Editing Genitourinary system

{{Short description|Organ system of the genitals and the urinary tract}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2008}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name        = Genitourinary system
| Latin       = apparatus urogenitalis, systema urogenitale
| Image       = File:Female and male Organs.png
| Caption     = Some components of the female and male genitourinary system
| Image2      =
| Caption2    =
| Precursor   =
| System      =
| Artery      =
| Vein        =
| Nerve       =
| Lymph       =
}}
The '''genitourinary system''', or '''urogenital system''', are the [[sex organs]] of the [[reproductive system]] and the [[organ (biology)|organs]] of the [[urinary system]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|eight/000105290|genitourinary system}}</ref> These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, [[Development of the urinary and reproductive organs|their common embryological origin]] and the use of common pathways. Because of this, the systems are sometimes imaged together.<ref name="urlUC Davis Department of Radiology - Genitourinary Radiology">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/radiology/specialties/genitourinary.html |title=UC Davis Department of Radiology - Genitourinary Radiology |access-date=2010-03-16}}</ref> In [[Placentalia|placental mammals]] (including humans), the male [[urethra]] goes through and opens into the [[penis]] while the female urethra and [[vagina]] empty through the [[vulva]].<ref name="Wake1992">{{cite book|author=Marvalee H. Wake|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&pg=PA583|access-date=6 May 2013|date=15 September 1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|page=583}}</ref> 

The term "apparatus urogenitalis" was used in ''[[Nomina Anatomica]]'' (under [[splanchnologia]]) but is not used in the current ''[[Terminologia Anatomica]]''.

==Development==
{{Main|Development of the urinary system |Development of the reproductive system}}
The urinary and reproductive organs are developed from the [[intermediate mesoderm]]. The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures that are purely embryonic and that, with the exception of the ducts, disappear almost entirely before the end of fetal life. These embryonic structures are on either side: the [[pronephros]], the [[mesonephros]] and the [[metanephros]] of the [[kidney]], and the [[Wolffian duct|Wolffian]] and [[Müllerian duct]]s of the [[sex organ]]. The pronephros disappears very early; the structural elements of the mesonephros mostly degenerate, but the [[gonad]] is developed in their place, with which the Wolffian duct remains as the duct in males, and the Müllerian as that of the female. Some of the tubules of the mesonephros form part of the permanent kidney.

== Structures ==

=== Urethra ===

==== Female Urethra ====
The urethra of an adult human female is 3-4 cm long.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Abelson |first=Benjamin |date=22 October 2018 |title=Sex differences in lower urinary tract biology and physiology |journal=Biology of Sex Differences |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=45 |doi=10.1186/s13293-018-0204-8 |doi-access=free |pmid=30343668 |pmc=6196569 }}</ref> The female urethra is located between the bladder neck to the external urethral orifice and is behind the symphysis pubis.<ref name=":0" />The urethral wall is composed of an inner epithelial lining, a sub-mucosa layer containing vascular supply, a thin fascial layer, and two layers of smooth muscle.<ref name=":0" />

==== Male Urethra ====
The urethra of an adult human male is 18-20 cm long. <ref name=":0" />It has a diameter of 8-9 mm.<ref name=":0" />The male urethra is divided into two sections.

==Disorders==
{{Further|Female genital disease|Male genital disease|Urologic disease}}
[[File:Genitourinary diseases world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deaths due to genitourinary diseases per million persons in 2012 {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|22-87}}{{legend|#ffe820|88-106}}{{legend|#ffd820|107-123}}{{legend|#ffc020|124-137}}{{legend|#ffa020|138-148}}{{legend|#ff9a20|149-164}}{{legend|#f08015|165-177}}{{legend|#e06815|178-214}}{{legend|#d85010|215-255}}{{legend|#d02010|256-382}}{{div col end}}]]
Disorders of the genitourinary system includes a range of disorders from those that are asymptomatic to those that manifest an array of signs and symptoms.  Causes for these disorders include congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, [[Genitourinary tract injury|trauma]], or conditions that secondarily involve the urinary structure.

To gain access to the body, [[pathogen]]s can penetrate mucous membranes lining the genitourinary tract.

=== Malformations ===
Urogenital malformations include:
*[[Hypospadias]]
*[[Epispadias]]
*[[Labial fusion]]
*[[Varicocele]]

As a medical specialty, '''genitourinary pathology''' is the subspecialty of [[surgical pathology]] which deals with the [[diagnosis]] and characterization of [[neoplasia|neoplastic]] and non-neoplastic [[disease]]s of the [[urinary tract]], male genital tract and testes. However, medical disorders of the kidneys are generally within the expertise of [[renal pathology|renal pathologists]]. Genitourinary [[pathology|pathologists]] generally work closely with [[urology|urologic surgeons]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|-UMli4xpm8c|Male urogenital development 3D animation}}
* {{YouTube|BIdQjHHXF4I|Female urogenital development 3D animation}}

{{Organ systems}}
{{Dosage forms}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Genitourinary system| ]]