Editing Gentoo penguin

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Gentoo penguin
| image ={{Css Image Crop|Image = Brown Bluff-2016-Tabarin Peninsula–Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 03.jpg|bSize = 601|cWidth = 250|cHeight = 335|oTop = 50|oLeft = 100|Location = center}}
| image_caption = At [[Brown Bluff]], [[Tabarin Peninsula]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Pygoscelis papua'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697755A157664581 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697755A157664581.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Pygoscelis
| species = papua
| authority = ([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster]], 1781)
| range_map = Gentoo penguin distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the gentoo penguin
}}

The '''gentoo penguin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|n|t|uː}} {{respell|JEN|too}}) ('''''Pygoscelis papua''''') is a [[penguin]] species (or possibly a [[species complex]]) in the genus ''[[Pygoscelis]]'', most closely related to the [[Adélie penguin]] (''P. adeliae'') and the [[chinstrap penguin]] (''P. antarcticus''). The earliest scientific description was made in 1781 by [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] with a [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] in the [[Falkland Islands]]. The species calls in a variety of ways, but the most frequently heard is a loud trumpeting, which the bird emits with its head thrown back.<ref>Woods, R.W. (1975) ''Birds of the Falkland Islands'', Antony Nelson, Shropshire, UK.</ref>

==Names==
The application of "gentoo" to the penguin is unclear. ''[[Gentoo (term)|Gentoo]]'' was an Anglo-Indian term to distinguish [[Hindu]]s from Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dalgado |first1=Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado |title=Portuguese vocables in Asiatic languages: from the Portuguese original of Monsignor Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Volume 1 |last2=Soares |first2=Anthony Xavier |date=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120604131 |pages=167–16}}</ref> The English term may have originated from the Portuguese ''gentio'' ("pagan, [[gentile]]"). Some speculate that the white patch on the bird's head was thought to resemble a [[turban]].<ref name="Campbell"/>

It may also be a variation of another name for this bird, "Johnny penguin", with Johnny being the Spanish counterpart of {{lang|es|Juanito}} and sounding vaguely like gentoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chester|first=Jonathan|title=Penguins: Birds of Distinction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HIXAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Australia|isbn=978-0-14-025968-1|page=42|quote= Until the 1930s, the gentoo was generally known in the [[Falklands]] as the Johnny penguin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=gentoo penguin |dictionary=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=5 |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/gentoo+penguin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Beaglehole|first=J.C.|author-link=J.C. Beaglehole|title=The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCQxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT910|volume=II|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-54324-8|page=910|quote= In the 18th century, English-speaking sealers commonly called [the gentoo] the Johnny penguin. The Spanish translation of this was ''Juanito'', which has degenerated into gentoo.}}</ref> The [[Johnny rook]], a predator, is likely named after the Johnny penguin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gorman|first=James|title=The Total Penguin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TVHAAAAYAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-925041-5|page=87|quote= Sealers called it the "Johnny penguin" or "John penguin." In that incarnation, it seems to have given its name to the [[striated caracara]], a bird of prey that feeds on young gentoo penguins in the Falklands and is called the "Johnny rook".}}</ref>

The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''papua'' is a [[misnomer]]; in the original description, [[Johann Reinhold Forster]], a naturalist who had circumnavigated the world with Captain [[James Cook]], mistakenly assumed that the species occurred in Papua ([[New Guinea]]), the closest gentoos being over 6000&nbsp;km to the south (on [[Macquarie Island]]).<ref name="Campbell">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=David G.|title=The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-p9KuhqhPUC&pg=PT278|year=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-52761-1|page=278}}</ref> No penguins are found in New Guinea.<ref>{{cite book|last=Troelstra|first=Anne S.|title=Bibliography of Natural History Travel Narratives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA411|year=2017|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-34378-8|pages=411–}}</ref> Others trace the error to a "possibly fraudulent claim" in 1776 by French naturalist [[Pierre Sonnerat]], who also alleged a Papuan location for the [[king penguin]] despite never having been to the island himself.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Jeannie|last2=Fraser|first2=Ian|title=Australian Bird Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1TCqHVWQp0C&pg=PT42|year=2013|publisher=Csiro|isbn=978-0-643-10471-6|page=42}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The gentoo penguin is one of three species in the genus ''Pygoscelis''. [[Mitochondria]]l and [[Cell nucleus|nuclear]] [[DNA]] evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago (Mya), about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus ''[[Aptenodytes]]''. In turn, the Adélie penguins split off from the other members of the genus around 19 Mya and the chinstrap and gentoo finally diverged around 14 Mya.<ref name="Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA 2006 11-17">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA |year=2006|title=Multiple gene evidence for the expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling |journal=Proc Biol Sci |volume=273 |issue=1582|pages=11–17|doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3260 |pmid=16519228 |pmc=1560011}}</ref>

There are 4 [[subspecies]] recognized by the [[International Ornithologists' Union|International Ornithological Congress]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/loons/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable "
|-
! Image !! Subspecies !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:2020-11 Kerguelen Islands - Gentoo penguin 11.jpg|120px]]|| ''P. p. taeniata'' ('''eastern gentoo penguin''') ([[Titian Peale|Peale]], 1849) || [[Crozet Islands]], [[Prince Edward Islands]], [[Kerguelen Islands]], [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|Heard Island]], and [[Macquarie Island]]
|-
|[[File:Falkland Islands Penguins 05.jpg|120px]]||''P. p. papua'' ('''northern gentoo penguin''') ([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster]], 1781) || [[Falkland Islands]], Martillo Island in the [[Beagle Channel]], and [[Isla de los Estados]] ([[Argentina]])
|-
|[[File:Gentoo Penguin Baby (24940372635).jpg|120px]]|| ''P. p. ellsworthi'' ('''southern gentoo penguin''') [[Robert Cushman Murphy|Murphy]], 1947 || the [[Antarctic Peninsula]], the [[South Orkney Islands]], [[South Shetland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Sandwich Islands]]
|-
|[[File:Gentoo Penguin at Cooper Bay, South Georgia.jpg|120px]]|| ''P. p. poncetii'' ('''South Georgia gentoo penguin''') Tyler, Bonfitto, Clucas, Reddy & Younger, 2020 || [[South Georgia|South Georgia Island]]
|-
|}

Although the population on the [[Kerguelen Islands]] is tentatively included in ''taeniata'', it may also be a distinct subspecies.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Subspecies Updates – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/subspecies-2/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Before 2021, only two subspecies of the gentoo penguin had been recognised: ''P. p. papua'' (subantarctic gentoo) and the smaller ''P. p. ellsworthi'' (Antarctic gentoo).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=66969|access-date=2019-12-12|author=environment.gov.au|title=''Pygoscelis papua papua'' — Gentoo Penguin (subantarctic)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174447#null|access-date=2019-12-12|author=itis.gov|title=''Pygoscelis papua'' (J. R. Forster, 1781)}}</ref>  However, a 2020 study suggested that the gentoo penguin be split into a [[species complex]] of four morphologically similar but separate species: the northern gentoo penguin (''P. papua [[sensu]] stricto''), the southern gentoo penguin (''P. ellsworthi''), the eastern gentoo penguin (''P. taeniata'') and the newly described South Georgia gentoo penguin (''P. poncetii'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tyler|first1=Joshua|last2=Bonfitto|first2=Matthew T.|last3=Clucas|first3=Gemma V.|last4=Reddy|first4=Sushma|last5=Younger|first5=Jane L.|date=2020|title=Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin|url= |journal=Ecology and Evolution|language=en|volume=10|issue=24|pages=13836–13846|doi=10.1002/ece3.6973|pmid=33391684|issn=2045-7758|pmc=7771148|bibcode=2020EcoEv..1013836T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pertierra|first1=Luis R.|last2=Segovia|first2=Nicolás I.|last3=Noll|first3=Daly|last4=Martinez|first4=Pablo A.|last5=Pliscoff|first5=Patricio|last6=Barbosa|first6=Andrés|last7=Aragón|first7=Pedro|last8=Rey|first8=Andrea Raya|last9=Pistorius|first9=Pierre|last10=Trathan|first10=Phil|last11=Polanowski|first11=Andrea|date=2020|title=Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change|journal=Diversity and Distributions|language=en|volume=26|issue=8|pages=958–975|doi=10.1111/ddi.13072|bibcode=2020DivDi..26..958P |issn=1472-4642|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/141106|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The International Ornithological Congress incorporated the results of this study in 2021, but relegated the newly recognized or newly described species to subspecies of ''P. papua''.<ref name=":0" />

==Description==
[[File:Gentoo-Colony.jpg|left|thumb|220px|[[Saunders Island, Falkland Islands|Saunders Island]], [[Falkland Islands]]]]

The gentoo penguin is easily recognised by the wide, white stripe extending like a [[bonnet (headgear)|bonnet]] across the top of its head and its bright orange-red bill. It has pale whitish-pink, webbed feet and a fairly long tail – the most prominent tail of all penguin species. Chicks have grey backs with white fronts. As the gentoo penguin waddles along on land, its tail sticks out behind, sweeping from side to side, hence the scientific name ''Pygoscelis'', which means "rump-tailed".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/gentoo-penguin/pygoscelis-papua/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520085242/http://www.arkive.org/gentoo-penguin/pygoscelis-papua/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-05-20|title=Gentoo penguin videos, photos and facts – ''Pygoscelis papua''|website=Arkive}}</ref>

[[File:Falkland Islands Penguins 45.jpg|thumb|A close-up of head on the [[West Falkland]]]]
Gentoo penguins can reach a length of {{Convert|70|to|90|cm|abbr = on}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygoscelis_papua.html|title=''Pygoscelis papua'' (gentoo penguin)|website=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/peter_and_Barbara_Barham/GENTOO.htm |title=Gentoo Penguin – Pygoscelis Papua  |access-date=2008-09-23|author1=Barham, Peter |author2= Barham, Barbara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920031831/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Peter_and_Barbara_Barham/gentoo.htm |archive-date=2008-09-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> making them the third-largest species of penguin after the [[emperor penguin]] and the [[king penguin]]. Males have a maximum weight around {{Convert|8.5|kg|abbr=on}} just before [[moulting]] and a minimum weight of about {{Convert|4.9|kg|abbr=on}} just before mating. For females, the maximum weight is {{Convert|8.2|kg|abbr=on}} just before moulting, but their weight drops to as little as {{Convert|4.5|kg|abbr=on}} when guarding the chicks in the nest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Pygoscelis_papua/more_info.html?section=factsAndStatus|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718020909/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Pygoscelis_papua/more_info.html?section=factsAndStatus|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-18|title=Gentoo penguin videos, photos and facts – ''Pygoscelis papua''|website=Arkive}}</ref> Birds from the north are on average {{Convert|700|g|lb|abbr = on}} heavier and {{Convert|10|cm|abbr = on}} longer than the southern birds. Southern gentoo penguins reach {{convert|75|–|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/gentoo_penguin.htm|title=Antarctica fact file wildlife, gentoo penguins|website=coolantarctica.com}}</ref> They are the fastest underwater swimmers of all penguins, reaching speeds up to {{Convert|36|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Gentoo_Penguin|title=Gentoo penguin|work=BBC Nature|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205133021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Gentoo_Penguin|archive-date=2012-02-05}}</ref> Gentoos are well adapted to extremely cold and harsh climates.

==Breeding==
[[File:Pygoscelis papua MWNH 0520.JPG|thumb|Egg, [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
[[File:Pygoscelis papua -Jougla Point, Wiencke Island, Palmer Archipelago -adults and chicks-8.jpg|left|thumb|220px|A family on [[Wiencke Island]], [[Palmer Archipelago]], off the coast of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]]]

The breeding colonies of gentoo penguins are located on ice-free surfaces. Settlements can be located directly on the shoreline or considerably inland. They prefer shallow coastal areas and often nest between tufts of grass. In South Georgia, for example, breeding colonies are 2&nbsp;km inland. In colonies farther inland, where the penguins nest in grassy areas, they shift location slightly yearly because the grass becomes trampled over time.

Gentoos breed on many [[subantarctic island]]s. The main colonies are on the [[Falkland Islands]], [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] and [[Kerguelen Islands]]; smaller colonies are found on: [[Macquarie Island]], [[Heard Islands]], [[Crozet Islands]], [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. The total breeding population is estimated to be over 600,000 birds. Nests are usually made from a roughly circular pile of stones and can be quite large, {{Convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} high and {{Convert|25|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The stones are jealously guarded, and their ownership can be the subject of noisy disputes and physical attacks between individuals. They are also prized by the females, even to the point that a male penguin can obtain the favours of a female by offering her a choice stone.

Two eggs are laid, both weighing around {{Convert|130|g|abbr=on}}. The parents share incubation, changing duty daily. The eggs hatch after 34 to 36 days. The chicks remain in the nests for around 30 days before joining other chicks in the colony and forming [[Crèche (zoology)|crèches]]. The chicks moult into subadult plumage and go out to sea at around 80 to 100 days.

==Diet==
Gentoos mainly live on [[fish]], [[crustacean]]s such as [[krill]] and [[shrimp]], and [[cephalopods]].<ref name="Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin">{{cite web | title=Pygoscelis papua (gentoo penguin) | website=Animal Diversity Web | date=2011 | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pygoscelis_papua/ | access-date=2024-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005013009if_/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pygoscelis_papua/|archive-date=2023-10-05}}</ref> In February and March, crustaceans make up about 10% of the diet, but from March to June, it is about 75%. From June to October, [[grey rockcod|grey rockcod (Lepidonotothen squamifrons)]] make up 90% of their diet.<ref name="Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin"/> Cephalopods make up only 10% of the diet throughout the year.

Gentoos are [[List of feeding behaviours|opportunistic feeders]], and around the Falklands are known to take roughly equal proportions of fish (''[[Patagonotothen]]'' sp., ''[[Thysanopsetta naresi]]'', ''[[Micromesistius australis]]''), [[squat lobster]]s (''[[Munida gregaria]]'') and [[squid]] (''[[Loligo gahi]]'', ''[[Gonatus antarcticus]]'', ''[[Moroteuthis ingens]]''). Other prey include ''[[Channichthys rhinoceratus]]'' and [[octopus]]es.<ref name="Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin"/>

==Physiology==
[[File:Gentoo Penguin AdF.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Gentoo penguins in Antarctica, walking along a "penguin highway", a path that joins the sea and their nesting area on a rocky outcrop]] The gentoos' diet is high in salt, as they eat organisms with relatively the same salinity as seawater, which can lead to complications associated with high sodium concentrations in the body, especially for gentoo chicks. To counteract this, gentoos, as well as many other marine bird species, have a highly developed [[salt gland]] located above their eyes that takes the high concentration of sodium within the body and produces a highly saline-concentrated solution that drips out of the body from the tip of the beak.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Schmidt-Nielsen, K. |title=The Salt-Secreting Gland of Marine Birds|journal=Circulation|volume=21|issue=5|pages=955–967|doi=10.1161/01.cir.21.5.955|pmid=14443123|year=1960|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Gentoo penguins do not store as much fat as Adélie penguins, their closest relative; gentoos require less energy investment when hunting because the net gain of energy after hunting is greater in gentoos than Adélies.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=D’Amico, V. L.|author2= Coria, N.|author3= Palacios, M. G.|author4= Barbosa, A.|author5= Bertellotti, M. |title=Physiological differences between two overlapped breeding Antarctic penguins in a global change perspective|journal=Polar Biology|volume=39|pages=57–64|doi=10.1007/s00300-014-1604-9|year=2016|issue= 1|bibcode= 2016PoBio..39...57D|hdl=10261/156947|s2cid=17563166|hdl-access=free}}</ref> As embryos, gentoos require a lot of energy to develop.  Oxygen consumption is high for a developing gentoo embryo. As the embryo grows and requires more oxygen, consumption increases exponentially until the gentoo chick hatches. By then, the chick is consuming around 1800 ml O<sub>2</sub> per day.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Actams, N. J. |title= Embryonic metabolism, energy budgets and cost of production of the king ''Aptenodytes patagonicus'' and gentoo ''Pygoscelis papua'' penguin eggs|journal= Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology|volume= 101|issue= 3|pages= 497–503|doi=10.1016/0300-9629(92)90501-g|year= 1992}}</ref>

==Predators==
[[File:Brown Skua snatches Gentoo Penguin Chick (5751218963).jpg|thumb|[[Brown skua]] (''Stercorarius antarcticus'') attacking a gentoo chick at [[Godthul]], [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]]]]

In the sea, [[leopard seal]]s, [[sea lion]]s and [[killer whale]]s are all predators of the gentoo. On land, no predators of full-grown, healthy gentoo penguins exist. [[Skua]]s and [[giant petrel]]s regularly kill many chicks and steal eggs; petrels kill injured and sick adult gentoos. Various other seabirds, such as the [[kelp gull]] and [[snowy sheathbill]], also snatch chicks and eggs. Skuas on King George Island have been observed attacking and injuring adult gentoo penguins in apparent territorial disputes.<ref>February 2014 observation and photo report by Robert Runyard, translator for INACH (Chilean Antarctic Institute).</ref>

==Conservation status==
The population of ''Pygoscelis papua'' in the maritime Antarctic is rapidly increasing. Due to regional climate changes, they colonise previously inaccessible territories southwards. {{As of|2019}}, the [[IUCN Red List]] lists the gentoo as least concerned with a stable population trend, although rapid declines in some key areas are believed to be driving a moderate overall decline in the species population. Examples include [[Bird Island, South Georgia]], where the population has fallen by two-thirds over 25 years.<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> Many threats to this species, including pollution, hunting, fishing and human recreational activities continue to affect them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=2019-08-28|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: ''Pygoscelis papua''|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=2021-05-25|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dykyy |first1=Ihor |last2=Bedernichek |first2=Tymur |title=Gentoo Penguins (''Pygoscelis papua'') started using mosses as nesting material in the southernmost colony on the Antarctic Peninsula (Cape Tuxen, Graham Land) |date=2021-11-17 |doi=10.1007/s00300-021-02968-4 |url=https://i-share-uic.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CARLI_UIC/1b4dsmk/cdi_gale_infotracacademiconefile_A715536576|journal = Polar Biology|volume=45|issue=1|page=149|s2cid=253816909 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The [[Linux]] distribution [[Gentoo Linux]] is named after the gentoo penguin. This is a nod to the fact that the penguin is the fastest swimming penguin, as Gentoo Linux aims to be a high-performance [[operating system]].<ref name="Negus2008">{{cite book|author=Negus, Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqXiuPySGg8C&pg=PA389|title=Linux Bible: Boot Up to Ubuntu, Fedora, KNOPPIX, Debian, openSUSE, and 11 Other Distributions|date=5 May 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-28706-4|pages=389–}}</ref>{{rp|383}} The mascot for Linux in general is a penguin.

The [[Mr. Popper's Penguins (film)|2011 film adaption]] of [[Mr. Popper's Penguins]] features six gentoo penguins named Captain, Lovey, Loudy, Bitey, Stinky, and Nimrod.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Gentoo-and-bird.jpg|Adult gentoo confronting a [[southern giant petrel]] (''Macronectes giganteus'') that has killed a chick
File:Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) on nest.jpg|Gentoo penguin on a nest
File:Gentoo Penguin Swimming.jpg|A gentoo penguin swimming
File:Gentoo penguin juvenile Petermann Island.jpg| Juvenile gentoos on [[Petermann Island]]
File:Pygoscelis papua on Carcass Island 1.jpg|Gentoo colony on [[Carcass Island]] in the Falklands
File:Gentoo and Magellanic Penguins (5560563634).jpg|Gentoo penguin leading a group of [[Magellanic penguin]]s (''Spheniscus magellanicus'') on [[Saunders Island, Falkland Islands|Saunders Island]]
File:GentooPenguinPredation.jpg|A [[leopard seal]] eating an adult gentoo
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{ARKive attribute}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Pygoscelis papua|Pygoscelis papua}}
{{Wikispecies|Pygoscelis papua|Pygoscelis papua}}
* [https://archive.today/20060316081704/http://www.70south.com/resources/antarctic-animals/antarctic-penguins/gentoopenguin 70South – more info on the gentoo penguin]
* [https://penguinworld.com/types/gentoo.html Gentoo penguin on PenguinWorld]
* [http://www.penguins.cl/gentoo-penguins.htm Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation website]
* [http://www.pinguins.info www.pinguins.info: information about all species of penguins]
* [http://www.thomasoneil.com/species2.php?n=61 Gentoo penguin images]
* [http://www.martingrund.de/pinguine/ Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic] – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality
* {{ARKive}}

{{Penguins}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q213021}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Birds described in 1781|gentoo penguin]]
[[Category:Birds of Antarctica]]
[[Category:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Birds of subantarctic islands]]
[[Category:Birds of the Southern Ocean]]
[[Category:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Crozet Islands]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands]]
[[Category:Flightless birds]]
[[Category:Fauna of Macquarie Island]]
[[Category:Penguins|gentoo penguin]]
[[Category:Pygoscelis|gentoo penguin]]