Editing Geography of Samoa

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
[[Image:SamoaArchipelago.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the Samoan archipelago]]
[[File:Samoa topography.png|thumb|300px|Topography of Samoa.]]
[[File:South east coast Savai'i island - Samoa 2009.jpg|thumb|right|200px|South east coast of [[Savai'i]] island.]]
The Samoan archipelago is a chain of 16 islands and numerous seamounts covering {{convert|3,123|km2|0|abbr=on}} in the central [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], south of the equator, about halfway between [[Hawaii]] and [[New Zealand]], forming part of [[Polynesia]] and of the wider region of [[Oceania]]. The islands are [[Savaiʻi]], [[Upolu]], [[Tutuila]], [[Wallis_(island)|’Uvea]], [[Taʻū]], [[Ofu-Olosega#Ofu|Ofu]], [[Olosega]], [[Apolima]], [[Manono Island|Manono]], [[Nuʻutele]], [[Niulakita]], [[Nuʻulua]], [[Namua]], [[Fanuatapu]], [[Rose Atoll]], [[Manono_Island#Neighbouring_islands|Nu'ulopa]], as well as the submerged [[Vailuluʻu]], [[Pasco banks]], and [[Alexa Bank]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2009-2010/Table03.pdf |title= Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher= United Nations Statistics Division |year= 2010}}</ref> 

== Tectonics ==
The Samoan archipelago has many features that are consistent with a plume-driven [[Hotspot_(geology)|hotspot]] model, including the currently active submarine volcano [[Vailuluʻu]] that anchors the eastern extremity. However, the chain's proximity to the northern end of the [[Tonga trench]], and the presence of voluminous young volcanism on what should be the oldest (~5 my) western island [[Savaiʻi]] has induced controversy regarding a simple plume/hotspot model.<ref name="HartCoetzee">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222556459|last1=Hart|first1=S.R.|last2=Coetzee|first2=M|last3=Workman|first3=R|last4=Blusztajn|first4= Jerzy|title=Genesis of the Western Samoa seamount province: Age, geochemical fingerprint and tectonics|publisher=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|year=2004|page=38}}</ref> The Samoan archipelago was most likely created by the [[Pacific Plate|Pacific Tectonic Plate]] traveling over a [[Hotspot_(geology)|fixed hotspot]]. The [[Samoa hotspot]] trail is in part coincident with a large group of islands and seamounts {{convert|1700|km|0|abbr=on}} long, which were probably formed by the same hotspot, but also intersect with older seamounts along the [[hotspot highway]] left by the [[Macdonald hotspot|Macdonald]], [[Arago hotspot|Rurutu]], and [[Rarotonga hotspot|Rarotonga]] hotspots and feature substantial [[Post shield stage|postshield]] volcanism, probably owing to tectonic phenomena triggered by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the [[Australian Plate]] at the nearby [[Tonga Trench]].<ref name="PriceJackson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Allison A. |last2=Jackson |first2=Matthew G. |last3=Blichert-Toft |first3=Janne |author3-link=Janne Blichert-Toft |last4=Kurz |first4=Mark D. |last5=Gill |first5=Jim |last6=Blusztajn |first6=Jerzy |last7=Jenner |first7=Frances |last8=Brens |first8=Raul |last9=Arculus |first9=Richard |title=Geodynamic implications for zonal and meridional isotopic patterns across the northern Lau and North Fiji Basins |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |date=March 2017 |volume=18 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/2016gc006651 |page=23 |language=en |issn=1525-2027|bibcode=2017GGG....18.1013P |hdl=1912/8979 |url=https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/8979/1/Price_et_al-2017-Geochemistry%2c_Geophysics%2c_Geosystems.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Smith-Vaniz1987">{{cite journal |last1=Smith-Vaniz |first1=William F. |title=The Saber-Toothed Blennies, Tribe Nemophini (Pisces: Blenniidae): An Update |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |date=1987 |volume=139 |issue=1 |page=5 |jstor=4064893 }}</ref><ref name=sch>{{cite web|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/sp/erese/samoan-hotspot.html|work=Enduring Resources Earth Science Education|title=Hotspot Lesson: Samoan Hotspot|first=Jamie A.|last=Russell|access-date=2 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oceandots.com/pacific/bankx/ |title=Samoan Hotspot Trail |access-date=2009-12-01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://oceandots.com/pacific/bankx/ |archive-date=December 23, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bird|2003|loc=Tonga Plate (TO), Kermadec Plate (KE), and Niuafo’ou Plate (NI), p. 28}}</ref>

[[Vailuluʻu]] is a [[volcano|volcanic]] [[seamount]] discovered in 1975. It rises from the sea floor to a depth of {{convert|593|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is located between [[Tau, American Samoa|Ta{{okina}}u]] and [[Rose Atoll|Rose]] islands at the eastern end of the [[Samoa hotspot]] chain. The [[basalt|basaltic]] seamount is considered to mark the current location of the Samoa hotspot. The summit of Vailulu{{okina}}u contains a {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep oval-shaped [[caldera]]. Two principal rift zones extend east and west from the summit, parallel to the trend of the Samoan hotspot. A third less prominent rift extends southeast of the summit.<ref name="HartCoetzee" />

[[Rose Atoll]] and [[Malulu seamount]] are likely remnants of where the path of either the [[Macdonald hotspot|Macdonald]] or [[Rarotonga hotspot|Rarotonga]] hotspots crossed the path of the [[Samoa hotspot]].<ref name="JacksonHart2010">{{cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Hart|first2=Stanley R.|last3=Konter|first3=Jasper G.|last4=Koppers|first4=Anthony A. P.|last5=Staudigel|first5=Hubert|last6=Kurz|first6=Mark D.|last7=Blusztajn|first7=Jerzy|last8=Sinton|first8=John M.|title=Samoan hot spot track on a "hot spot highway": Implications for mantle plumes and a deep Samoan mantle source|journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems|date=December 2010|volume=11|issue=12|page=19|doi=10.1029/2010GC003232|bibcode=2010GGG....1112009J|s2cid=131425199 }}</ref><ref name="Koppers2011">{{cite journal |last1=Koppers |first1=Anthony A. P. |last2=Russell |first2=Jamie A. |last3=Roberts |first3=Jed |last4=Jackson |first4=Matthew G. |last5=Konter |first5=Jasper G. |last6=Wright |first6=Dawn J. |last7=Staudigel |first7=Hubert |last8=Hart |first8=Stanley R. |title=Age systematics of two young en echelon Samoan volcanic trails |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |date=July 2011 |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=5 |doi=10.1029/2010GC003438|hdl=1912/4769 |hdl-access=free |bibcode=2011GGG....12.7025K |s2cid=54947952 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Allison A. |last2=Jackson |first2=Matthew G. |last3=Blichert-Toft |first3=Janne |last4=Blusztajn |first4=Jerzy |last5=Conatser |first5=Christopher S. |last6=Konter |first6=Jasper G. |last7=Koppers |first7=Anthony A.P. |last8=Kurz |first8=Mark D. |title=Geochemical evidence in the northeast Lau Basin for subduction of the Cook-Austral volcanic chain in the Tonga Trench |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |date=May 2016 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=1694–1724 |doi=10.1002/2015GC006237|bibcode=2016GGG....17.1694P |hdl=1912/8238 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some seamounts in western [[Samoa]] ("Samoan Seamounts"<ref name="Koppers2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Koppers|first1=A. A.|last2=Konter|first2=J. G.|last3=Jackson|first3=M. G.|date=2013-12-01|title=Insights Into the Origin of the Longest-lived Hotspot in the Pacific: Clues from the Tuvalus|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|volume=13|pages=V13F–2668|bibcode=2013AGUFM.V13F2668K}}</ref>), which were emplaced together with Tuvalu between 63 and 42 million years ago are likely remnants of the [[Arago hotspot|Rurutu hotspot]].<ref name="Finlayson2016a">{{Cite journal|last1=Finlayson|first1=V.|last2=Konter|first2=J. G.|last3=Konrad|first3=K.|last4=Price|first4=A. A.|last5=Koppers|first5=A. A. P.|last6=Jackson|first6=M. G.|date=2016-12-01|title=Identification of a Hawaiian-Emperor Style Bend in the Tuvalu Segment of the Rurutu Hotspot|journal=AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts|volume=52|pages=DI52A–05|bibcode=2016AGUFMDI52A..05F}}</ref>  These are also known as the "interloper seamounts".<ref name="Finlayson2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Finlayson|first1=V.|last2=Konter|first2=J. G.|last3=Konrad|first3=K.|last4=Koppers|first4=A.A.P.|last5=Jackson|first5=M.G.|last6=Rooney|first6=T.O.|date=October 2018|title=Sr–Pb–Nd–Hf isotopes and 40Ar/39Ar ages reveal a Hawaii–Emperor-style bend in the Rurutu hotspot".|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=500|pages=168–179|bibcode=2018E&PSL.500..168F|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.020|s2cid=135064417|issn=0012-821X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other undated seamounts in Samoa have been linked to the Rurutu hotspot on the basis of geochemical evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jackson|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Konter|first2=Jasper G.|last3=Steinberger|first3=Bernhard|last4=Koppers|first4=Anthony A. P.|last5=Konrad|first5=Kevin|date=2018-02-27|title=On the relative motions of long-lived Pacific mantle plumes|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|page=854|bibcode=2018NatCo...9..854K|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03277-x|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5829163|pmid=29487287}}</ref>

== Islands of the Samoan archipelago ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Island
! Area
! Coastline
! Population
! Highest Point
! Last Volcanic Eruption
! Country/Territory
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Savaiʻi]]
| 1,694
| 195
| 43,142
| 1,858
| 1911 CE<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=244040|title=Global Volcanism Program: Savai'i|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Upolu]]
| 1,125
| 197
| 143,418
| 1,113
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu">{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=244030|title=Global Volcanism Program: Upolu|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Tutuila]]
| 142.3
| 135
| 55,876
| 653
| 440 CE<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=244020|title=Global Volcanism Program: Tutuila|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|American Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Wallis (island)|’Uvea]]
| 96
| 43
| 8,333
| 131
| Unknown<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=244050|title=Global Volcanism Program: Wallis Islands|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Taʻū]]
| 47.02
| 32
| 790
| 931
| Unknown<ref name="GVPTau">{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=244800|title=Global Volcanism Program: Ta'u|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|American Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Ofu-Olosega|Ofu]]
| 7.215
| 11.47
| 176
| 491
| 1866 CE<ref name="GVPOfu">{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=244010|title=Global Volcanism Program: Ofu-Olosega|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|American Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Olosega]]
| 5.163
| 13.38
| 172
| 629
| 1866 CE<ref name="GVPOfu" />
| {{flag|American Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Apolima]]
| 4.1
| 4.19
| 75
| 165
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu" />
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Manono Island|Manono]]
| 3
| 7.5
| 889
| 37
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu" />
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Nuʻutele]]
| 1.15
| 5.04
| 0
| 180
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu" />
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Niulakita]]
| 0.4
| 2.2
| 34
| 4.6
| [[Cretaceous]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Duncan, R.A.|year=1985|title=Radiometric ages from volcanic rocks along the New Hebrides-Samoa lineament|editor=Brocher, T.M.|series=Investigations of the nonhern Melanesian borderland|publisher=Circum-Pacific Councilfdr Energy and Mineral Resources Earth Science|volume=Series 3|pages=67–76}}</ref>
| {{flag|Tuvalu}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Nuʻulua]]
| 0.23
| 2.78
| 0
| 96
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu" />
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Namua]]
| 0.18
| 2.08
| 0
| 91
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu" />
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Fanuatapu]]
| 0.06
| 1.81
| 0
| 31
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu" />
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Rose Atoll]]
| 0.05
| 0.75
| 0
| 3.5
| 10,000 ya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=244800|title=Global Volcanism Program: Rose Island|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>
| {{flag|American Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| [[Nu'ulopa]]
| 0.01
| 0.45
| 0
| 37
| Unknown<ref name="GVPUpolu" />
| {{flag|Samoa}}
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffffff;"| Total 
| 3,126
| 654
| 252,905
|}

== Climate ==
{{Further|Climate change in the Pacific Islands}}
Due to its positioning in the South [[Pacific Ocean]], the Samoan archipelago is frequently hit by [[tropical cyclones]] between November and April. Samoa has a trade-wind [[tropical rainforest climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Af''), with an average annual temperature of {{convert|26.5|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. The wettest period occurs from November to April, although heavy rain may fall in any month.<ref>{{cite news | title = Samoa: Climate | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-54101/Samoa | work = Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date = 26 November 2007}}</ref> 
{{Clear}}

{{Weather box
|location = [[Apia]], [[Upolu]]
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 30.4
|Feb high C = 30.6
|Mar high C = 30.6
|Apr high C = 30.7
|May high C = 30.4
|Jun high C = 30.0
|Jul high C = 29.5
|Aug high C = 29.6
|Sep high C = 29.9
|Oct high C = 30.1
|Nov high C = 30.3
|Dec high C = 30.5
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 23.9
|Feb low C = 24.2
|Mar low C = 24.0
|Apr low C = 23.8
|May low C = 23.4
|Jun low C = 23.2
|Jul low C = 22.6
|Aug low C = 22.8
|Sep low C = 23.1
|Oct low C = 23.4
|Nov low C = 23.6
|Dec low C = 23.8
|year low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 489.0
|Feb rain mm = 368.0
|Mar rain mm = 352.1
|Apr rain mm = 211.2
|May rain mm = 192.6
|Jun rain mm = 120.8
|Jul rain mm = 120.7
|Aug rain mm = 113.2
|Sep rain mm = 153.9
|Oct rain mm = 224.3
|Nov rain mm = 261.7
|Dec rain mm = 357.5
|year rain mm =
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]] (UN)<ref name=WMO>[http://worldweather.wmo.int/184/c01230.htm World Weather Information Service – Apia], World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 15 October 2012.</ref>
|date= August 2010
}}

== Terrain ==
[[File:Samoa2022OSM.png|thumb|Detailed map of Samoa]]
The terrain of the larger islands consists of a narrow coastal plains with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in the interior. The Natural resources include hardwood forests, fish, and hydropower. The smaller islands are remnants of eroded [[volcano|volcanic]] [[tuff ring]]s, some are just a coral reef atop the eroded cone of a defunct volcano.<ref>[http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:gpcO-Z9aOyMJ:www.mnre.gov.ws/documents/projects/environment/terrestrial/aleipata/DRAFT%2520PROJECT%2520PLAN%2520April%25202005-%2520RATS%2520-%25202.pdf+Nu'ulua+island&hl=en&gl=nz&sig=AFQjCNFlp8Ezrm5yGot6Z0W5IOtdCicV7A] Restoration of Nu'utele and Nu'ulua Islands, Samoa by David J. Butler, April 2005, SPREP. Retrieved 25 October 2009</ref>

Rose Atoll is the easternmost point of the archipelago and the [[Extreme points of the United States|southernmost point of the United States]].<ref name="NOAA_ASamoa">{{cite web|url=http://www.fpir.noaa.gov/MNM/mnm_roseatoll.html|title=Rose Atoll Marine National Monument|date=July 2022 }}</ref> American Samoa is home to the [[National Park of American Samoa]].

The highest mountains are: [[Silisili|Mt Silisili]] ([[Savaiʻi]]) at {{convert|1858|m|0|abbr=on}}, [[Mount Fito]]  ([[Upolu]]) at {{convert|1,113|m|0|abbr=on}}, [[Lata Mountain]] ([[Taʻū]]), {{cvt|3170|ft}}; [[Matafao Peak]] ([[Tutuila]]) at {{cvt|2141|ft}}, Piumafua ([[Olosega]]) at {{cvt|2095|ft}}, and Tumutumu ([[Ofu-Olosega|Ofu]]) at {{cvt|1621|ft}}. [[Mount Pioa]] ([[Tutuila]]), nicknamed the Rainmaker, is {{cvt|1718|ft}}.<ref>Sunia, Fofo I.F. (2009). ''A History of American Samoa''. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. Page 355. {{ISBN|9781573062992}}.</ref>
{{rp|3}} American Samoa is also home to some of the world's highest sea cliffs at {{cvt|3000|ft}}.<ref>Harris, Ann G. and Esther Tuttle (2004). ''Geology of National Parks''. Kendall Hunt. p. 603. {{ISBN|978-0787299705}}.</ref>

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* {{cite journal|last1=Workman|first1=R. K.|last2=Hart|first2=S. R.|last3=Jackson|first3=M.|last4=Regelous|first4=M.|last5=Farley|first5=K. A.|last6=Blusztajn|first6=J.|last7=Kurz|first7=M.|last8=Staudigel|first8=H.|title=Recycled metasomatized lithosphere as the origin of the Enriched Mantle II (EM2) end-member: Evidence from the Samoan Volcanic Chain|journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems|date=2004|volume=5|issue=4|pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2003GC000623|bibcode=2004GGG.....5.4008W|hdl=1912/462|s2cid=13987904 |language=en|issn=1525-2027|hdl-access=free}}
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{{refend}}

==See also==
*[[List of cities, towns and villages in Samoa]]
*[[Districts of Samoa]]
*[[Samoan Islands]]
*[[Geography of American Samoa]]

{{Islands of Samoa}}
{{Samoa topics}}
{{Geography of Oceania}}

[[Category:Geography of Samoa| ]]