| isbn = 0-8133-4198-1| author-link = James Hughes (sociologist)}}</ref>
<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r317478|pure_url=yes}}|title=Gattaca soundtrack overview|access-date=2008-10-30|website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>
<!--ref name=soundtrack>{{cite web
| url = http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=968
| title = Gattaca soundtrack
| access-date = 2008-09-06
| publisher = SoundtrackNet, LLC}}</ref-->
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Frauley |first=Jon |date=2010 |title=Criminology, Deviance and the Silver Screen: The Fictional Reality and the Criminological Imagination |chapter=Biopolitics and the Governance of Genetic Capital in ''GATTACA'' |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=195–216 |isbn=978-0230615168 |doi=10.1057/9780230115361_7}}
* [http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2749/science-on-screen-interview-with-dr-paul-durham-on-gattaca Interview with Dr. Paul Durham, Director of Cell Biology and the Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences at Missouri State University, about Gattaca].

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/gattaca/}}
* {{IMDb title|0119177|Gattaca}}
* {{Mojo title|gattaca|Gattaca}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|gattaca|Gattaca}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Gattaca}}
* [https://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Gattaca.html ''Gattaca'' Screenplay]
* [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/essays/gattaca.htm Genetic Determinism in ''Gattaca'']

{{Andrew Niccol}}
{{Danny DeVito}}

<!--- named one of top 10 Transhumanist films in http://hplusmagazine.com/2010/11/08/top-ten-transhumanist-movies/ --->
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gattaca}}
[[Category:1990s American films]]
[[Category:1990s dystopian films]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:1990s science fiction drama films]]
[[Category:1990s science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 science fiction films]]
[[Category:American dystopian films]]
[[Category:American science fiction drama films]]
[[Category:American science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films about discrimination]]
[[Category:Films about eugenics]]
[[Category:Films about genetic engineering]]
[[Category:Films about people with paraplegia or tetraplegia]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Films directed by Andrew Niccol]]
[[Category:Films produced by Danny DeVito]]
[[Category:Films scored by Michael Nyman]]
[[Category:Films set in the future]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Andrew Niccol]]
[[Category:Hard science fiction films]]
[[Category:Titan (moon) in film]]
[[Category:Films about astronauts]]
[[Category:English-language science fiction drama films]]
[[Category:English-language science fiction thriller films]]
[[Category:Existentialist films]]