Editing Geoduck

{{short description|Species of bivalve}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Geoduck held in two hands.jpg
| image_caption = A live specimen of ''Panopea generosa''
| taxon = Panopea generosa
| authority = [[Augustus Addison Gould|Gould]], 1850
}}

The '''Pacific geoduck''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|uː|i|ˌ|d|ʌ|k}} {{respell|GOO-ee|duk}}; ''Panopea generosa'') is a [[species]] of very large [[Saline water|saltwater]] [[clam]] in the family [[Hiatellidae]].<ref name="WoRMS">{{WRMS species|545994|''Panopea generosa'' Gould, 1850||28 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=Vadopalas/> The common name is derived from the [[Lushootseed]] name, {{Langx|lut|gʷidəq|label=none}}.

The geoduck is native to the coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja California.<ref name=Vadopalas/> The shell of the clam ranges from {{convert|15|cm|in|sigfig=1|sp=us}} to over {{convert|20|cm|in|sigfig=1|sp=us}} in length, but the extremely long [[siphon (mollusc)|siphons]] make the clam itself much longer than this: the "shaft" or siphons alone can be {{convert|1|m|ftin|sp=us}} in length. The geoduck is the largest burrowing clam in the world.<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |author1=Morgan, James |title=The 'phallic' clam America sells to China |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33261666 |publisher=BBC |access-date=20 July 2015 |date=19 July 2015}}</ref> It is also one of the longest-living animals of any type, with a typical lifespan of 140 years;<ref name=Orensanz>{{cite journal | last1 = Orensanz | first1 = J. M. L. | last2 = Hand | first2 = C. M. | last3 = Parma | first3 = A. M. | last4 = Valero | first4 = J. | last5 = Hilborn | first5 = R. | year = 2004 | title = Precaution in the harvest of Methuselahs clams-the difficulty of getting timely feedback from slow-paced dynamics | journal = Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. | volume = 61 | issue = 8 | pages = 1355–1372 | doi = 10.1139/f04-136 | bibcode = 2004CJFAS..61.1355O }}</ref> the oldest has been recorded at 179 years old.<ref name="Edge">{{cite journal |last1=Edge |first1=David |last2=Reynolds |first2=David |last3=Wanamaker |first3=Alan |last4=Griffin |first4=Daniel |last5=((Bureau)) |first5=Dominique |last6=Outridge |first6=Christine |last7=Wang |first7=Richard |last8=Stevick |first8=Bethany |last9=Black |first9=Bryan |title=Multicentennial Proxy Record of Northeast Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures From the Annual Growth Increments of Panopea generosa |journal=Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology |date=2021 |volume=36 |issue=9 |doi=10.1029/2021PA004291 |bibcode=2021PaPa...36.4291E |s2cid=239151578 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021PA004291 |access-date=13 September 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The precise longevity of geoducks can be determined from annual rings deposited in the shell which can be assigned to calendar years of formation through [[Dendrochronology|crossdating]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kastelle |first1=Craig R. |last2=Helser |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Black |first3=Bryan A. |last4=Stuckey |first4=Matthew J. |last5=C. Gillespie |first5=Darlene |last6=McArthur |first6=Judy |last7=Little |first7=Diana |last8=D. Charles |first8=Karen |last9=Khan |first9=Reziah S. |title=Bomb-produced radiocarbon validation of growth-increment crossdating allows marine paleoclimate reconstruction |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=15 October 2011 |volume=311 |issue=1 |pages=126–135 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.08.015|bibcode=2011PPP...311..126K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=Bryan A. |last2=Gillespie |first2=Darlene C. |last3=MacLellan |first3=Shayne E. |last4=Hand |first4=Claudia M. |title=Establishing highly accurate production-age data using the tree-ring technique of crossdating: a case study for Pacific geoduck (Panopea abrupta) |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |date=December 2008 |volume=65 |issue=12 |pages=2572–2578 |doi=10.1139/F08-158|bibcode=2008CJFAS..65.2572B }}</ref> These annual rings also serve as an archive of past marine variability.<ref name="Edge"></ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=Bryan A. |last2=Copenheaver |first2=Carolyn A. |last3=Frank |first3=David C. |last4=Stuckey |first4=Matthew J. |last5=Kormanyos |first5=Rose E. |title=Multi-proxy reconstructions of northeastern Pacific sea surface temperature data from trees and Pacific geoduck |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=15 July 2009 |volume=278 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.04.010|bibcode=2009PPP...278...40B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strom |first1=Are |last2=Francis |first2=Robert C. |last3=Mantua |first3=Nathan J. |last4=Miles |first4=Edward L. |last5=Peterson |first5=David L. |title=North Pacific climate recorded in growth rings of geoduck clams: A new tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction: NORTH PACIFIC CLIMATE FROM GEODUCK CLAMS |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=March 2004 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=n/a |doi=10.1029/2004GL019440|s2cid=15853307 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Geoduck Growth Increments.jpg|thumb|Geoduck growth increments]]

==Etymology==
[[File:Jrb 20081127 Mirugai tsukiji tokyo japan 001.JPG|thumb|Geoduck for sale at [[Tsukiji fish market]] in Tokyo]]

The name ''Geoduck'' is derived from the [[Lushootseed]] name for the animal, {{Langx|lut|gʷidəq|label=none}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bates |first1=Dawn |title=Lushootseed Dictionary |last2=Hess |first2=Thom |last3=Hilbert |first3=Vi |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1994 |location=Seattle}}</ref> The etymology of {{Langx|lut|gʷidəq|label=none}} is disputed. The lexical suffix {{Lang|lut|{{=}}əq}} means "many" in Lushootseed.<ref name=":0" /> The Oxford English Dictionary says it is composed of a root word of unknown meaning and {{Lang|lut|{{=}}əq}} instead meaning "genitals" (referring to the shape of the clam),<ref>{{Cite OED|geoduck|id=77740}}</ref><ref name=dictionary.com>{{Dictionary.com|geoduck|access-date=29 March 2007}}</ref> while other researchers say it is a phrase meaning "dig deep".<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=A.|last1=Campbell|first2=R. M.|last2=Harbo|first3=C. M.|last3=Hand|title=Harvesting and distribution of Pacific Geoduck Clams|journal=Proceedings of the North Pacific Symposium on Invertebrate Stock Assessment and Management|year=1998|url={{GBurl|id=WnNVQKNwRsQC|p=350}}|page=350}}</ref>

It is sometimes known as a ''mud duck'', ''king clam'' or, when [[calque|translated literally]] from [[Chinese language|Chinese]], an ''elephant-trunk clam'' ({{Zh-cjp|c=象拔蚌|p=xiàngbábàng|j=zoeng6 bat6 pong5}}).<ref>{{Cite book|url={{GBurl|id=h_L8CgAAQBAJ|q=geoduck+%22elephant%22|p=171}}|title=Diversity in Sinitic Languages|last=Chappell|first=Hilary M.|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-103573-9|page=171|language=en}}</ref>

Between 1983 and 2010, the scientific name of this clam was confused with that of an extinct clam, ''Panopea abrupta'' (Conrad, 1849), in scientific literature.<ref name="Vadopalas">{{cite journal|last=Vadopalas|first=B.|year=2010|title=The proper name for the geoduck: resurrection of ''Panopea generosa'' Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of ''Panopea abrupta'' (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae)|url=http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/collections/ichthyology/documents/pietsch/Geoduck.pdf|journal=Malacologia|volume=52|issue=1|pages=169–173|doi=10.4002/040.052.0111|author2=T. W. Pietsch|author3=C. S. Friedman|s2cid=84189390|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

==Biology==
Native to the [[British Columbia Coast|west coast]] of [[Canada]] and the northwest coast of the [[United States]] (primarily [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and [[British Columbia]]), these [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[bivalve]] [[mollusk]]s are the largest burrowing clams in the world, weighing in at an average of {{convert|1+1/2|lb|kg|1|order=flip}} at maturity, but [[Biological specimen|specimen]]s weighing over {{convert|15|lb|kg|round=0.5|order=flip}} and as much as {{convert|2|m|ftin|sp=us}} in length are not unheard of.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

A related species, ''[[Panopea zelandica]]'', is found in New Zealand and has been harvested commercially since 1989. The largest quantities have come from Golden Bay in the South Island where {{convert|100|tonne|ST}} were harvested in one year. There is a growing concern over the increase of parasites in the Puget Sound population of geoduck. Whether these [[microsporidium]]-like parasitic species were introduced by commercial farming is being studied by Sea Grant. Research to date does indicate their presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wsg.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/publications/Geoduck-Final-Report-Dec-2013.pdf|title=Geoduck Aquaculture Research Program|website=wsg.washington.edu|publisher=Geoduck Aquaculture Research Program, Washington Sea Grant|access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

The oldest recorded specimen was 179 years old, but individuals usually live up to 140 years.<ref name=Orensanz/> A geoduck sucks water containing [[plankton]] down through its long siphon, filters this for food and ejects its refuse out through a separate hole in the siphon. Adult geoducks have few natural [[predator]]s, which may also contribute to their longevity. In [[Alaska]], [[sea otter]]s and [[Squaliformes|dogfish]] have proved capable of dislodging geoducks; [[starfish]] also attack and feed on the exposed geoduck siphon.

Geoducks are broadcast spawners. A female geoduck produces about 5 [[1,000,000,000|billion]] eggs in her century-long lifespan. However, due to a low rate of recruitment and a high rate of mortality for geoduck eggs, larvae, and post-settled juveniles, populations are slow to rebound.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Willner|first=Georgina B.|title=The Potential Impacts of the Commercial Geoduck (''Panope generosa'') Hydraulic Harvest Method on Organisms in the Sediment and at the Water-Sediment Interface in Puget Sound|degree=Master|publisher=The Evergreen State College|location=Olympia, Washington|date=June 2006|url=https://protectourshoreline.org/articles/ThesisGeoduckHarvestImpacts.pdf|access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> In the Puget Sound, studies indicate that the recovery time for a harvested tract is 39 years.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Palazzi|first1=David C.|first2=Lynn|last2=Goodwin|first3=Alex|last3=Bradbury|first4=Bob|last4=Sizemore|last5=Washington (state)|editor-first1=Leigh|editor-last1=Espy|editor-first2=Susan|editor-last2=Sturges|editor-first3=Candis|editor-last3=Ladenburg|editor-first4=Blanch|editor-last4=Sabottke|date=23 May 2001|title=Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement: State of Washington Commercial Geoduck Fishery|location=Olympia WA|publisher=State of Washington Department of Natural Resources: Department of Fish and Wildlife|url=https://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/aqr_geo_lowres2001_final_seis.pdf|access-date=1 January 2023|page=5}}</ref>

[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]] densities in Southeast Alaska are estimated by divers, then inflated by twenty percent to account for geoducks not visible at the time of survey.<ref name=Rumble2012>{{cite journal |author1=Rumble, JM |author2=Hebert, KP |author3=Siddon, CE |title=Estimating Geoduck Harvest Rate and Show Factors in Southeast Alaska |journal=In: Steller D, Lobel L, Eds. Diving for Science 2012. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 31st Symposium. |year=2012 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10279 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130929031850/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10279 |url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 September 2013 |access-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref> This estimate is used to predict the two percent allowed for commercial harvesting.<ref name=Rumble2012/>

==Industry==
{{main|Geoduck aquaculture}}
The world's first geoduck fishery was created in 1970, but demand for the half-forgotten clam was low at first due to its texture.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{As of|2011}}, these clams sell in China for over US{{convert|15|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|disp=or}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.komonews.com/news/problemsolvers/117024808.html |title=Chinese mafia rakes in millions from 'Puget Sound gold' |author=Vedder, Tracy |date=3 March 2011 |publisher=KOMOnews.com |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152213/http://www.komonews.com/news/problemsolvers/117024808.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>Welch, Craig, 2012. NW geoducks fetch top dollar in China, and as prices soar, so do concerns about illegal harvesting in Puget Sound, ''The Seattle Times'', 22 April 2012, pp 1 & 10.</ref>

The geoduck's high market value has created an $80-million industry, with harvesting occurring in the US states of [[Alaska]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and [[Oregon]] and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. It is one of the most closely regulated fisheries in both countries. In Washington, [[Washington Department of Natural Resources|Department of Natural Resources]] staff are on the water continually monitoring harvests to ensure revenues are received, and the same is true in Canada where the Underwater Harvesters' Association manages the Canadian Fishery in conjunction with Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The [[Washington State Department of Health]] tests water and flesh to assure clams are not filtering and holding pollutants, an ongoing problem. With the rise in price has come the inevitable problem with poaching, and with it the possibility some could be harvested from unsafe areas.<ref name="kitsapsun1">{{cite news |last=Dunagan |first=Christopher |url=http://www.kitsapsun.com/news/2012/feb/27/poaching-hurts-geoduck-population-growth/ |title=Poaching hurts geoduck population growth |newspaper=Kitsap Sun |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229025723/http://www.kitsapsun.com/news/2012/feb/27/poaching-hurts-geoduck-population-growth/ |archive-date=29 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

{{As of|2007}}, advances in the testing system for contaminated clams have allowed geoduck harvesters to deliver live clams more consistently. The new testing system determines the viability of clams from tested beds before the harvesters fish the area. Previous methods tested clams after harvest. This advance has meant that 90 percent of clams were delivered live to market in 2007. In 2001, only 10 percent were live.<ref name=NF>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalfisherman.com/month-content.asp?ItemID=1110&pcid=184&cid=187&archive=yes |author=Ess, Charlie |title=Toxin test gives live market a boost; quota also gets a significant bump |work=National Fisherman |access-date=1 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114115424/http://www.nationalfisherman.com/month-content.asp?ItemID=1110&pcid=184&cid=187&archive=yes |archive-date=14 November 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Because geoduck have a much higher market value live, an additional {{convert|2|to|3|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|disp=or}}, this development has helped to stimulate the burgeoning industry.

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] disrupted the geoduck industry. Given the near-shutdown of restaurants and seafood markets across the country, demand for live geoducks plummeted. Divers in Southeast Alaska who typically see prices of {{convert|5|to|10|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|disp=or}} for live geoducks reported prices as low as {{convert|1|$/lb|$/kg|order=flip|disp=or}}, leading many to stop fishing temporarily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/02/17/coronavirus-shutters-southeast-alaska-geoduck-clam-fishery/|title=Coronavirus shutters Southeast Alaska geoduck clam fishery|last1=Stone|first1=Eric|last2=Ketchikan|first2=Alaska's Energy Desk-|date=2020-02-18|website=Alaska Public Media|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>

<gallery widths="155px" heights="200px">
File:2009 Mollusca in Hong Kong.JPG|Seafood geoduck display in a Chinese restaurant in Hong Kong
File:Seattle - Curiosity Shop geoduck 01A.jpg|An ostensibly record-setting geoduck, [[Ye Olde Curiosity Shop]], Seattle, Washington.
</gallery>

===Environmental impact===
Geoduck farming grow-out and harvest practices are controversial,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ProtectOurShoreline.org/slideshow/POS_ShellfishAquacultureConcerns.pdf |title=Geoduck aquaculture in South Puget Sound|website=Protectourshoreline.org|access-date=2017-05-23}}</ref> and have created conflicts with shoreline property owners,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ProtectOurShoreline.org |title=Protect Our Shoreline |publisher=Protect Our Shoreline |date=12 July 2000 |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.APHETI.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929202803/http://www.apheti.com/ |archive-date=29 September 2007 |title=APHETI-Association to Protect Hammersley, Eld and Totten Inlets |publisher=Apheti.com |access-date=5 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.responsibleshellfishfarming.ca/ |title=Responsible Shellfish Farming BC |publisher=Responsibleshellfishfarming.ca |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218145119/http://www.responsibleshellfishfarming.ca/ |archive-date=18 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hendersonbayshorelineassociation.com|title=Henderson Bay Shoreline Association|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928092333/http://www.hendersonbayshorelineassociation.com/|archive-date=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and concerns from nongovernmental organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psp.wa.gov/aboutthepartnership.php |title=About the Partnership |publisher=Puget Sound Partnership |access-date=8 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507010124/http://www.psp.wa.gov/aboutthepartnership.php |archive-date=7 May 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> However, the [[Environmental Defense Fund]] has found that bivalves (oysters, mussels, and clams) are beneficial to the marine environment.<ref name="XXX">{{cite journal | journal=Environmental Defense for Pew Oceans Commission | year=2001 | title=Marine Aquaculture in the United States | last=Goldburg| first=Rebecca|display-authors=etal }}</ref> The water must be certifiably clean to plant geoducks commercially.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/commercial.htm |title=Commercial Shellfish Licensing & Certification Program |publisher=Washington State Department of Health Office of Shellfish and Water Protection |access-date=8 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506230813/http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/sf/commercial.htm |archive-date=6 May 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> Regulation was mandated in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/shellfishcommittee/index.html |title=Shellfish Aquaculture Regulatory Committee |publisher=Washington State Department of Ecology |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821124924/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/shellfishcommittee/index.html |archive-date=21 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Interim Progress Report: House Bill 2220 Shellfish Aquaculture Regulatory Committee|url=https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/0706027.pdf|publisher=House Committee on Ecology and Parks House Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources Senate Committee on Natural Resources, Ocean & Recreation|date=December 2007|access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> Studies have been funded to determine short- and long-term environmental and genetic impacts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wsg.washington.edu/research/geoduck/current_research.html |title=Current Geoduck Research |publisher=Washington Sea Grant |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619202845/http://www.wsg.washington.edu/research/geoduck/current_research.html |archive-date=19 June 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> In southern Puget Sound, the effect of geoduck farming on large mobile animals is ambiguous.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Thuesen | first2 = E. V. | year = 2011 | title = Biodiversity of mobile benthic fauna in geoduck (''Panopea generosa'') aquaculture beds in southern Puget Sound, Washington | journal = Journal of Shellfish Research | volume = 30 | issue = 3| pages = 771–776 | doi = 10.2983/035.030.0317 | s2cid = 2075387 }}</ref> A 2004 draft biological assessment, commissioned by three of the largest commercial shellfish companies in the Puget Sound region, identified no long-term effects of geoduck farming on threatened or endangered species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.protectourshoreline.org/taylor/7BiologicalEvaluation.pdf |title=Programmatic Biological Evaluation |website=Protectourshoreline.org |access-date=2017-05-23}}</ref>

==Culinary uses==
The large, meaty siphon is prized for its [[umami|savory]] flavor and crunchy texture. Geoduck is regarded by some as an [[aphrodisiac]] because of its [[phallic]] shape.<ref name=BBC/> It is very popular in [[China]], where it is considered a [[delicacy]],<ref name=BBC/> mostly eaten cooked in a fondue-style Chinese hot pot. In [[Korean cuisine]], geoducks are eaten raw with spicy chili sauce, sautéed, or in soups and stews. In [[Japan]], geoduck is prepared as raw [[sashimi]], dipped in [[soy sauce]] and [[wasabi]]. On [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese menus]] in cheaper sushi restaurants, geoduck is sometimes substituted for ''[[Tresus|Tresus keenae]]'', a species of [[horse clam]], and labeled {{transliteration|ja|mirugai}} or {{transliteration|ja|mirukuigai}}. It is considered to have a texture similar to an [[ark shell]] (known in Japanese as {{transliteration|ja|akagai}}). {{transliteration|ja|Mirugai}} is sometimes translated into English as "giant clam", and it is distinguished from {{transliteration|ja|himejako}} sushi, which is made from ''[[Giant clam|Tridacna gigas]]''.

<gallery>
File:Geoduck before cooking at a Chinese restaurant in Sunnyvale.jpg|Geoduck before cooking at a Chinese restaurant in [[Sunnyvale, California]]
File:Cooked geoduck (right) at a Chinese restaurant in Sunnyvale.jpg|Cooked geoduck (right) at a Chinese restaurant in Sunnyvale, California
</gallery>

==In popular culture== 
[[Evergreen State College]] in [[Olympia, Washington]], has a geoduck as its mascot  named Speedy.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.evergreen.edu/geoduck/ | title = Speedy, Evergreen's Geoduck Mascot | access-date = 2019-09-20 | publisher = evergreen.edu | language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.buzzfeed.com/capitalone/10-weird-and-hilarious-college-mascots | title = 10 Weird And Hilarious College Mascots | quote = 2. Evergreen State - The Geoduck | access-date = 2019-09-20 | date = 2011-11-11 | publisher = buzzfeed.com | language = en}}</ref>

Geoducks have also earned some internet infamy due to the phallic appearance of their siphons.<ref name="Tran 2016">{{cite web | last=Tran | first=Lina | title=Everything You Need to Know About Geoducks | website=Eater | date=2016-07-17 | url=https://www.eater.com/2016/7/17/11691958/what-is-geoduck | access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Panopea generosa|Geoduck}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050204021117/http://manandmollusc.net/geoduck.html Man and Mollusc—Geoduck facts]
* [http://www.geoduck.org/ Geoduck.org; Underwater Harvester's Association]
* [http://geoduck.org Geoduck.org: UHA—BC Seafood Alliance],
* [http://www.evergreen.edu/geoduck The Evergreen State College's Geoducks Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917010440/http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/geoduck/title_e.htm Fisheries and Oceans Canada—Geoduck clam (''Panopea abrupta'')]—''Anatomy, Histology, Development, Pathology, Parasites, and Symbionts''.
* [http://www.duckumentary.com "Duckumentary" film Home Page: "3 Feet Under—Digging Deep for the Geoduck Clam"]
* [http://www.geoduckrecipes.com Geoduck cooking Recipes]

{{commercial molluscs|state=collapsed}}
{{Edible molluscs}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1068209}}

[[Category:Clams]]
[[Category:Hiatellidae]]
[[Category:Marine molluscs of North America]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Molluscs of the United States]]
[[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]]
[[Category:Commercial molluscs]]
[[Category:Japanese seafood]]
[[Category:Seafood in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Washington (state) culture]]
[[Category:Bivalves described in 1850]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Augustus Addison Gould]]
[[Category:Ark of Taste foods]]